• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.240-248
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• 2000

Objective : Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is a rarely reported syndrome of spontaneous postural headache associated with low CSF pressure and has rarely been demonstrated radiographically or surgically. But recently, it is being recognized with increasing frequency. The purpose of this study was to characterize clinical and imaging features, etiologic factors, and outcome in the spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Patients and Methods : We reviewed our experience with documented cases of spontaneous intracranial hypotension in 5 consecutive patients with orthostatic headaches from April 1998 to April 1999. Results : The mean age was 41 years(from 35 to 49 years). All patients had postural headaches, which were completely alleviated by recumbency position. Nausea, neck pain, horizontal diplopia, photophobia, and blurred vision were noted in some of the patients. Brain MRI showed diffuse pachymeningeal gadolinium enhancement, subdural collections of fluid, and descent of the brain. The opening pressure from lumbar puncture was $4cmH_2O$ or less in three of five patients whereas the opening pressure was within normal range in two patients. All patients underwent radioisotope cisternography and computerized tomographic myelography. On radioisotope cisternography, CSF leakage was suspected at the level of cervical area(1 patient), upper thoracic area(2 patients), mid-thoracic area(1 patient). Computed tomography myelography revealed extraarachnoid accumulation of contrast media(compatible finding with CSF leakage) at the level of cervical or thoracic area. In all patients, the symptoms resolved in response to supportive measures or epidural blood patch(1 patient). Conclusion : Spontaneous spinal CSF leakage is increasingly recognized as a cause of spinal postural headache. Most CSF leaks are located at the cervicothoracic junction or in the thoracic spine and can be demonstrated by variable diagnostic method. The condition is usually self-limiting and its prognosis is typically good.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.29-33
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• 2006

The uptake of cadmium in animals is mainly accumulated in and affected to the liver and kidney by binding with red blood cells and serum albumin. The process accounts for more than 50% of the total accumulated cadmium in the body. The kidneys may be damaged without regarding the pathway uptake of cadmium. In a group of rats on supplements of 1% chlorella and 40 ppm cadmium, the concentration of cadmium in urine greatly decreased by 66% compared to control group, and the total synthesis of metallothionein decreased by 48.6% compared to control group. However, no previous study has assessed the protective effect on kidney damage induced by cadmium uptake through supplementation with chlorella. This study analyzed the biochemical marker for kidney damage in the rats after uptake of 40 ppm $CdCl_2$ and supplementation of the diet of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats with 1%, 5%, and 10% chlorella during 4 weeks. In a group of SD rats on supplementation with 1% chlorella and uptake of 40 ppm $CdCl_2,\;\beta_2$ microglobulin in the urine was found to be $3.1\pm0.6\;{\mu}g/L$, a decrease of 58% compared to a group of Sp rats on uptake of $CdCl_2$ only, in which the $\beta_2$ microglobulin was found to be $4.9\pm0.7\;{\mu}g/L$. According to the results of histopathological observation, the accumulation of mild and localized chronic inflammatory cells in kidney tissues was observed in 50% of the SD rats on uptake of cadmium only. In contrast, only 30% of the SD rats on supplementation with 1% chlorella and uptake of 40ppm $CdCl_2$, representing a histopathological abnormality, and there were no histopathological abnormalities at all in groups of SD rats on supplementation with 5% or 10% chlorella and uptake of 40 ppm $CdCl_2$. In conclusion, protein, calcium, and iron, which account for more than 50% of the total dried chlorella composition, may contribute to the reduction nephrotoxicity by stimulating both inhibited absorption of cadium and increased excretion of accumulated cadmium in kidneys.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2003

Terbinafine is a synthetic allylamine that is available in an oral formulation and is used at a dosage of 250mg/day. It is used as an active antifungal agent and inhibits the fungal enzyme squalene epoxidase, which leads to the accumulation of the sterol squalene, which is toxic to the organism. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two terbinafine tablets, Lamisil (Novartis Korea Ltd.) and Terbinex (C-TRI Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Eighteen normal male volunteers, 26.00$\pm$2.57 year in age and 70.51$\pm$9.36 kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized 2${\times}$2 cross-over study was employed. After one tablet containing 125 mg of terbinafine was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of terbinafine in plasma were determined using HPLC with UV detector. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as AUC, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters. The results showed that the differences in AUC, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ between two tablets were －4.191％, 5.223％ and －25.720％, respectively when calculated against the Lamisil, tablet. The powers (1-$\beta$) for AUC, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were 81％, 87％ and below 60％, respectively. Minimum detectable differences(.il) at alpha=O.1 and 1-/3=0.8 were less than 20％ (e.g., 19.72％ and 17.77％ for AUC and $C_{max}$, respectively). But minimum detectable differences($\Delta$) at alpha=0.1 and 1-$\beta$=0.8 for $T_{max}$ were more than 20％ (e.g., 26.25％). The 90％ confidence intervals were within $\pm$20％ (e.g., －17.440∼9.06 and －6.713∼17.160 for AUC and $C_{max}$ respectively). But 90％ confidence intervals for $T_{max}$ were not within $\pm$20％ (e.g., －43.346∼8.083). Another ANOVA test was conducted for logarithmically transformed AUC and $C_{max}$. These results showed that there are no significant differences in AUC and $C_{max}$ between the two formulations: The differences between the formulations in these log transformed parameters were all for less than 20％ (e.g., －4.19％ and 5.22％ for AUC and $C_{max}$, respectively). The 90％ confidence intervals for the log transformed data were not the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 in AUC but the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 in $C_{max}$ (e.g., log 1.13∼log 1.50 and log 0.94-log 1.22 for AUC and $C_{max}$ respectively). The major parameters, AUC and $C_{max}$ met the criteria of KFDA for bioequivalence although $T_{max}$ did not meet the criteria of KFDA (1998 year) for bioequivalence, indicating that Onfran tablet is bioequivalent to Zofran tablet. But in another ANOVA test AUC did not meet the criteria of KFDA (2002) for bioequivalence but $C_{max}$ met the criteria of KFDA (2002 year) for bioequivalence.or bioequivalence.equivalence.equivalence.equivalence.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.503-510
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• 2005

If we could predict the necrosis of the flap caused by reperfusion injury, we can minimize the necrosis of the flap by taking appropriate action before necrosis begins. In this study, we examined whether we can predict the survival of flap under reperfusion injury or not, by measuring laser doppler flow meter values. We divided the group into the control and experimental groups corresponding to 6, 8, 9, 10, and 12hours after reperfusion(hours after ligation of auricular central artery). In each group, we examined necrotic change, perfusion unit (PU), serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase, angiography and pathologic findings. No necrosis was observed in the 6 and 8 hours group but 8, 18, 20 hours after ligation, necrosis was observed, Also in each of 9, 10 and 12 hours group (each group consisted of 20 flaps), necrosis were noted. According to the above data, the critical time of necrosis in the auricular skin flap model lies between about 8 to 9 hours. Comparing the PU between the necrosis and non-necrosis groups, the former group showed a mean 39.57 PU increase after 60 min of reperfusion, and the latter group showed a mean increase of 21.21 PU. We can conclude that better flow can dilute oxygen free radical into systemic circulation, and this means less injuries are caused on vessels. Our study implies that if blood flow increase is less than 30 PU, intensive care is needed to save the flap. Additionally, we found significant decrease of serum SOD and glutathione peroxidase in the necrotic group. Therefore, monitoring these serum markers will be helpful in predicting reperfusion injury and supplementing these enzymes could be helpful to save the flap. The laser doppler flow meter is thought to be helpful in clinical circumstances for evaluating the circulation of the flap after the operation. However, more accumulation of clinical studies should be necessary establishing useful clinical data.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.334-351
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to investigate the improvement effect of white ginseng extract (GS-KG9) on D-galactosamine (Ga1N)-induced oxidative stress and liver injury. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups. Rats were orally administrated with GS-KG9 (300, 500, or 700 mg/kg) or silymarin (25 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. The rats of the GS-KG9- and silymarin-treated groups and a control group were then intraperitoneally injected Ga1N at a concentration of 650 mg/kg for 4 days. To investigate the protective effect of GS-KG9 against GalN-induced liver injury, blood liver function indicators, anti-oxidative stress indicators, and histopathological features were analyzed. RESULTS: Serum biochemical analysis indicated that GS-KG9 ameliorated the elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in GalN-treated rats. The hepatoprotective effects of GS-KG9 involved enhancing components of the hepatic antioxidant defense system, including glutathione, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). In addition, GS-KG9 treatment inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by GalN treatment in hepatocytes and significantly increased the expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) proteins, which are antioxidant proteins. In particular, by histological analyses bases on hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, α-smooth muscle actin, and transforming growth factor-β1 staining, we determined that the administration of 500 mg/kg GS-KG9 inhibited hepatic inflammation and fibrosis due to the excessive accumulation of collagen. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that GS-KG9 improves GalN-induced liver inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis by attenuating oxidative stress. Therefore, GS-KG9 may be considered a useful candidate in the development of a natural preventive agent against liver injury.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.37-53
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• 1973

For the elucidation of the metabolic effects due to alcoholic drink and moldy rice intake author designed two experiments as follows. In the first experiment, sixty male and female rats, divided into six groups, 10 rats each in both sexes, were given 7.5% sucrose-30% alcohol solution (Jinro-Soju) and diets varied of fat content (2%, 7%, 30% of diet) and protein quality (casein, bean, anchovy) for 6 weeks. In the Second experiment, six groups of rats, 10 male rats each, were fed the diets containing zero, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, and 100% moldy rice contaminated Penicillium Islandicum and the experimental periods were 4 weeks and 6 weeks. The results of these studies due to the toxicity of alcohol consumption and moldy rice ingestion of the fatty liver production and the other effects are as follows. 1. Food intake of alcohol consumed groups decreased to 50%-70% of that of standard group. In the second study, there was no significant differences on food intake due to the different contents of moldy rice and experimental period. 2. On the view paint of body weight gain, the body weight of alcohol consumed groups gained much less than that of standard group, because food consumption was decreased due to alcohol ingestion. 3. In comparison of F.E.R. and P.E.R. between standard and experimental groups, there was no significant differences in this study. 4. As a matter of fact, there was no significance on the nitrogen balance in both studies. 5. From the result of hematology, R.B.C. counts, W.B.C. counts, hemoglobin, and hematocrit showed normal values in all groups including in this study. So we might conclude that the toxicity of alcohol and moldy rice do not effect significantly on blood picture. 6. The larger organs shrank on the range of 20%-70% of that against standard group in this study. The major reason for the shrinkage of organs might be account of decreased food consumption due to alcoholic drink. There was no great changes on the organ weight due to the ingestion of moldy rice. 7. The nitrogen content in various organs in both experiments was revealed at the normal level for the worst condition in terms of the least food intake. In other word, it was noteworthy that the concentration of nitrogen in various organs was kept at the normal ratio as standard groups under the circumstances of this study. 8. The lipid content in the liver of rats fed alcohol and diets containing either various lipid contents or protein quality did not increase. Hepatic lipids accumulation due to the dietary fat content was observed, but there wvas no significances among the compared groups. In the second experiment, the difference of hepatic lipid content between the moldy rice groups and standard group was not showed. In addition to the result of total lipid, hepatic free cholesterol, free fatty acid, and triglyceride did not change in both studies, we might conclude that the toxicity of alcohol and moldy rice could not effect on the hepatic lipid contents. 9. There was no significant differences on the serum glucose level between alcohol groups and standard group. In the second experiment, serum glucose level increase in 6th week compared with in 4th week, but there was no significant differences.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.323-331
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• 2013

Hesperidin (Hes) has known to having some functions like protection of blood circulatory system, anti-tumor effect, antioxidant effect and anti-inflammatory effect. The goal of this study is to demonstrate the relationship between Hes and inflammatory through in vitro and in vivo studies using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) film including Hes as a tissue engineered scaffold. To confirm the proliferation of cells on fabricated scaffold, cells (RAW 264.7 and NIH/3T3) were seeded on PLGA/Hes film then analyzed with MTT and SEM at 1 and 3 days after seeding. The results from ELISA, RT-PCR, and FACS for anti-oxident and anti-inflammatory effect showed that inflammatory response of PLGA/Hes film decreased more than that of PLGA film. Also, in vivo result confirmed that inflammatory response by implanted PLGA/Hes film decreased more comparing with PLGA film. This is because of anti-inflammatory effect of Hes reducing induced inflammatory cell and accumulation of fibrous capsule. The results showed that PLGA/Hes film's capacity on reducing inflammatory is better than PLGA film because of Hes.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.104-112
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary tocotrienol extracted from the rice bran on hematological and histological changes of the mouse. The mice were divided into seven groups (basal diet, cholesterol diet, tocopherol diet, and 4 different tocotrienol diets), and bred for a month. Tocotrienol diet was shown to have decreasing effects of serum triacylglycerol and LDL concentrations, whereas serum HDL concentrations were increased by tocotrienol diet. But serum cholesterol concentration was not statistically significant among the diet groups. Tocotrienol diet was shown to have decreasing effects of serum AST activities (P=0.0548) and LDH activities (P=0.0016), which are the standard indicators for liver damages or myocardial infarction. And tocotrienol diet has reduced the fat bodies accumulated in liver and heart caused from administration of rice bran oil. Also, the effects were shown as concentration-dependent manners. In conclusion, dietary tocotrienol extracted from rice bran has evident effects to protect or reduce lipid accumulation from blood, hepatocytes and heart muscles. It is also suggested as a good fortifying nutrition for the health and medical care.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 1985

This study was carried out to observe the formation of superoxide radicals and the changes in the activities of superoxide dismutase (EC.1.15.1.1.) from the various organs of a rat which was blocked tricarboxylic acid cycle. In order to block the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the beta-fluoroethylacetate was injected into peritoneal cavity of rat and removed the various tissues from the rat at internals of an hour. By tissue extracts being prepared by the method of Weigiger and Fridovich the activities of superoxide dismutase, aconitase, and contents of bliid glucose, citrates, and wuperoxide radicals were determined. The experimental results are summarized as follows: Accumulation of citrates if increased within three hours after treatment in the all tested tissues, especially, in the geart and spleen they are higher than one of other tissues as 12 and 20 times of control. The activities of aconitase are ingibited to 30-35% on an hour after beta-fluoroethylacetate treatment comparing with that of control rat. The content of blood glucose is increased to 1.6 fold of normal value after 5 hours of treatment. In all tested tissues, superoxide radicals are formed in the heart as 0.26 micromoles per gram tissue between one and three hours after treatment. The activities of total superoxide dismutase are increased between one and three hours after treatment in the all tested tissues and one of these enzymes in heart is highest. The activities of superoxide dismutase containing Mn are also increased with an increase of total superoxide dismutase activities.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 1995

For the prevention of later contralateral hernia as well as unnecessary contralateral exploration in pediatric patients with unilateral inguinal hernias, a reasonable indication of contralateral exploration is required. To examine the contralateral positivity, a prospective selective contralateral exploration has been performed by the author from Sept. 1985 to Dec. 1993, at Pediatric Surgical Section of the Department of Surgery, Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University Medical College. Among the total 1200 cases of pediatric inguinal hernias, 580 cases of contralateral side were explored at hernia operations, by the indications as; male with infant onset, 2)female of all age, 3)prematurity, 4)profuse ascites due to cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, and ventriculoperitoneal shunt, and 5)remarkable silk sign. Overall positive rate was 71.4%, and positive rates of each indication were 80.7%, 70.4%, 73.1%, 66.7%, and 72.0%, respectively. Right side hernia showed 67.0%, left s ide 75.7%, and positive familial history 71.8% of contralateral positivities. In male, getting older revealed lower positive rates and the rate suddenly dropped after 12 years of age. Birth order, mother's age at delivery, postmaturity did not show any significant differences between the rates. Recurrence was seen in 3(0.5%) ipsilateral and 2(0.3%) contralateral, both of which were negative esplorations on previons operations. Overall complication rate was 3.8%, including 1 infection, 14 fluid or blood accumulation, 5 edemas, 3 temporary testicular edemas, 2 persisting fevers, 2 enures is and one delayed recovery from anesthesia. Among 38 cases with contralateral hernias developed after unilateral surgery by authors(6 cases) or surgeons in other institutions, 14 were males with infant onset, 4 were prematurities and 9 were females. Therefore, 27(71.7%) cases were originally under the contralateral exploration indications. The primary site of the hermia was right in 25 and left in 13. With above results, the following indications for contralateral exploration could be suggested ; 1)under one year of age, both sex, 2)prematurity, 3) remarkable silk sign, 4)in the double checked suspicions among males with infant onset, all age females, ascites, left hernia and familial history. After 12 years of age, exploration is not required. Considering complications, contralateral explorations could be considered only in the following situations; 1)expert, experienced pediatric surgeon, 2)experienced pediatric anesthesiologist, 3)operations could be done smoothly in an hour, 4)good general condition of the patient.