• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.336-342
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine the antagonistic effects of flumazenil on anesthesia induced with tiletamine/zolazepam in dogs. The anesthetic effects (sedation, analgesic, muscle relaxation, posture and auditory response score), vital signs (heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature) and blood biochemistry (glucose (GLU), total protein (TP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)) were examined as indicators of the antagonistic effects. A total of 6 clinically healthy mongrel dogs were used in this study. The dogs in TZ group received administration of tiletamine/zolazepam 10 mg/kg IV. The dogs in TZF group received administration dose of TZ 10 mg/ kg IV followed by the administration of flumazenil 0.1 mg/kg 20 minutes after administering a TZ 10 mg/kg dose. There were significant differences in the recovery of anesthesia between the groups. The GLU level in the TZF group after the administration of flumazenil was significantly higher than that of the TZ group. There was a larger change in the HR in the TZF group than in the TZ group until 30 minutes after flumazenil administration. The sternal recumbency, standing and walking times of the TZF group were faster than those of the TZ group. In conclusion, flumazenil showed antagonistic effect against tiletamine/zolazepam in dogs. When recovering from anesthesia, flumazenil reduced sternal recumbency, standing and walking times.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.378-385
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• 2016

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the association between sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity and cardiovascular disease risk in Korean postmenopausal women. Methods: We analyzed data of 2,019 postmenopausal women aged 50-64 years who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2008-2011 and were free of cardiovascular disease history. Blood pressure, height, and weight were measured. We analyzed the serum concentrations of glucose, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Waist circumference was used to measure obesity. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Sarcopenia was defined as the appendicular skeletal muscle mass/body weight<1 standard deviation below the gender-specific means for healthy young adults. The estimated 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease risk was calculated by Pooled Cohort Equation. Subjects were classified as non-sarcopenia, sarcopenia, or sarcopenic obesity based on status of waist circumference and appendicular skeletal muscle mass. Results: The prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity was 16.3% (n=317) and 18.3% (n=369), respectively. The 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease risk in the sarcopenic obesity group was higher ($3.82{\pm}0.22%$) than the normal group ($2.73{\pm}0.09%$) and sarcopenia group ($3.17{\pm}0.22%$) (p < 0.000). The odd ratios (ORs) for the ${\geq}7.5%$ 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease risk were significantly higher in the sarcopenic obesity group (OR 3.609, 95% CI: 2.030-6.417) compared to the sarcopenia group (OR 2.799, 95% CI: 1.463-5.352) (p for trend < 0.000) after adjusting for independent variables (i.e., exercise, period of menopausal, alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) score, income, education level, calorie intake, %fat intake and hormonal replacement therapy). Conclusions: Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity appear to be associated with higher risk factors predicting the 10-year risks of cardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women. These findings imply that maintaining normal weight and muscle mass may be important for cardiovascular disease risk prevention in postmenopausal women.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.425-434
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• 2018

Metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes. This study was conducted to examine the relevance between nutrition intake, meal quality, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in Koreans with metabolic syndrome. The 2,536 subjects, aged 19~64, who participated in 2015 National Nutrition Survey were included in this study. The 24-hour recall method was employed to analyze nutrition intake and dietary quality. Subjects were grouped into either the non-metabolic syndrome group (n=1,938) or the metabolic syndrome group (n=598). Total males and females were divided into 3 groups according to the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level to study its relationship to metabolic syndrome and its components, including odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI). Results showed the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value was higher in the metabolic syndrome group (3.37) than non-metabolic syndrome group (1.57) (p<0.001). In the Index of Nutrition Quality, males in the non-metabolic syndrome group showed higher niacin (p<0.05) than males in metabolic syndrome group. Females in the non-metabolic syndrome group had higher vitamin $B_1$ (p<0.01), vitamin $B_2$ (p<0.001), niacin (p<0.05), calcium (p<0.001), and phosphate (p<0.01). Female in the high hs-CRP group showed high OR in blood glucose component (OR 2.488, 95% CI: 1.269~4.879) and metabolic syndrome risk (OR 2.856, 95% CI: 1.292~6.314). Females in the middle hs-CRP group had high triglycerides component (OR 2.956, 95% CI: 1.920~4.551), compared to the low hs-CRP group. The study showed females with higher hs-CRP had a higher risk of metabolic syndrome.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.180-185
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• 2003

Rats(Sprague-Dawley) were randomly assigned to the following four groups, control, exercise only, exercise and the intake of DNA, exercise, and the intake of DNA plus crude catechin. 0.4% of DNA from salmon egg and 0.1% crude catechins from Puerariae thunbergiana roots were fed to the rats. The exercise group was exercised in a treadmill at 20 m/min speed for 6 wks. Body weight and body fat weight of 4 groups were investigated, and the body fat composition and antioxidant activity were evaluated by measuring the weight of organs and biochemical test. After 6 wks, body weight did not show any significant differences among those 4 groups, but body fat weight in exercised groups was significantly decreased. The weight of liver, epididymal adipose tissue(E.A.T) and perirenal adipose tissue(P.A.T) were significantly decreased in groups of exercise only, exercise and the intake of DNA, exercise and the intake of DNA plus crude catechin(p<0.05). Phospholipid, cholesterol and triglyceride levels of serum were decreased by exercise, but HDL-cholesterol level of serum was significantly increased(p<0.05). GOT, GPT and glucose levels in serum were slightly decreased by crude catechin, but serum NEFA levels were significantly increased by crude catechin(p<0.05). Results indicated that excercise with the intake of crude catechin would be helpful for the functional development of the compositions in blood lipid.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1127-1131
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• 2018

Cortisol, a steroid hormone, functions within metabolism, immune response, and stress. Intense or prolonged physical exercise increases cortisol levels to enhance the gluconeogenesis pathway and stabilize blood glucose level. However, cortisol also exerts a negative impact on muscle function and creates a stressful environment in skeletal muscle cells. The present study investigated the function of cortisol as a stress hormone. To examine the effect of the exercise-induced hormone cortisol on skeletal muscles, C2C12 cells were cultured and treated with cortisol at different concentrations. As a result, we found that the morphology of C2C12 changed remarkably with 5 ug/ml cortisol treatment. Western blot analysis was conducted to learn whether ER-stress and autophagy were induced. We found that the expression ratio of LC3I/LC3II decreased and BiP expression increased after cortisol treatment. In addition, immunocytochemistry analysis with IER3 antibody clearly showed that apoptosis is induced after 12-hour cortisol treatment. These results indicate that cortisol treatment could induce apoptosis, ER-stress, and autophagy in muscle cells. This study would provide valuable information in the study of the effects of exercise on skeletal muscle cells and the development of additives to reduce cortisol stress.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.296-312
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• 1998

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to find out predictors influencing on the clinical course of stroke during the first 4 weeks after the onset through statistical research, especially whether the blood glucose level after stroke and the stroke with Diabetes Mellitus correlate with functional impairments and neurological outcome or not. METHOD During 7 months period(from 1-1-1997 to 7-31-1997), 32 selected patients prognosed as acute cerebral thrombosis were studied by using Modified Barthel Index, PULSES profile in an attempt to correlate Diabetes Mellitus and hyperglycemia(more than $120mg/d{\ell}$, $150mg/d{\ell}$) with functional impairment and neurological outcome and to evaluate the influence of sex, the side of hemiparesis and age at admission, 1 week and 4 weeks after admision(admitted within 2 days after the onset). RESULT 1. The sex, side of hemiparesis and age had no significant effect upon functional impairment during first 4 weeks after the onset, but recurrent-stroke resulted in significantly higher degree of functional impairment than first-stroke during first 4 weeks after the onset. 2. The patients with Diabetes Mellitusin in acute cerebral thrombosis resulted in significantly higher degree of functional impairment than the patients without Diabetes Mellitus in acute cerebral thrombosis during first 4 weeks after the onset. 3. The patients with hyperglycemia in acute cerebral thrombosis resulted in significantly more severe neurological outcome than the patients without hyperglycemia in acute cerebral thrombosis within 2 days after the onset. CONCLUSION The study suggested that recurrent-stroke and Diabetes Mellitus were the poorer prognosis factors of functional impairment in acute cerebral thrombosis patients during first 4 weeks after the onset. and the poorer prognosis factor of neurological outcome in acute cerebral thrombosis patients was hyperglycemia within 2 days after the onset.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.115-121
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• 2009

We prepared five different kinds of herb mixtures prescribed for hypoglycemic effect. And the physicochemical properties of their water extracts were assessed to identify functional materials. Yields were in the range $19.52{\sim}29.79%$. Total phenolics and flavonoid contents were $349.24{\sim}1,752.21\;mg%$ and $163.06{\sim}1,118.47\;mg%$, respectively, and herb mixtures No. 2, 3 and 5 showed particularly high levels greater than 1,000 mg%. Electron-donating ability was best in herb mixtures showing high levels of total phenolics and flavonoids. Nitrite-scavenging abilities were more than 70% in herb mixtures No. 2 and 5, and decreased as pH increased. Herb mixture extracts strongly inhibited differentiation of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts, with potencies ranked in the herb mixture order 5, 1, 4, 3, and 2. The five different kinds of herb mixtures prescribed for their hypoglycemic effects may be useful as functional food materials.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.104-115
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• 2014

Background: The glycemic index (GI) indicates the rise in blood glucose caused by carbohydrate-containing foods. In Korea, there have been few studies on the understanding adults have of GI. Thus, this study investigated differences GI knowledge among the korean adults. Methods: A questionnaire on the perspective of GI and experience in GI education, participational intent to learn, general knowledge level, and dietary practice was conducted among those living in agricultural areas. Respondents were visitors to the health promotion center of a university hospital. Results: When asked about the GI familiarity, the standard of education, the relationships between diseases and GI, the diabetes group was better able to answer correctly than the other groups. However, the diabetes group showed either no difference or less correct responses for general knowledge of GI. With respect to their usual consideration and low GI dietary practice, the diabetes group provided higher responses than the other groups. On the whole, the diabetes group was better than the other groups for GI relative factor but none of the groups showed high levels for perspective, education, dietary practice of GI. Conclusions: The groups other than the diabetes group had a low perspective of GI, a lack of correct knowledge of GI, and did not follow a proper diet without considering GI. Even in the diabetes group the perspective, knowledge, and proper dietary practices were not adequate. Accordingly, further education of GI is necessary for diabetic patients, patients with chronic diseases and also people without diseases.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.1037-1043
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• 2015

The TAZ activator 2-butyl-5-methyl-6-(pyridine-3-yl)-3-[2'-(1H-tetrazole-5-yl)-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl]-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine] (TM-25659) inhibits adipocyte differentiation by interacting with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. 1 TM-25659 was previously shown to decrease weight gain in a high fat (HF) diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model. However, the fundamental mechanisms underlying the effects of TM-25659 remain unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effects of TM-25659 on skeletal muscle functions in C2 myotubes and C57BL/6J mice. We studied the molecular mechanisms underlying the contribution of TM-25659 to palmitate (PA)-induced insulin resistance in C2 myotubes. TM-25659 improved PA-induced insulin resistance and inflammation in C2 myotubes. In addition, TM-25659 increased FGF21 mRNA expression, protein levels, and FGF21 secretion in C2 myotubes via activation of GCN2 pathways (GCN2-$phosphoelF2{\alpha}$-ATF4 and FGF21). This beneficial effect of TM-25659 was diminished by FGF21 siRNA. C57BL/6J mice were fed a HF diet for 30 weeks. The HF-diet group was randomly divided into two groups for the next 14 days: the HF-diet and HF-diet + TM-25659 groups. The HF diet + TM-25659-treated mice showed improvements in their fasting blood glucose levels, insulin sensitivity, insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation, and inflammation, but neither body weight nor food intake was affected. The HF diet + TM-25659-treated mice also exhibited increased expression of both FGF21 mRNA and protein. These data indicate that TM-25659 may be beneficial for treating insulin resistance by inducing FGF21 in models of PA-induced insulin resistance and HF diet-induced insulin resistance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.654-662
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin E on the antioxidative defense system of kidney in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Sprague Dawley male rats weighing 100$\pm$10g were randomly assigned to one normal and three STZ induced diabetic groups, which were subdivided into vitamin E free diet(DM 0E group), 40mg vitamin E per kg diet(DM 40E group) and 400mg vitamin E per kg diet(DM 400E group). Vitamin E level of normal group was 40 mg per kg diet. Diabetes was experimentally induced by intravenous injection of 55mg/kg of body weight of streptozotocin(STZ) in citrate buffer(pH 4.3) after 4 weeks feeding of experimental diets. Animals were sacrificed at the 6th day of diabetic states. There were no significant on body weights, food intakes, and food efficiency ratio before the diabetic occurrence. But after the injection of STZ, body weights and food efficiency ratios were significantly decreased and the food intakes was increased. Kidney weights were significantly increased in diabetic groups compared to normal group. However, there were no significant differences among the diabetic groups. Plasma insulin levels of diabetic groups were significantly decreased, whereas, blood sugar levels were increased compared to that of normal group. There were no significant differences among diabetic groups in plasma insulin and glucose levels. Activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) in DM 0E and DM 40E groups were signi ficantly decreased by 33% and 27%, respectively, compared to normal group. But that of DM 400E group was increased by 35% compared to DM 0E group. Activity of glutathione peroxidase(GSHpx) in DM 0E group was decreased by 20% compared with normal group. GSHpx activity in DM 400E group was increased by 29% compared to normal group. The contents of vitamin E in kidney were 58% and 49% lower in DM 0E and DM 40E group, respectively, than normal group. There was no significant difference in renal vitamin E contents between DM-400E group and normal group. The contents of superoxide radical(O2 ) in kidney were 150% and 98%, respectively, higher in DM 0E and DM 40E groups than normalgroup. DM 400E and normal groups were similar levels in their superoxide radical contents of kidneys. These results indicate that vitamin E functioned as chain breaking antioxidant in kidney such as in other tissues.