• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.641-651
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• 2022

This research compares and analyzes evacuation time depending on the change in stair width in case of fire at Goshiwons. For this, a simulation has been conducted based on possible evacuation time according to the calculation method for the number of people admittable to a specific target for fire fighting equipped with accommodation. Currently, Gosiwon, which is classified as an accommodation facility (a total floor area of 500 m² or more), uses blind spots prescribed by the Fire Services Act, Building Act, and Parking Act to build a high-rise building on a small area of land, and most Gosiwon is transformed into a modified accommodation. This is in line with the owner's operating profit, so it is expected to show a continuous increase. Securing the golden time of Gosiwon evacuation time is the last bastion of Gosiwon residents who belong to the economically disadvantaged in our society, and we hope this study will serve as a starting point for discussions on revising related laws and regulations to establish a social safety net As a result of the evacuation simulation analysis, the evacuation time was the least when the width of the group and the evacuation stairs were expanded to 200cm, and the evacuation time of the existing building was reduced by up to 166.3 seconds by comparing 648.4 seconds and scenario 6. This analysis can be meaningful, in that the width of the evacuation stairs revision of related laws and regulations for the safety of multiplex available premises.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.97-117
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to suggest a mid- to long-term expansion plan to resolve the blind spot and alleviate the imbalance of public library services in Daegu City. The research methods for this purpose included literature review, related laws and statistical data analysis, case study, and opinion survey. As a result, the first service area was set as a total of 14 areas based on administrative districts(Jung-gu, Seo-gu, Nam-gu, and Dalseong-gun each have one, Dong-gu and Buk-gu each have two, and Suseong-gu and Dalseo-gu have three each). Second, the expansion scenario for public libraries in Daegu City was proposed to add 26 libraries by the final target year (2032) based on the trend of national library growth over the past 13 years (2008-2020) and the forecast for the next 10 years (2023-2032). Third, the construction scenarios for each basic local government, excluding the Daegu representative library, are as follows: One library each in Jung-gu, Seo-gu, and Nam-gu; two libraries in Suseong-gu; three libraries in Dalseong-gun; four libraries in Dong-gu; and seven libraries each in Buk-gu and Dalseo-gu. In terms of floor area, it is proposed to add a total of 17 branch libraries with a minimum legal standard of 330-2,499㎡, four central libraries with 2,500-4,999㎡ each, and four central libraries with 5,000-9,999㎡ each. On the premise of these conditions, Daegu City and public libraries should focus on creating an inclusive and open community space, creating a digital platform, strengthening the library operation and cooperation system centered on Daegu representative library, developing collections and specializing services for local hub libraries, enhancing various knowledge information and program services, managing key library indicators and improving social contribution.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.129-154
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• 2010

In Post-soviet Space, particularly the Central Asian is a great turbulence region called the 'Eurasian Balkan', where diverse factors of conflict and dispute are existed. In Central Asia, a current regional security system is characterized by various multilateral cooperation relations among Central Asian nations and the world powers, such as NATO(PfP), OSCE, CIS, CSTO, CACO, SCO, CICA and so on. But nothing could obtain superiority as pan-regional security system. Unless internal problems and conflicts of the Central Asian nations be solved, security won't be assured in this region. Narrow-minded and blind realism will spread insecure region, make a lasting trouble spot in Eurasian continent. The purpose of this article is to explore significance for international relations of security system in the Central Asia. I examine general features of regional security environment formed after the Soviet Union's collapse, characteristics of multilateral cooperation related with Central Asian nations. Through consideration current situations I suggest prospects of security system in Central Asia.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.47-59
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• 2024

Purpose: This study aims to propose measures for the prevention of fire and explosion accidents within manufacturing facilities by improving the existing classification criteria for hazardous locations based on the leakage patterns of flammable liquids. The objective is to suggest ways to safely manage ignition sources and combustible materials. Method: The hazardous locations were calculated using "KS C IEC 60079-10-1," and the calculated explosion hazard distances were visualized in 3D. Additionally, the formula for the atmospheric dispersion of flammable vapors, as outlined in "P-91-2023," was utilized to calculate the dispersion rates within the hazardous locations represented in 3D. Result: Visualization of hazardous locations in 3D enabled the identification of blind spots in the floor plan, facilitating immediate recognition of ignition sources within these areas. Furthermore, when calculating the time taken for the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) to reach within the volumetric space of the hazardous locations represented in 3D, it was found that the risk level did not correspond identically with the explosion hazard distances. Conclusion: Considering the atmospheric dispersion of flammable liquids, it was concluded that safety management should be conducted. Therefore, a method for calculating the concentration values requiring detection and alert based on realistically achievable ventilation rates within the facility is proposed.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.95-118
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• 2017

Recent centrally the downtown area, the transaction between the row housing and multiplex housing is activated and platform services such as Zigbang and Dabang are growing. The row housing and multiplex housing is a blind spot for real estate information. Because there is a social problem, due to the change in market size and information asymmetry due to changes in demand. Also, the 5 or 25 districts used by the Seoul Metropolitan Government or the Korean Appraisal Board(hereafter, KAB) were established within the administrative boundaries and used in existing real estate studies. This is not a district classification for real estate researches because it is zoned urban planning. Based on the existing study, this study found that the city needs to reset the Seoul Metropolitan Government's spatial structure in estimating future housing prices. So, This study attempted to classify the area without spatial heterogeneity by the reflected the property price characteristics of row housing and Multiplex housing. In other words, There has been a problem that an inefficient side has arisen due to the simple division by the existing administrative district. Therefore, this study aims to cluster Seoul as a new area for more efficient real estate analysis. This study was applied to the hedonic model based on the real transactions price data of row housing and multiplex housing. And the K-Means Clustering algorithm was used to cluster the spatial structure of Seoul. In this study, data onto real transactions price of the Seoul Row housing and Multiplex Housing from January 2014 to December 2016, and the official land value of 2016 was used and it provided by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport(hereafter, MOLIT). Data preprocessing was followed by the following processing procedures: Removal of underground transaction, Price standardization per area, Removal of Real transaction case(above 5 and below -5). In this study, we analyzed data from 132,707 cases to 126,759 data through data preprocessing. The data analysis tool used the R program. After data preprocessing, data model was constructed. Priority, the K-means Clustering was performed. In addition, a regression analysis was conducted using Hedonic model and it was conducted a cosine similarity analysis. Based on the constructed data model, we clustered on the basis of the longitude and latitude of Seoul and conducted comparative analysis of existing area. The results of this study indicated that the goodness of fit of the model was above 75 % and the variables used for the Hedonic model were significant. In other words, 5 or 25 districts that is the area of the existing administrative area are divided into 16 districts. So, this study derived a clustering method of row housing and multiplex housing in Seoul using K-Means Clustering algorithm and hedonic model by the reflected the property price characteristics. Moreover, they presented academic and practical implications and presented the limitations of this study and the direction of future research. Academic implication has clustered by reflecting the property price characteristics in order to improve the problems of the areas used in the Seoul Metropolitan Government, KAB, and Existing Real Estate Research. Another academic implications are that apartments were the main study of existing real estate research, and has proposed a method of classifying area in Seoul using public information(i.e., real-data of MOLIT) of government 3.0. Practical implication is that it can be used as a basic data for real estate related research on row housing and multiplex housing. Another practical implications are that is expected the activation of row housing and multiplex housing research and, that is expected to increase the accuracy of the model of the actual transaction. The future research direction of this study involves conducting various analyses to overcome the limitations of the threshold and indicates the need for deeper research.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.68-74
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• 2002

Purpose: Suprapubic bladder aspiration(SBA) of urine is the most reliable method to obtain urine avoiding contamination in non-toilet trained infants. Ultrasonography is a useful tool for guiding the anatomic location as well as for direct visualization during procedure. We evaluated the success rate and complication of ultrasound(US) assisted SBA Methods. Sixty infants who visited Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, with suspected urinary tract infection were randomly divided into the US assisted (n=32) and blind SBA(control, n=28) group. In US assisted SBA group, the anteroposterior(AP), transverse, and sagittal diameters and the volume of the bladder were measured. In the blind SBA group, urine was blindly aspirated when the urinary bladder was palpated at the suprapubic area. The rate of successful urine aspiration, the number of attempts until successful aspiration, aspirated urine volume were compared between the two groups. Results: The success rate was $100\%$(32/32) in the US assisted group, which was significantly higher than $85.7\%$(24/28) of the control group (P<0.05). The aspirated urine volume in the US assisted group was $7.4{\pm}3.7\;mL$, which was significantly higher than $4.5{\pm}3.4\;mL$ of the control group (P<0.05), The diameters and volume of bladder in successful aspiration were $2.1{\pm}0.7\;cm$ in AP diameter, $3.1{\pm}0.6\;cm$ in transverse diameter, $4.2{\pm}1.0\;cm$ in sagittal diameter and $15.2{\pm}10.4\;mL$ in volume, which were significantly higher than those ($1.7{\pm}0.3\;cm,\;1.7{\pm}0.3\;cm,\;1.8{\pm}0.7\;cm,\;2.4{\pm]0.6\;cm,\;3.9{\pm}2.5$) of the control group (P<0.05) The correlations between the AP(r=0.78), transverse (r=0.72), sagittal(r=0.91) diameter and bladder volume were significant (P<0.05). SBA was $100\%$ successful in the AP diameter >3 cm, transverse diameter >4 cm, depth >4 cm and bladder volume >5 mL. Conclusion: US assistance can significantly improve the success rate of SBA in infant with suspected urinary tract infection. (J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2002 ; 6 : 68-74)

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.380-394
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• 2015

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2014. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) The research works on the thermal and fluid engineering have been reviewed as groups of heat and mass transfer, cooling and heating, and air-conditioning, the flow inside building rooms, and smoke control on fire. Research issues dealing with duct and pipe were reduced, but flows inside building rooms, and smoke controls were newly added in thermal and fluid engineering research area. (2) Research works on heat transfer area have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, pool boiling and condensing heat transfer and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included the results for thermal contact resistance measurement of metal interface, a fan coil with an oval-type heat exchanger, fouling characteristics of plate heat exchangers, effect of rib pitch in a two wall divergent channel, semi-empirical analysis in vertical mesoscale tubes, an integrated drying machine, microscale surface wrinkles, brazed plate heat exchangers, numerical analysis in printed circuit heat exchanger. In the area of pool boiling and condensing, non-uniform air flow, PCM applied thermal storage wall system, a new wavy cylindrical shape capsule, and HFC32/HFC152a mixtures on enhanced tubes, were actively studied. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, researches on solar water storage tank, effective design on the inserting part of refrigerator door gasket, impact of different boundary conditions in generating g-function, various construction of SCW type ground heat exchanger and a heat pump for closed cooling water heat recovery were performed. (3) In the field of refrigeration, various studies were carried out in the categories of refrigeration cycle, alternative refrigeration and modelling and controls including energy recoveries from industrial boilers and vehicles, improvement of dehumidification systems, novel defrost systems, fault diagnosis and optimum controls for heat pump systems. It is particularly notable that a substantial number of studies were dedicated for the development of air-conditioning and power recovery systems for electric vehicles in this year. (4) In building mechanical system research fields, seventeen studies were reported for achieving effective design of the mechanical systems, and also for maximizing the energy efficiency of buildings. The topics of the studies included energy performance, HVAC system, ventilation, and renewable energies, piping in the buildings. Proposed designs, performance performance tests using numerical methods and experiments provide useful information and key data which can improve the energy efficiency of the buildings. (5) The field of architectural environment was mostly focused on indoor environment and building energy. The main researches of indoor environment were related to the evaluation of work noise in tunnel construction and the simulation and development of a light-shelf system. The subjects of building energy were worked on the energy saving of office building applied with window blind and phase change material(PCM), a method of existing building energy simulation using energy audit data, the estimation of thermal consumption unit of apartment building and its case studies, dynamic window performance, a writing method of energy consumption report and energy estimation of apartment building using district heating system. The remained studies were related to the improvement of architectural engineering education system for plant engineering industry, estimating cooling and heating degree days for variable base temperature, a prediction method of underground temperature, the comfort control algorithm of car air conditioner, the smoke control performance evaluation of high-rise building, evaluation of thermal energy systems of bio safety laboratory and a development of measuring device of solar heat gain coefficient of fenestration system.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.275-294
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• 2010

In recent years, international migration of professional workers is significantly increasing as globalization has been deepened more and more. South Korea is not an exception for this case. Immigration of professional workers have steadily increased since 2000 in Korea, and the number reached approximately to 50,000 in 2009. In addition, it is a major trend that immigrants of short-sojourn are decreasing and ones of long-sojourn increasing. Our research shows that foreign language instructor has the greatest number of foreign professional immigrants. The next is professional immigrants related to business-activities. There are considerably entertainers, but they have greatly decreased since 2003. Majority of foreign professional immigrants settle down in a few metropolises. Especially, they reside in Seoul Metropolitan Area and Southeast coastal region. Professional immigrants trend to do with Korean on the base of their offices rather than residental communities in terms of adaptation, and they do not have strong will to reside permanently in Korea. Moreover, they are located at a blind spot of Korean government's foreign immigrant policy, comparing to foreign workers and female marriage immigrants.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.151-159
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• 1981

An investigation on various causes of milking disturbances resulting from injuries and abnormalities of mammary system were made in 2,179 Holstein cows. To perform this investigation, 69 dairy farms of the suburban area of Seoul city, Gyeonggi-do and Chungnam provinces were andomly selected and subjected. Diagnosis was made by means of inspection and palpation of teat, insertion of teat canula, checking milk machines, anamneses and farm records. This investigation was, actively done from March 1977 to February 1979, The results obtained were summerized as follows; 1. It was found that 446 cows, accounting for 20.48% of 2,179 cows inspected, had supernumerary teats. Among them 53.59% had one, 43.72% had two, 2.47% had three, and 0.22% had four supernumerary teats, respectively. 2. Dry off quarters were found in 158 quarters which turned out to be 1.8% of 8,716 quarters inspected. Among dry off quarters, 62.02% seemed to be caused by mastitis, 30.37% by acquired teat obstructions, and 7.59% by congenital blind teats and glands respectively. 3. Teat sphincter stenosis was found in 154 teats of 50 cows, which represents 1.76% of 8,716 teats and 2.29% of 2,179 cows inspected, respectively. Among 154 teats with teat sphincter stenosis, 138 teats (85.7%) of 33 cows were found to be congenital and revealed highest incidence. 4. Loose sphincter was found in 78 teats of 36 cows, which figure 0.89% of 8,7l6 teats and 1.69% of 2,179 cows inspected, respectively. Among 78 teats with loose sphincter, 52 teats (66.66%) of 13 cows were found to be congenital and revealed highest incidence. 5. Injured teat tip caused by over milking of milk machine, was found in 229 teats of 156 cows, which figure 2.63% of 8,716 teats and 7.15% of 2,179 cows observed, respectively. 6. Other miscellaneous injuries and congenital abnormalities of teats and udders were diagnosed as follows: The teat laceration was found in 34 teats (0.39% of 8,716 teats), fissure of teat skin in 24 teats (0.28% of 8,716 teats), stricture of teat cistern in 21 teats (0.24% of 8,716 teats), teat fistula in 12 teats (0.14% of 8,716 teats), papillomas on testes in 8 teats (0.09% of 8,716 teats). Knothole orifice in 7 teats (0.08% of 8,716 teats), subcutaneous abscess of udder in 5 quarters (0.05% of 8,716 teats), membraneous obstruction of teat cistern in 4 teats (0.05% of 8,716 teats), and congenital short teat in 8 teats (0.09% of 8,716 teats), respectively.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to determine the of effective concentration of procaine iontophoresis for durarion of cutaneous local anesthesia. Forty-five healthy students with an age range of 19 to 34 years$(21\pm2.7)$, were participated in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned into 5 groups. Bach 9 subjects received iontophoresis on the flexor surface of dominant forearm with soft cotton pad $(3.5\times3.5cm)$ soaked in 2ml of $2\%$ (pH 5.28), $4\%$ (pH 5.12), $8\%$ (pH 4,98), $16\%$ (pH 4.72), $32\%$ (pH 4.52) procaine hydrochloride solution at 4mA for 10 minutes (total current 40mA min) using anodal direct current. The study was performed in a randomized, double-blind design, After procaine iontophoresis, the duration of anesthesia were evaluated at five minute intervals on five random locations in the iontophoretically area using a 21-gauge sterile hypodermic needle pressed with 1mm invagination unitl sharp pin-pricking pain sensation returned. The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA to determine significant differences between groups. Duncan post hoc was performed at level .01. The relationship between anesthetic duration and procaine concentration was assessed with Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficients. ANOVA tests showed significant differences in the anesthetic duration between the concentration of procaine solution (p<.001). Procaine iontophoresis with $4\%$ concentration produced cutaneous Socal anesthesia of significantly longer duration(15.56 min) than iontophoresis with $2\%,\;8\%,\;16\%$, and $32\%$ of procaine GCl(p<.01). Whereas the anesthetic duration had no correlation with concentration of procaine solution (r=-0.41, NS). These results support the $4\%$ procaine solution was an effective concentration of iontophoresis for induced cutaneous local anesthesia.