• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.997-1010
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• 2017

The black box model is a relatively new option for nonlinear dynamic system identification. It can be used for prediction problems just based on analyzing the input and output data without considering the changes of the internal structure. In this paper, a black box model was presented to solve unconstrained overlying strata movement problems in coal mine production. Based on the black box theory, the overlying strata regional system was viewed as a "black box", and the black box model on overburden strata movement was established. Then, the rock mechanical properties and the mining thickness and mined-out section area were selected as the subject and object respectively, and the influences of coal mining on the overburden regional system were discussed. Finally, a corrected method for height prediction of the fractured zone was obtained. According to actual mine geological conditions, the measured geological data were introduced into the black box model of overlying strata movement for height calculation, and the fractured zone height was determined as 40.36 m, which was comparable to the actual height value (43.91 m) of the fractured zone detected by Double-block Leak Hunting in Drill. By comparing the calculation result and actual surface subsidence value, it can be concluded that the proposed model is adaptable for height prediction of the fractured zone.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 2007

Black has played a more important role in the history of fashion than other colors. In general, black was regarded as a color of negative images. However, as people have recognized the aesthetic value of black color, they have expressed unique and various images of black through the medium of clothes. This study was based on both theory research and actual survey, where survey sheets were distributed to collect data. For data analysis, SPSS 10.0, a statistics software, was used, and frequency, pecentage, t-test, ANOVA test, and Duncan test were adopted and analyzed. The survey was conducted on 608 men over 20 in Seoul, Gyeonggi Province, Gangwon Province, and other areas for two months from May 20, 2005 to July 25, 2005. The analysis showed the following results. First, Dignity was the mostly cited image of black color among men followed by modernity, sorrow, feminineness, abstinence, and sensuality. Second, Men showed different responses according to their age. In sum, men more strongly recognize abstinence and sensuality in black dress as they become older. Marital status significantly affected men's recognition of black dress in terms of abstinence and sensuality. Abstinence was more strongly recognized by married men than single men. In addition, married men pointed out sensuality of black dress more frequently than single men. In short, married men tended to recognize abstinence and sensuality more easily than single men. Education level clearly affected men's recognition of dignity, modernity, and abstinence in black dress. In sum, as men got higher education, they tended to increasingly recognize dignity and modernity in black dress. In conclusion, this study has proved that black dress has unique aesthetic values and reflects various images according to age, marital status, education level.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.433-451
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• 2018

In Jesmyn Ward's 2017 novel, Sing, Unburied, Sing, Ward places herself within the modern African American literary tradition and lays out the unending "historical traumas" of blacks and cultural haunting in her narrative. She brings to the fore the story of a young black boy and demonstrates the difficulty of living while a black man in the American rural South. Living or dead, black males remain spectral as their frustrated black bodies are endlessly rejected and disembodied. It's through Ward's close attention to the notions of black masculinity and retrieval of (black) humanity that the black South is remembered, recuperated, and historicized. Shrewdly enough, Ward expands it further into the tradition of American literature. Instead of singularizing African American identity and its historical traumas, she renders them the part of American history and universalizing the single black story as the story of the American South. Filling in the gaps that Faulkner and other white writers have left in their novels, Ward writes stories about the unspeakable, the invisible, the excluded to deconstruct white narratives and rebuild the American history; and reasserts African roots and history, spirituality, black raciality and locality within the American tradition. I examine the symbolic significance of Jojo's claim of black masculinity within the socio-political contexts of contemporary America. I also look closely at Ward's portrayal of Jojo's black family genealogy on account of its traumatic experiences of incarceration in notorious Parchman Farm. Locating Jojo as the inspiration of linking the past and the present, the unburied and the living, I contend that Ward creates "home" for blacks in an atemporal oceanic space where the past and the present are able to meet simultaneously. I argue that the oceanic space is an alternative space of affect that functions against the space of white rationality.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.326-330
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of black pigmented rice flour and honey syrup which were added different amounts to the rice on the quality of Rice Dasik. The sensory scores which evaluated for color, flavor, sweetness. softness, melting in mouth, swallowness, sticky and texture revealed that Dasik made with 20∼30% black pigmented rice flour and 70% honey syrup were the most higher. Degree of lightness, redness and yellowness were decreased as increasing of black pigmented rice flour The values of springness, gumminess, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, hardness and chewiness showed decreasing tendency in add of 70% honey syrup than that of 60% addition.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.73-75
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• 2012

In this study, basic physical properties and color development of the black concrete depending on CASB-SP dosages are investigated. According to results, It showed that the slump and air contents of the concrete containing CASB-SP meet all requirements of concrete except when CASB-SP 5.0 % is used. It also showed that the more the CASB-SP is used, the higher the compressive strength becomes. On the other hand, It is found that if the CASB-SP 5.0 % is used, the compressive strength was reduced as the more CASB-SP 5 % is used. In terms of color, it was found out that the more CASB-SP is used, the darker the black becomes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.477-481
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• 1998

Colored components in black tea were extracted, freeze-dried, and analysed to investigate the possibility using as a natural dye. Fractionation of the colored components was carried out by gel permeation chromatography. The colored components in black tea were elected into seven fractions. Each fraction was analyzed by UV spectrophotometer. The early fluted fractions 1-4 did not show any absorption peaks in 320-700 nm and showed the increase in absorption as it approaches to short wavelength and are considered as highly polymerized colored substances. Fractions 5-6 showed tar at 350 m and are considered as thearubigins. Fraction 7 showed absorption peaks at 376 nm and 456 nm and is considered as theaflavin. IR spectra of each fraction show: Strong C=0 stretching band at 1650 cm-1 appears in fractions 1-4, but not in fractions 5-7. Strong C=0 stretching band at 1700 cm-L appears in fraction 3-7. C=0 stretching band at 1610 cm-1 appears as a shoulder in fraction 4 and progressively changes into strong peak in fraction 5-7. From these results, it is assumed that colored components in black tea consist of polyphenolic substances having different molecular weight which were formed during tea manufacturing process. The colorants from black tea infusion were applied to silk, wool, cotton and nylon fabrics. Black tea colorants showed high affinity to wool, silk and nylon, but very low affinity to cotton fabrics.

• English & American cultural studies
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.107-128
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• 2017

Gaines depicts the process of transformation of a black young who accepts his execution with dignity in A Lesson Before Dying. There two personas of the protagonist, Jefferson, appear in this novel. The former seen in the black and white community is the persona of falsehood and submission, and the latter appeared in the black community is the true persona. The former, the pig persona in black-and-white community is created, forced onto them by whites and the human persona in the black community is made by their own standards without being forced. Jefferson has been depersonalized by his pig persona. He implements their false persona by mimicking pigs to confront its reality. And then he retrospects the pleasure of relationship throughout his own life. Grant's expensive gift, the radio, becomes a trigger to realize the significance of his existence and the social solidarity. Moreover, many black visitors look at him with expectant eyes of fulfilling their historical burden. After all, Jefferson is executed as a human being with dignity, and the transformation of Jefferson from a pig to a human is getting rid of the white values and standing on the black values. In other words, it is the procedure of creating the new myth out of the false myth, from meaningless life to meaningful death.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of stem materials such as black stem on the quality of expended stem and cigarettes. Normal and black stem were separated by tobacco scan and then, those stems were expanded after treating with their respective stem casings. Total sugar, ether extract, ash contents and pH were slightly low in black stem compared with normal stem. However, the number of bacteria and fungi ratio were remarkably higher in black stem than that of normal stem. As compared with normal stems, ratio of rushed stem in rolled process was approximately 2 times higher in black stem with the consequency that the filling capacity of black stem was decreased. The ratio of large particles (> 3.35 mm) of expanded black stem showed decreasing tendency and small particles rate (1.40 mm <) was increased compared with normal stem. When expanded stems were prepared using stem containing 5 levels (0, 10, 20, 30 and 100 %) of black stem, the filling capacity was decreased and static burning rate was significantly decreased with increasing expanded black stem rate. However, the weight and hardness of cigarettes were slightly increased with increasing expanded black stem rate. The contents of phenol compounds, aromatic amines and carbonyl compounds in the cigarette mainstream smoke from the cigarette which was manufactured with various ratio of expended black stem, were gradually increased with increasing expanded black stem rates. Also, the cytotoxicity and the mutagenicity of the TPM were significantly increased with increasing expanded black stem rate. The sensory test result showed that cigarettes blended with 10 and 30 % level of black stem rate was exhibited significantly high sensory attributions such as off-taste, impact, hotness, bitterness and irritation as compared with cigarette blended with normal stem, while smoke fullness and cleanness were slightly decreased with increasing expanded black stem rates. The number of brown spots on cigarettes paper was 2 to 3 times high in cigarettes containing black stem than that of cigarette made from normal stem and were high with increasing black stem rate. The overall assessment in this study suggest, that black stem should not be used because of bad quality of expanded stem and high toxicological activity of cigarette mainstream smoke.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.58 no.12
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• pp.41.1-41.7
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• 2016

Background: Over two decades of observations in the field in South East Asia and Hawai'i suggest that majority of the commercial dairy herds are of black hair coat. Hence a simple study to determine the accuracy of the observation was conducted with two large dairy herds in Hawaii in the mid-1990s. Methods: A retrospective study on longevity of Holstein cattle in the tropics was conducted using DairyComp-305 lactation information coupled with phenotypic evaluation of hair coat color in two large dairy farms. Cows were classified into 3 groups: a) black (B, >90%); b) black/white (BW, 50:50) and c) white (W, >90%). Cows with other hair coat distribution were excluded from the study. In farm A, 211 out of 970 cows were identified having 4 or more lactations. In farm B, 690 out of 1,350 cows were identified with 2 or more lactations for the study. Results: The regression analyses and the Wilcoxon-Log-rank test for survival probability showed that Holstein cattle with 90% black hair coat had greater longevity compared to Holstein cattle with 90% white hair coat. Conclusions: This study suggests that longevity of Holstein cattle in tropical regions was influenced by hair coat color and characteristics.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.3221-3224
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• 2010

This study investigates the requirements of lithium-air cathodes, which directly influence discharge capacity. The cathodes of Li-air cell are made by using five different carbon materials, such as Ketjen black EC600JD, Super P, Ketjen black EC300JD, Denka black, and Ensaco 250G. The Ketjen black EC600JD provides discharge capacity of 2600 mAh/g per carbon weight, while that of Ensaco 250G shows only 579 mAh/g. To figure out the differences of discharge capacity from carbon materials, their surface area and pore volume are analyzed. These are found out to be the critical factors in determining discharge capacity. Furthermore, carbon loading on Ni foam and amounts of electrolyte are significant factors that affect discharge capacity. In order to investigate catalyst effect, electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) is incorporated and delivered 4307 mAh/g per carbon weight. This infers that EMD facilitates to break $O_2$ interactions and leads to enhance discharge capacity.