• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.5
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• pp.558-562
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• 2009

The growth, carbon and nitrogen status of container grown black pine (Pinus thunbergii) seedlings were examined at various levels of foliar fertilization (control, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%). Root collar diameter, height and dry weight of black pine seedlings increased significantly with increasing levels of foliar fertilization (P<0.05). Carbon concentration in needle of black pine seedlings was significantly higher in the foliar fertilization than in the control treatments (P<0.05), while other seedling components such as stem and roots were not significantly different (P>0.05) between the foliar fertilization and the control treatments. Nitrogen concentration and content were significantly greater in the foliar fertilization than in the control treatments (P<0.05). Shoot/root ratio of black pine seedlings (needle+stem dry weight/root dry weight) was greater in the foliar fertilization (2.40-2.89) than in the control treatments (1.87). However, nitrogen use efficiency was significantly lower (P<0.05) in the foliar fertilization (28-46) than in the control (111) treatments. The results indicate that morphological characteristics and nutritional status on container grown black pine seedlings were enhanced by various levels of foliar fertilization.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.479-485
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• 2010

The anatomical characteristics, green moisture content, inorganic element concentration, and black heartwood percentage were compared between the Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) planted in a general mountain forest and in a windbreak forest for a mandarin orange field in Jeju island. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Black heartwood percentage was found to be much higher in the trees of windbreak forest than in those of general mountain forest. 2. Green moisture content of wood appeared to increase with the color change of heartwood from reddish brown to black. 3. Inorganic elements of $K_2O$ and CaO in the ray cells of black heartwood were thought to be one of the important factors for black heartwood formation. 4. Wood specific gravity and strength properties were comparatively lower in the trees of Jeju island than in those of southern part of the Korean peninsula. These properties, however, were found to be not significantly different between the trees of windbreak forest and general mountain forest in Jeju island.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2012

The black pine bast scale, $Masucoccus$ $thunbergianae$ (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), is a serious pest of the Japanese black pine, $Pinus$ $thunbergii$, in Korea. The distribution of the black pine bast scale was examined, looking overall at 686 towns (eup), townships (myeon) or neighborhoods (dong). There were Japanese black pine ($Pinus$ $thunbergii$) forests in 91 cities, counties (gun) and borough (gu), in seven provinces and three metropolitan cities during 2010. Black pine bast scale were found in 64.8% of cities or counties or borough (59) in 7 provinces and 3 metropolitan cities, and were distributed in all South Costal regions, Pohang in East Costal region and Boryeong in West Costal region. Chungcheongbukdo, Daejeon and Jeju did not have black pine bast scale. All the gu regions in Busan had black pine bast scale, of which the area with the highest prevalence was Haenam in Jeollanamdo (1.713 crawlers/0.785 $cm^2$). Songji-myeon had the highest occurrence rate (6.36 crawlers/0.785 $cm^2$) from the towns, township and dong. The density of black pine bast scale in twigs was highly correlated with percentage of the sample with scale (Correlation coefficacy=0.89).

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.333-341
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• 2010

The objective of our study was to investigate the major reasons for the different growth and visible injury on the needles of black pine growing in Ulsan and Yeocheon industrial complex areas, South Korea. After 12 years of growth, we collected climatic and air pollutant data, and analyzed soil properties and the physiological characteristics of black pine needles. Annual and minimum temperatures in Ulsan were higher than those in Yeocheon from 1996 to 2008. Ozone ($O_3$) was the pollutant in greatest concentration in Yeocheon, and whereas the $SO_2$ concentration in most areas decreased gradually during the whole period of growth, $SO_2$ concentration in Yeocheon has increased continuously since 1999, where it was the highest out of four areas since 2005. Total nitrogen and cation exchange capacity in Yeocheon soil were significantly lower than those of Ulsan. The average growth of black pine in Yeocheon was significantly smaller than that in Ulsan, and the growth of damaged trees represented a significant difference between the two sites. Photosynthetic pigment and malondialdehyde content and antioxidative enzyme activity in the current needles of black pine in Yeocheon were not significantly different between damaged and healthy trees, but in 1-year-old needles, there were significant differences between damaged and healthy trees. In conclusion, needle damage in Yeocheon black pine can be considered the result of long-term exposure to oxidative stress by such as $O_3$ or $SO_2$, rather than a difference in climatic condition or soil properties, and the additional expense of photosynthate needed to overcome damage or alleviate oxidative stress may cause growth retardation.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.66-71
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• 1977

The growth of red and black pines in Muan, Seochen, Gapyeong and Kochang areas was compared by means of the growth of annual ring width and stem analysis to study the process of damages caused by pine needle gall midge. Red pine forest of Seocheon area began to suffer by pine needle gall midge from 1961 and the damage was to becoming severe from 1967. The damage became so intense tha tmany forests are withering to death from spring of 1975. Black pine forest also began to suffer from 1973. Red pine forest of Muan area was supposed to be suffered from 1973. Red pine forest of Kochang area suffered by pine needle gall midge from 1967. It seems that the damage became severe from 1973 and that black pine forest was also badly damaged from that time. Red pine forest of the control plot, Gapyeong area, began to suffer from 1967 and it also became intense from 1973. Although the areas of Seocheon, Muan, Kochang, and Gapyeong are different from each other in terms of locality and the infitration period of pine needle gall equally from 1967 due to mass development of population or other factors and the damage became more intense from 1973. Black pine forest was also badly damaged from that time. Black pine seems to be stronger in insect resistant than red pine. This can be justified by the fact that it began to suffer belatedly in each area and the degree of damage is moderate. The damage of Seocheon area is the severest following Kochang. Muan area is relatively moderate but the forest becoming decrease in growth.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2015

The ethnic dress of Germany's Black Forest, called Tracht, dates back to the 16th century. Although most people living within the Black Forest do not presently wear Trachten, some persistence in this tradition exists. This study explored the factors that have supported the persistence of the Trachten tradition, specifically related to the wearing and crafting of Trachten by women, in a contemporary society. A qualitative, ethnographic approach was adopted. Data were collected via observations and interviews in the Black Forest. Thematic analyses revealed that the maintenance of the Trachten tradition was linked to varied factors that revolved around the overarching themes of both persistence and change. Interpretations were supported by theory proposing that ethnic dress is not static, but rather, changes across space and time in ways that enable its persistence. The persistence of the Trachten tradition was linked to formalized practice, meaningful identities, and desires to preserve and promote local culture. Additionally, the persistence of the Trachten tradition was fostered by change in the tradition, including the conceptualization of Trachten as a "lived practice" and the negotiation of Trachten authenticity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.3
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• pp.394-405
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• 1995

Certain ericaceous understory plants of temperate forests proliferate following forest clearcutting and fire. Rapid vegetative growth of these plants may affect conifer regeneration due to their strong competitive abilities and allelopathic properties. Planted conifers in these shrub-dominated habitats experience "growth check" which may result in a loss of productivity or in extreme cases total failure of forest regeneration. This growth check phenomenon is exemplified in Calluna Sitca spruce Scots pine ecosystems of western Europe, Kalmia black spruce ecosystem of eastern Canada and Gaultheria-cedar/hemlock ecosystem of the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Dynamics of Kalmia black spruce ecosystem following disturbance was used to explain the mechanism of conifer growth inhibition and their regeneration failure. It is argued that in addition to competition for nutrients, Kalmia allelopathy plays a major role in growth inhibition of black spruce. This conclusion is supported by the results of various field, laboratory and greenhouse experiments. Eight phenolic compounds were isolated and identified from the leaves of Kalmia angustifolia, four of which are known to be highly phyotoxic to black spruce. Methods of overcoming the allelopathic effects of Kalmia in order to enhance black spruce regeneration in Kalmia-dominated sites are discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.3
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• pp.306-309
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• 2000

The black pine bast scale (BPBS), Matsucoccus thunbergianae, causes serious damage to Japanese black pine forests in the southern part of Korean peninsula. After first detection of its damage in Kohung, Chonnam Province in 1963, the distribution has been expanding gradually year by year. Since 1983, extensive surveys for BPBS distributions have been carried out by Korea Forest Research Institute. We used cumulative data for BPBS distribution and analyzed the dispersal pattern. We divided expansions into three directions such as north along the west coast, northeast towards the inland, and east along the south coast. In the direction of northeast the dispersal rate was approximately 4.3km per year in dense forests of Japanese black pine, but it slowed down since the early 1990s. The annual dispersal rates were approximately 5.9 and 3.3km in north and east directions, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.5 s.162
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• pp.291-301
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• 2005

Robinia pseudoacacia is one of most widely cultivated exotic species in Bulgaria. The total area of black locust plantations amounts to 2.9% of the total forest area of the country. 15.34% of the plantations are of management afforestations category, where the priority is given to timber production. They have been created on rich and moisture soils, which are the most appropriate for the species in order to achieve its biological potentials of high productivity. The rest of the available plantations in the country are planted on poorer and drier soils up to 600~800 m altitude. The high adaptive ability of the species to unsuitable environmental conditions as well as the high sprout potential was used for their creation. These stands are mainly done with the aim to protect and ameliorate damaged environments and production of small-size timber and fire woods. They are cultivated until 15-20 years and are revived by sprouts. Therefore the management goals searched, 45.69% of those forests are low productive and 38.97% with average productiveness. The present report deals with growth and productivity capacity of black locust plantations; production of sowing materials; production of reproductive and vegetative saplings for afforestation; the technological aspects of afforestation works; the management and use of black locust plantations as well as some more important diseases and pests affecting the species. The report is entirely based on Bulgarian scientific research works and experience with the Robinia preudoacacia. Recommendations for optimizing the use of species are given.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.21
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• pp.39-47
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• 2003

The object of this study was to analyze influence which Black locust afforestation affected to soil, to research change of soil environment of Black locust planted stand and adjacent stands through comparative analyzing physichemical property of soil of them. It was investigated that the soil texture of Black locust planted stand and the adjacent stands was mostly SL. and LS. According to this result I could know that transformation of soil texture by vegetation easily happened because transformation soil texture results from the parent rock. I could ascertain that difference existed between Black locust planted stand and the other stands in soil pH and Carbon content of planted stand of Black locust pH, contents of Available $P_2O_5$ Carbon, Total Nitrogen. In other words, pH and Carbon content of Black locust planted stand were lower than that of Oak forest, higher than that of Pine forest. These results showed that Black locust was which fix nitrogen. I could infer that Black locust afforestation made forest soil fertilized. In soil of Black locust planted stand and the adjacent stands, statistical value appeared highly in pH and existed in content of Carbon, Total nitrogen, too. And high interrelationship appeared in the order of pH, C/N Ratio, CEC, Total nitrogen content was in each stands. I suppose that the trespassing extent of Black locust to Oak forest and Pine forest which are adjacent to planted stand of Black locust is different because of low pH, lackness of Available $P_2O_5$ Carbon, and what not.