• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.526-530
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was investigating serum lipid, apolipoprotein levels and their correlations in healthy adults of Gyeongnam area. The BMI (body mass index) was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in male (25.2 ${\pm}$ 2.7 $kg/m^2$) than female (23.8 ${\pm}$ 1.5 $kg/m^2$), however PBF (percent body fat) was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in female (29.6 ${\pm}$ 4.3%) than male (22.7 ${\pm}$ 5.0%). The WHR (waist to hip ratio) and blood pressure in the groups showed there was no significant differences. The levels of serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in male (208.7 ${\pm}$ 27.7 mg/dl, 129.0 ${\pm}$ 26.9 mg/dl, 1.0 ${\pm}$ 0.2 g/L) than female (193.6 ${\pm}$ 29.1 mg/dl, 112.5 ${\pm}$ 29.5 mg/dl, 0.9 ${\pm}$ 0.2 g/L, but HDL-cholesterol level was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in female (54.9 ${\pm}$ 6.6 mg/dl) than male (49.9 ${\pm}$ 7.3 mg/dl). The LDL-C/HDL-C, Apo B/Apo A-I and AI (atherogenic index) were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in male (2.6 ${\pm}$ 0.6, 0.8 ${\pm}$ 0.2, 3.3 ${\pm}$ 0.7) than female (2.1 ${\pm}$ 0.5, 0.6 ${\pm}$ 0.2, 2.6 ${\pm}$ 0.5). The triglyceride level was positively correlated with apolipoprotein B concentration (p < 0.05) and negatively correlated with HDL-cholesterol concentration (p < 0.05), however no significant correlation was found with apolipoprotein A-I. According to these results, we conclude that male adults are expecting higher incidence of cardiovascular disease than female adults and we suggest the serum triglyceride should be kept normal level for the prevention of these diseases.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.501-518
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Sodium intake is positively associated with blood pressure, which may increase the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therefore, we assessed the disease burden of CVD attributable to sodium intakes above 2,000 mg/day and prospectively investigated the association between dietary/urinary sodium levels and the risk of all-cause and CVD-mortality using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES). SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 68,578 and 33,113 participants were included for comparative risk assessment (CRA) analysis and mortality analysis, respectively, and mean follow-up time for mortality was 5.4 years. CRA analysis was used to quantify attributable incidences of stroke, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and deaths attributable to sodium intake between 1998 and 2016. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to determine the association between sodium intake and all-cause and CVD-mortality. RESULTS: Mean dietary sodium intake decreased over time, reaching 3,647 mg/day in 2016. Similarly, the population attributable fractions of stroke and IHD, and the number of CVD-associated deaths attributable to high sodium intake/excretion also decreased. In terms of association with mortality, when participants were grouped into quartiles (Q) by energy-adjusted sodium intake, those in Q2 had a lower risk of all-cause mortality than those in Q1 with lower intakes. The risk of CVD-associated mortality was higher only in females with high sodium intake in Q4 than those in Q1. CONCLUSIONS: This nationwide data indicates that, in line with previous studies of multiple cohorts, both low and high sodium intakes may be associated with an increased risk of mortality; therefore, the optimal sodium intake for Koreans needs to be revised.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.81-88
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• 2006

IGFs and IGFBPs have an important role in controlling glucose homeostasis. This study was conducted to investigate the changes of insulin-like growth factor(IGF)-I. IGF-II and IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) on fasting and postprandial state in Korean diabetes, Twenty eight healthy subjects and fifty seven diabetic patients participated in this study. The healthy subjects were not knowingly suffered from any disease and were not receiving any medical treatment, and diabetic subjects were undergo medical treatment, continuously. Weight and height were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg) divided by the square of height (m2). Blood pressure was measured. Plasma lipid profiles were analyzed by enzymatic methods, plasma Insulin and glucose levels were measured in fasting and postprandial state, respectively. The levels of serum IGFs and IGFBP-3 were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The levels of glucose and insulin were significantly higher in diabetes than normal subjects on fasting as well as postprandial state (p<0.0l). The levels of IGF-I was significantly lower in diabetes than normal subjects, however in postprandial state, there was no significant difference between diabetes and control subjects, The levels of IGF-II were significantly lower in diabetes than control subjects both fasting and postpradial state, The level of IGFBP-3 were not significantly different between diabetes and normal subjects. Fasting IGF-I, IGF-II and IGFBP-3 levels were positively correlated with those levels on postprandial state, fasting IGe levels of IGF-I levels were positively correlated with fasting insulin levels, and postprandial IGF-I levels were positively correlated with fasting glucose, postprandial insulin and postprandial insulin levels, plasma triglyceride levels were correlated with plasma triglyceride levels. The IGFBP-3 levels were not correlated with IGF components, glucose, insulin and plasma lipids, These results demonstrate that in diabetes, the components IGF-I/IGFBPs system were significantly correlated with plsma glucose and insulin levels both fasting and postprandial state.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.138-143
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• 1999

Background: The endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation has been largely accounted for by the release of nitric oxide (NO). Three distinct isoforms of NO synthases (NOS) have been characterized, i.e., brain(bNOS), inducible (iNOS), and endothelial constitutive (ecNOS). Although hypertension hasbeen associated with a vascular endothelial dysfunction, changes in the vascular expression of NOS isoforms have not been established. The present study was aimed at exploring the vascular expression of NOS isozymes in hypertension. Material and Method: Two-kidney, one clip (2K1C) and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension were induced in rats. The expression of different NOS isozymes in the thoracic aorta was determined by Western blot analysis. The vascular tissue contents of nitrites were measured by colorimetric assay. Result: Arterial blood pressure was significantly higher in experimental groups of 2K1C and DOCA-salt rats compared with their corresponding control rats. The vascular expression of bNOS as well as that of ecNOS was decreased in both models of hypertension. iNOS was not changed in DOCA-salt hypertension, but was also decreased in 2K1C hypertension. The vascular contents of nitrites were significantly decreased in DOCA-salt as well as in 2K1C hypertension. Conclusion: These results suggest that 2K1C and DOCA-salt hypertension are associated with decreases in the vascular expression of NOS isozymes and nitrite contents.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.371-376
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• 2003

To develop an efficient cultivation system to increase the productivity and the high quality of Chrysanthemum boreale M., the effects of pig manure (PM) application on the yield and the effective component were investigated in the pot scale (1/2000a scale). PM applied at the equivalent of six rates (with rate of 0, 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000, and 12000 kg $10a^{-1}$). Maximum plant biomass yield was achieved at 9510 kg $10a^{-1}$ and at 9940 kg $10a^{-1}$ for flower biomass. Nitrogen recovery efficiency was more than 42% for all nitrogen treatments and reached 66.6% at 4000 kg $10a^{-1}$. Proline $(7.4{\sim}9.2\;g\;kg^{-1})$ was the most abundant amino acid in the flower of C. boreale M. and the contents of amino acids increased with increasing PM application rate. Contents of cumambrin A. a sesquiterpene compound known to reduce blood-pressure, decreased with increasing PM application. The highly negative correlation was found ($R^2$ = -0.723, P<0.01) between content of cumambrin A and PM application. However, the amount of cumambrin A in flowers increased as PM rate increased, because of increasing flower yield. In conclusion, PM fertilization increases yields and enhances overall quality.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.375-385
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• 2009

Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify the association of food intake with bio-physiological indicators: blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), waist/hip ratio (WHR), cholesterol and urine sugar among rural people. Methods: The subjects were 890 inhabitants from 14 towns of G County in Honam province. Data were collected by interview and self-reported with structured questionnaires from April 6th to 30th 2005. Data were analyzed with the frequency, percentage, t-test, $x^2$-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test and ANCOVA using SPSS 12.0 program. Results: Pre-hypertensive and hypertensive group was 27.0%, overweight and obese 27.1%, more than 0.90 in WHR 42.0%, more than 201 mg/dl of cholesterol 23.9%, and positive urine sugar was 8.7% in general. Among eleven food groups, fruit intakes were more effective in normotensive group than in the others. Vegetables, liquors, and milk products were 0.90 WHR more effective than the others. Milk products and liquors in BMI, and grains, beans and seaweed in low cholesterol group were more effective than the others. Conclusions: Bio-physiological indicators are related significantly only with fruits, milk products, meats, cereal and liquors among eleven food categories. Further study on the relationship between food intake, physical activities, smoking, drinking and lifestyle with bio-physiological indicators are suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.125-135
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• 2000

Hypertension is a well-known degenerative disease whose prevalence rate increases with age. Management of high blood pressure is a critical concern in preventive strategies to reduce the morbidity and mortality for cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to examine the dietary characteristics of hypertensive program participants, and to establish strategies based on their nutritional needs. Hypertensive patients were enrolled in the program in a public health center or in a local elderly center, at Suwon, in 1999-2000. Trained dietitians interviewed 62 enrollees(24-hour recall) and related variables. Mean body mass index of the subjects was 25.0kg/m². 30.7% of the subjects had a family history of hypertension. The majority of them ate regularly and partook of all available side dishes. They consumed grains and vegetables regularly, but seldom ate dairy products or food prepared with oil. Male enrollees frequently consumed more processed food and animal fat than did female enrollees(p<0.05). An analysis of the percentage of RDA(Recommended Dietary Allowances of Korea 1995) showed that but for ascorbic acid, enrollees consumed nutrients below the RDA. The food group intake pattern was not diverse, thus only 8.1% of enrollees consumed all food groups in a day. An analysis of eating attitude showed that 64.5% of enrollees always added salt to beef soup. Male enrollees showed low food-related self-efficacy compared to female enrollees, especially with reference to reduction of instant food intake(p<0.01), increase in vegetable intake(p<0.01), reduction of monosodium glutamate(MSG) intake(p<0.01). and not overeating(p<0.05). Their perceived barriers for participating in hypertension nutrition programs included lack of time, program necessity non-recognition, and program comprehension difficulty. These results suggest that nutrition education program necessity non-recognition, and program comprehension difficulty. These results suggest that nutrition education programs for community hypertensive patients should focus on increasing participant consumption of foods, expecially dairy products, and desirable eating attitudes. It also suggests that the program should consider should consider encouraging self-efficacy in changing eating behavior.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.571-578
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• 1995

Rastelli operation in which right ventricle[RV and pulmonary artery[PA is connected with an artificial graft is effective in increasing the pulmonary blood flow in certain types of congenital heart disease but, in many, it requires a reoperation because of the relative stenosis of graft that develops as the patients become old. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the various factors which many influence the long term outcome of such patients following a Rastelli operation. A total of 47 patients underwent a Rastelli operation during a 15 year period between November, 1978 and October 1993. The mean follow-up period is 76.1 51.3 months.1 Among the 47 patients, a valved conduit was used in 30[63.8% , and non-valved conduit in 17[36.2% patients. In the 8 patients[17.0% who died postoperatively, a valved conduit was used in 5 [16.6% and a non-valved conduit in 3[17.6% . There was no statistical difference in mortality between the 2 groups. There was a good linear correlation between the body surface area[X and the conduit size[Y [Y=3.86X + 14.6, R=0.55, P=0.01 .2 Ten patients underwent replacement of the conduit during the follow-up period. The type of conduit used and the frequency of subsequent replacement were as follows: Ionescu-Shiley, valved-33.3%, Carpentier-Edwards, valved-30.8%, Hancock, valved-80% and non-valved conduit-9.1%. The median period free of reoperation was 110 months for the valved and 79 months for the non-valved group, there being no statistical difference between the 2 groups. 3 The patients who did not require reoperation are all doing well [New York Heart Association Functional Classification: Class I . Pressure gradient between the RV and the PA was 20 mmHg in 10 randomly selected patients who did not require reoperation and 92 9 mmHg in 10 patients who did require reoperation.4 In the 10 patients who underwent a conduit replacement procedure.5 Among patients undergoing reoperation, 2 died from endocarditis.The remaining 8 patients are doing well without limitation in physical activity at a mean follow-up period of 32.7 33.9 months [range 2 to 89 months . 6 At 5, 7, and 10 years, the reoperation-free rates among all patients were 96%, 91% and 29% and the survival rates were 82%, 82% and 71%. In conclusion, Rastelli operation is an effective procedure in ameliorating symptoms in a select group of patients with congenital heart disease. Because of the inherent nature of relative graft stenosis and degeneration, a long-term follow-up is required under the proper selection of the graft material.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.48-56
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• 1994

In order to study the factors influencing upon right medication of antibiotic for the consumers who can easily buy antibiotic from pharmacy, the study carried out questionnaires to 568 consumers who bought antibiotics from pharmacies located in Seoul And Kyung-gi do from the 1st of February, 1994 to the 28th of the same month. Materials have been analyzed with $X^-test$ of SAS, and its results are as follows. 1. Among 568 objects of this study, the group which can medicare antibiotic properly (the right use group of antibiotic) is 45.5% with 258, while the group which does not recognize correctly the use of antibiotic or does not have any information about it (the abuse group of antibiotic) is 54.6% with 310. 2. Knowledge for advantage of antibiotic the right use group has is high in comparing with that of the abuse group (p<0.001), and also in case of pregnancy, understanding for an adverse reaction of antibiotic is high (p<0.001). The right use group has had many chances to take health education (p<0.001), and the way to buy antibiotic is very safe (p<0.001). But there is no outstanding difference for recognition of an adverse reaction of antibiotic between two groups. 3. In comparing with the abuse group, the right use group keeps well taking time of antibiotics as directions (p<0.001), and keeping rate of antibiotic dosage is high (p<0.001). Also the experiences of an adverse reaction of antibiotic is low (p<0.001). 4. In comparing with the abuse group, the right use group has high educational backgrounds (p<0.001) and many experiences of the education for health promotion (p<0.001), while there is no difference in age, sex, and economic status. 5. In comparing with the abuse group, the right use group has taken antibiotic many times (p<0.001), and there are many antibiotic takers of his/her family (p<0.01). 6. In comparing with the abuse group, the right use group has made much effort not only to check blood pressure and the pulse (p<0.05) but also for food habits (p<0.05). But there is no outstanding difference in the effort to get health information and the effort for regular exercises between these two group. 7. In comparing with the abuse group, the right use group has made an exertion in buying foodstuffs (p<0.001). But there is no big difference in efforts to keep the good attitude for physical health and mental heath, and sleeping hours between these two group.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.361-374
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• 2001

This study was done to identify a status of home visiting project as a community health nursing system, that was the organization. personal who have age, educational background, marital status, position, experience of the home visiting in the public sectors in part of Seoul. Kyonggi, Kang-won area, It was done to provide basis data for the development of effective visiting nurses project in the health sectors, where was Health Centers in urban and rural. Branch of Health Center in rural and Health posts. The question airs were distributed 352 public health workers who working place was 118 health workers in 12 health centers in Seoul. 56 public health workers among 39 health center and other public health sectors in Kyonggi and 178 public health workers among health center and health care sectors. Data collected from October to December. 2000. The analysis by SAS system with F test, percentage and frequency. The major result were as follows. The general characteristics of the respondent show that most of them were graduates from community college and RN-BS with broadcast that they had not completed CPHN course but only two health workers have trained for the visiting nurses project. As for their grade in the position, the most of health workers have seventh level and the other CHP were above sixth level in the health care post that in the government structure. This indicates that workers do not have great authority in decision making, the most period of works in the position was one and two years indicating that they change jobs frequently. On an average their clinical experience was 4.11 years which is ideal for the total service. As for preparation of staff for home visiting workers education on visiting nurses program have to receive short term or longer term training course for strong emphasis. The analysis showed that public health visiting workers responds about active job performance that based on an area, approach of acting by districts, education and position are shown statistically significant difference between acceptance of the visiting nursing job show the same as well as visiting nurses project. Special concerns for visiting Nursing care spread came to burden, many of activity carry out main solution is covered the health problem connective support system needs of quality and quantity which out health problem. As 71.1% of visiting health service held on the poor population was under the guardianship of the law, but people who health insurance wide application under law shown a tendency to increase gradually. The general characteristics of the patients showed 56.2% of female on average of age was 66.1 years old, they have health problem was the most of 47.6% of high blood pressure and stroke, the other and as a problem that economics, which is complex welfare with out health problem. Community health care service should be combined health and social work program. The form of delivery of visiting health care given the most guide and education with counselling and support. (33.6%) Among the six category of visiting care service shown statistically significant difference and next is fundamental care, remedy care with priority.