• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.460-467
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• 2015

Objectives: Excess sodium intake has been linked to obesity and obesity-related indices. However, the scientific evidence for this association is inadequate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between urinary sodium excretion and obesity-related indices among Korean adults. Methods: A convenience sample of 120 subjects (60 obese and 60 non-obese subjects) were recruited applying frequency matching for sex and age between two groups. Sodium intake level was assessed through 24-hour urine collection. Obesity-related metabolic risk factors, including fasting blood lipid indices, subcutaneous and visceral fat through computed tomography (CT), insulin resistance indices, blood pressure and liver enzymes were measured in all subjects. These obesity-related metabolic risk factors were compared between obese and non-obese group according to sodium excretion levels (<110 mEq/day, 110~180 mEq/day, >180 mEq/day). Results: After adjusting for age, gender, health behaviors (smoking, exercise, drinking), and energy intake, several obesity-related metabolic risk factors, including abdominal circumference, body fat percentage, subcutaneous and visceral fat, triglyceride, and systolic blood pressure were found to be significantly deteriorated as the sodium excretion level increases. In addition, multivariate adjusted-odds ratios of abdominal obesity, high blood triglyceride, and high blood pressure were found significantly higher in the highest sodium excretion group compared to the lowest group. The mean number of metabolic syndrome risk factors was also significantly greater in the highest sodium excretion group than in the lowest group. Conclusions: The current study findings suggested that high sodium intake can affect obesity and metabolic syndrome risk negatively, implying the necessity of future research on low-sodium diet intervention in relation to obesity and related health problems.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.353-358
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• 2016

The generation and collection of cigarette smoke (CS) is a prerequisite for any toxicology study on smoking, especially an in vitro CS exposure study. In this study, the effects on blood and vascular function were tested with two widely used CS preparations to compare the biological effects of CS with respect to the CS preparation used. CS was prepared in the form of total particulate matter (TPM), which is CS trapped in a Cambridge filter pad, and cigarette smoke extract (CSE), which is CS trapped in phosphate-buffered saline. TPM potentiated platelet reactivity to thrombin and thus increased aggregation at a concentration of $25{\sim}100{\mu}g/mL$, whereas 2.5~10% CSE decreased platelet aggregation by thrombin. Both TPM and CSE inhibited vascular contraction by phenylephrine at $50{\sim}100{\mu}g/mL$ and 10%, respectively. TPM inhibited acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation at $10{\sim}100{\mu}g/mL$, but CSE exhibited a minimal effect on relaxation at the concentration that affects vasoconstriction. Neither TPM nor CSE induced hemolysis of erythrocytes or influenced plasma coagulation, as assessed by prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Taken together, CS affects platelet activity and deteriorates vasomotor functions in vitro. However, the effect on blood and blood vessels may vary depending on the CS preparation. Therefore, the results of experiments conducted with CS preparations should be interpreted with caution.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2006

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of DASH diet and law salt diet health education program on the blood pressure and the diet habit in the prehypertension group in Korea. Methods: The participants in this study were 141 people with prehypertension who were seen at a public health center. Data collection was done from March 11 to November 11, 2005 using interview with questionnaires. The participants took part in the diet health education program for 8 weeks. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of health education program, the variables of the diet such as hypertension, law salt diet and DASH diet were measured before and after the health education. The blood pressure was measured three times during the education. The collected data were analyzed with paired t-test and repeated ANOVA using SPSS 12.0 for Windows. Results: The diet habit variables after the education showed that their diet habit tend to the low salt diet and the DASH diet. The participants improved in their knowledge of hypertension and law salt diet, and they improved in the behavioral level of law salt diet and DASH diet after the health education for 8 weeks. Systolic and diastolic pressure were significantly decreased in prehypertension group after 8 weeks [10mmHg/6mmHg(p<0.001)]. Conclusion: These result suggest that the improvement in the level of behavior might be related with the change in blood pressure among the people having prehypertension in Korea.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.133-144
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• 1985

The changes of acid-base status in vitro of the venous blood for 24 hours in ten Korean native goat were investigated. The acid-base parameters were measured within ten minutes after collection of the blood, and every hour during the first six hours and finally after twenty four hours of storage. Blood samples were stored at two different temperatures ($0-4^{\circ}C$ and $21-24^{\circ}C$). Twelve goats were induced acute acid-base disturbances by intravenous infusion of either hydrochloric acid or sodium bicarbonate and inhalated with $CO_2$ gas mixture (20% $CO_2$, 80% $O_2$) or hyperventilation were performed by means of respirator. The results were as follows; 1. Blood samples could be stored during the first two hours in ice water ($0-4^{\circ}C$) and one hour at room temperature without significant changes in pH. The magnitudes of changes were similar to those of cow, and lower than those of men and dogs. 2. The mean values of acid-base parameters in normal goat were arterial pH, 7.40; $P_{CO_2}$, 35.4mmHg; $HCO_3{^-}$, 21.8mEq/L. 3. Both the base excess and the bicarbonate showed high correlation (r=0.99) during the metabolic disturbance and were represented as $B.E.=1.38\;HCO^-{_3}-29.7$. 4. The slope of blood buffer curve obtained from the in vivo experiment was 16.3mEq/L/pH. 5. The magnitudes of changes in hydrogen ion concentration per unit change of $P_{CO_2}$ were 0.8nM/mmHg in hypercapnia and 1.0nM/mmHg in hypocapnia. 6. The ranges of acid-base parameters in normal goat urine were pH, 6.0-8.1; $P_{CO_2}$, 42-61mmHg; $HCO_3{^-}$, 2-110mEq/L. The concentration of potassium was higher (60-200mEq/L), and that of sodium was lower (8-70mEq/L) than those of human urine.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.239-244
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• 2010

목적: 효과적인 미숙아에서의 채혈방법을 모색하기 위해 미숙아에서 발뒤꿈치 천자시 새로운 자동화 천자기구(automatic lancet device)와 기존에 사용되던 고식적 수동식 천자침(conventional manual lancet device) 의 효과를 비교하여 임상에서의 유용성을 알아보고자 한다 방법: 재태 연령 37주 미만의 미숙아 총 100명을 대상으로 하였다. 연구 대상아들은 발뒤꿈치 천자시 무작위로 각 50명씩 고식적 수동식 천자 기구를 사용한 군(50명)과 자동화 천자 기구를 사용한 군(50명)으로 나누었으며, 발뒤꿈치 천자시 통증의 정도 및 천자 횟수, 검사 시간, 출혈의 여부 등을 평가하였다. 통증의 평가는 Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) 점수와 최고 심장 박동수를 측정하였고, 검사시간은 발뒤꿈치 천자 시작으로부터 1개의 microtube에 채혈을 완료하는 시간까지를 측정하여 비교하였다. 천자횟수는 1개의 microtube를 혈액으로 채우기 위해 발뒤꿈치를 천자한 횟수를 측정하였다. 그리고 검사 12시간 이내에 발뒤꿈치 및 발목 주위에 출혈이나 멍 등을 관찰하였다. 결과: 통증을 나타내는 PIPP 점수의 평균은 자동화 천자기구군에서 4.91로 고식적 천자기구 군 5.84에 비해 유의하게 낮게 측정되었다(P=0.0255). 검사에 소요되는 시간은 고식적 천자군에서 평균 48.92초, 자동화 천자군에서 평균 30.69초로 자동화천자기구를 사용한 군에서 통계적으로 유의하게 짧았다(P<0.0001). 천자 횟수의 평균값은, 자동화 천자군에서 1.02로, 고식적 천자군 1.35에 비해 통계적으로 의미 있게 낮았다(P=0.0001). 검사후 출혈반점이나 멍 등은 고식적 천자기구 군에서 15례(30%), 자동화 천자기구 군에서 3례(6%)로 자동화 천자기구 사용 군에서 의미 있게 적게 나타남을 관찰할 수 있었다(P=0.0024). 결론: 자동화 절개형 천자기구(BD QuickHeel)는 검사 실패율이 낮으며, 짧은 시간에 채혈이 가능하고, 멍이나 출혈 같은 부작용이 적어 신생아, 특히 최근 생존율이 향상되어 증가되고 있는 미숙아에서 발뒤꿈치 천자에 의한 채혈에 유용한 도구가 될 수 있겠다.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.70-107
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• 1992

This study was intended to assess the need of home nursing care and analyze the effect of home nursing care, and find out the problems during the performance of home nursing care for the chronic patients among the low-income people in urban area. Data collection by interview was carried out from Nov. 1991 to Jul. 1992. The main results were as follows; 1) Total subjects for the need assessment of home nursing care were 123 households wi th 488 persons in a urban poor area. Over half of households $(57.7\%)$ was teenage family. The overall living conditions were poor and the average monthly income was 580 thousands won. $74.8\%$ of subjects was covered by medical care insurance and only $4.7\%$ was covered by public assistance. The morbidity rate was $8.2\%$ among 488 subjects and $27.5\%$ of them was not treated at all, $30\%$ was treated in utilizing pharmacies or local clinics. 2) The subjects of home nursing care were 46 with Hypertension or DM who agreeded the participation of study among registered patients at a public health center in Incheon. Home visiting was performed at intervals per one month for one year. Most of them were the elder(mean age=61 years) and long term patients(7.8 years continued). Home nursing care was effective. That is, blood pressure(including systolic and diastolic pressure) was significantly reduced (t(n=22)=2.31, P=.031, t(n=24)=4.16, P=.000 respectively) and knowledge of disease(t(N=46)=-7.63, P=.000), attitude of disease (t(N =46) = -4.92, P=.000), and self-care(t(N =46) = -4.89, P= .000) were significantly improved through home nursing care. But there was no difference in blood sugar for diabetics between the beginning and the end of visits. At the beginning of visit for home nursing care, sex$(\beta=-0414,\;t=-3.012)$ and nursing need({3=.310, t=2.164) were influencing self-care, and duration of disease$(\beta=.297,\;t=2.106)$ and nursing need $(\beta=.385, t=20417)$ were influencing blood pressure, blood sugar level. Namely, the subjects who were male and had higher nursing need showed better self-care and the longer duration of disease and the higher nursing need were relationship with the better blood pressure and blood sugar level. At the end of visit for home nursing care after one year, the blood pressure and blood sugar level was influenced by age $(\beta.320,\;t= 2.242)$, duration of disease ($(\beta.352,\;t= 2.395)$ and nursing need $(\beta=.350,\;t=2.623)$ and self-care had no influencing factor. The higher age and the longer duration of disease and the higher nursing need were relationship with the better blood pressure and blood sugar level. 3) The problems that were found out during the performance of home nursing care were the absent of useful protocols for services and the clear evaluation base, and the difficulty of teaching elders who were the major part of our subjects.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.226-238
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• 2013

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential fatty acids because humans cannot synthesize them de novo and must obtain them in their diet. Fish and fish oil are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Significant evidence of the beneficial role of dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids in blood flow has been reported and putative mechanisms for improvement of blood flow include anti-thrombotic effects, lowered blood pressure, improved endothelial function, and anti-atherogenic effects. Edible oils containing omega-3 fatty acids were registered as functional ingredients in the Korea Health Functional Food Code. Although omega-3 fatty acids have been evaluated by the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) based on scientific evidence, periodic re-evaluation may be needed because emerging data related to omega-3 fatty acids have accumulated. Therefore, in this study, we re-evaluated scientific evidence for the effect of omega-3 fatty acids as a functional ingredient in health functional food on improvement of blood flow. A comprehensive literature search was conducted for collection of relevant human studies using the Medline and Cochrane, KISS, and IBIDS databases for the years 1955-2012. Search keywords were used by combination of terms related to omega-3 fatty acids and blood flow. The search was limited to human studies published in Korean, English, and Japanese. Using the KFDA's evidence based evaluation system for scientific evaluation of health claims, 112 human studies were identified and reviewed in order to evaluate the strength of the evidence supporting a relation between omega-3 fatty acids and blood flow. Among 112 studies, significant effects on improvement of blood flow were reported in 84 studies and the daily intake amount was ranged from 0.1 to 15 g. According to this methodology of systematic review, we concluded that there was possible evidence to support a relation between omega-3 fatty acid intake and blood flow. However, because inconsistent results have recently been reported, future studies should be monitored.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.443-451
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was done to compare the rates of hemolysis and repeated sampling in blood samples obtained by a syringe needle versus a vacuum tube needle. Methods: A randomized, prospective study was used to evaluate the differences between the two blood sampling methods. The study group consisted of patients seen in the emergency department (ED) for blood sampling to determine electrolyte level. ED patients were randomly assigned to either the syringe group or the vacuum tube group. All blood samples were collected by experienced ED nurses and hemolysis was determined by experienced laboratory technologists. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test and binary logistic regression. Results: One hundred forty-five valid samples were collected (74 in the syringe group versus 71 in the vacuum tube group). 5 of 74 (6.8%) blood samples in the syringe group and 8 of 71 (11.3%) in the vacuum tube group hemolyzed. Repeated blood sampling occurred for 2 of 74 (2.7%) and 3 of 71 (4.2%) in each group respectively. There were no significant differences in rates of hemolysis and repeated sampling between two groups (B=1.97, p=.204; B=2.36, p=.345). Conclusion: Venipuncture with syringe needles can be recommended for ED nurses to obtain blood samples.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.185-192
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• 2001

To evaluate the factors that determine the transmission level of vivax malaria using vectorial capacity, entomological surveys were conducted from .lune to August, 2000. From 6 nights of human-bait collection in Paju, the human biting rate (ma) was counted as 87.5 bites/man/night. The parity of Anopheles sinensis from human baiting collections fluctuated from 41% to 71% (average 48.8%) of which the rate gradually increased as time passed on: 35.2% in Jun. ; 55.0% in July; 66.2% in Aug. From this proportion of parous, we could estimate the probability of daily survival rate of An. sinensis to be 0.79 assumed with 3 days gonotrophic cycle and the expectancy of infective life through 11 days could be defined as 0.073. Blood meal analysis was performed using ELISA to determine the blood meal source. Only 0.8% of blood meals were from human hosts. We could conclude that An. sinensis is highly zoophilic (cow 61.8%) Malaria is highly unstable (stability index < 0.5) in this area. From these data, vectorial capacity VC) was determined to be 0.081. In spite of a high human biting rate (ma), malaria transmission potential is very low due to a low human blood index. Therefore, we could conclude that malaria transmission by An. sinensis is resulted by high population density, not by high transmission potential. For this reason, we need more effort to decrease vector population and vector-human contact to eradicate malaria in Korea.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.333-366
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• 1992

Safety of recombinant porcine somatotropin administration on pig was studied using 32 Landrace x Yorkshire crossbred pigs. The starting body weight ranged from 55.5kg to 65.3kg. Eight pigs were allotted to each low dose group of sustained releasing rPST(SL), high dose group of sustained releasing rPST(SH), daily injection group of rPST(DI), and control group(C). Pigs in SL group and SH group were injected subcutaneously twice in 3 week-interval with 1000$\mu\textrm{g}$ and 2000$\mu\textrm{g}$ of sustained releasing rPST per kg body weight, respectively. Pigs in DI group were injected intramuscularly with 100$\mu\textrm{g}$ of rPST everyday for 6 weeks. Blood was collected from anterior vena cava just before the first treatment, and at four weeks and six weeks of experiment. Hematological parameters and blood chemical parameters indicating liver function, kidney function, electrolyte metabolism, mineral metabolism and lipid metabolism were determined. Necropsy and urinalysis were performed after final blood collection. The results were summarized as follows, and it is concluded that rPST administration does not affect pig health negatively. 1. rPST administration did not affect kidney function as manisfested by BUN, creatinine and urinalysis. 2. rPST administration did not affect liver function as manisfested by total protein, albumin, serum AST activity serum ALT activity serum ALP activity, serum LDH activity, serum GGT activity and serum SDH activity. 3. rPST administration did not affect skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and brain as manifasted by serum AST activity and serum LDH activity. 4. rPST administration increased blood glucose level within normal range. 5. rPST administration did not affect lipid metabolism as manisfested by triglyceride, cholesterol, and phospholipid concentrati on. 6. rPst administration dia not affect mineral metabolism as manisfested by calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and iron concentration. 7. rPST administration did not affect electrolyte metabolism as manisfested by Na, K, chloride concentration. 8. rPST administration did not affect erythrocyte count, leukocyte count, thrombocyte count, and plasma fibrinogen level.