• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 2005

Sheep production is affected by genetic and non-genetic factors. A knowledge of these factors is essential for efficient management and for the accurate estimation of breeding values. The objective of this study was to establish the non-genetic factors which affect birth weight and weaning weight in Dorper, Mutton Merino and indigenous Sabi sheep breeds. A total of 2,625 birth and weaning weight records from Grasslands Research Station collected from 1991 through 1993, were used. The records were collected from indigenous Sabi (939), Dorper (807) and Mutton Merino (898) sheep. A mixed classification model containing the fixed effects of year, birth status and sex was used for identification of non-genetic factors. Sire within breed was included as a random effect. Two factor interactions and three factor interactions were important in indigenous Sabi, Mutton Merino and Dorper sheep. The mean birth weights were 4.37${\pm}$0.04 kg, 4.62${\pm}$0.04 kg and 3.29${\pm}$0.04 kg for Mutton Merino, Dorper and Sabi sheep, respectively. Sire had significant effects (p<0.05) on birth weight in Mutton Merino and indigenous Sabi sheep. Year of lambing had significant effects (p<0.05) on birth weight in indigenous Sabi, Mutton Merino and Dorper sheep. The effect of birth status was non significant in Dorper and Mutton Merino sheep while effect of birth status was significant on birth weight in indigenous Sabi sheep. In Indigenous Sabi sheep lambs born as singles (3.30${\pm}$0.05 kg) were 0.23 kg heavier than twins (3.07${\pm}$0.05 kg), in Mutton Merino lambs born as singles (3.99${\pm}$0.08 kg) were 0.07 kg heavier than twins (3.92${\pm}$0.08 kg) and in Dorper lambs born as singles (4.41${\pm}$0.04 kg) were 0.02 kg heavier than twins (4.39${\pm}$0.04 kg). On average males were heavier than females (p<0.05) weighing (3.32${\pm}$0.04 kg vs. 3.05${\pm}$0.07 kg) in indigenous Sabi, 4.73${\pm}$0.03 kg vs. 4.08${\pm}$0.05 in Dorper and 4.26${\pm}$0.07 kg vs. 3.66${\pm}$0.09 kg in Mutton Merino sheep. Two way factor interactions of sire*year, year*sex and sex*birth status had significant effects (p<0.05) on birth weight in indigenous Sabi, Mutton Merino and Dorper sheep while the effect of year*birth status was non significant on birth weight in Indigenous Sabi sheep. The three way factor interaction of year*sex*birth status had a significant effect (p<0.01) on birth weight in indigenous Sabi and Mutton Merino. Tupping weight fitted as a covariate had significant effects (p<0.001) on birth weight in indigenous Sabi, Mutton Merino and Dorper sheep. The mean weaning weights were 17.94${\pm}$0.31 kg, 18.19${\pm}$0.28 kg and 14.39${\pm}$0.28 kg for Mutton Merino, Dorper and Indigenous Sabi sheep, respectively. Effects of sire and sire*year were non significant on weaning weight in Dorper and Mutton Merino while year, sex and sex*year interaction had significant effects (p<0.001) on weaning weight. On average males were heavier than females (p<0.001) at weaning. The respective weaning weights were 18.05${\pm}$0.46 kg, 18.68${\pm}$0.19 kg, 14.14${\pm}$0.15 kg for males and 16.64${\pm}$0.60 kg, 16.41${\pm}$0.31 kg, 12.64${\pm}$0.32 kg for females in Mutton Merino, Dorper and Indigenous Sabi sheep. Lambs born as singles were significantly heavier at weaning than twins, 0.05 kg, 0.06 kg and 0.78 kg for Mutton Merino, Dorper and Indigenous Sabi sheep, respectively. Effect of tupping weight was highly significant on weaning weight. The three way factor interaction year*sex*birth status had a significant effect (p<0.01) on weaning weight. Correction for environmental effects is necessary to increase accuracy of direct selection for birth weight and weaning weight.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.38-60
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• 1989

The present analysis was undertaken to find out the relationships between birth weight & Apgar Score of newborn infant & maternal factors. The medical records of 1436 newborn infants who had been at the Korea University III Seoul from January. 1.1984. to December. 31. 1985, were examined. Measurements include weight and Apgar Score. As the possible factors influencing the birth weight & Apgar Score of newborn infant, 9 variables such as : mother's age, frequency ·of pregnancy, frequency of fullterm delivery, frequency. of premature, frequency of abortion, mother's hemoglobin level, complications during pregnancy gestational period and infant sex at birth were selected among the items recorded in the medical records of newborn infants and their mothers. The weight & Apgar Score of newborn infants were compared separately by sex with group percent of those variables. The results were summarized as follows: 1. All of those factors chosen are supposed to be influencing upon the birth weight and Apgar Score examined at birth indirectly through inducing early termination of pregnancy. 2. The most influencing variable of birth weight of newborn infants was gestation period. The most influencing variable of Apgar Score of infant newborn was gestation period. 3. The relationships of those influencing factors are more clear on the birth weights of newborn than on the Apgar Score. 4. More then half of low birth weight infants are turned out to be physiologically normal through the evaluation by Apgar Scoring. Conclusively, All of those factors chosen are supposed to be influencing upon the birth weight and apgar score examined at birth indirectly through inducing early termination of pregnancy.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.155-162
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing desired postnatal weight loss in women after birth. Methods: With correlational survey design, 191women of the study participants completed questionnaires on their desired postnatal weight loss and related factors, and body and health concerns during their hospitalization after birth. Data were collected from February to May, 2011. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple linear regression. Results: The women's gestational weight gain, pre-pregnant BMI, body concerns, expected time to reach the desired weight after birth and health concerns were identified as factors influencing desired postnatal weight loss in women after birth. The model explained 68% of the variance. Conclusion: Results suggest that nurses in women's health care should consider women's gestational weight, pre-pregnant BMI and their body concerns, health concerns and expected time to reach the desired weight after birth when developing weight management program for women after birth.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.152-154
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• 1998

The data 1241 birth, weights of Teddy goats maintained at Livestock Production Research Institute, Bahadurnagar, Okara, Pakistan, during 1975-1990 were used for this study. The mean birth weight during study period ranged from $1.55{\pm}0.06$ to $1.78{\pm}0.09kg$ with and over all mean of $1.66{\pm}0.031kg$. It was found that year of birth, type of birth, sex of kid and age of dam had significant (p < 0.01) effects on birth weight while the effect of season was found to be non-significant. It was inferred that single born kids were significantly heavier than twins and twins were heavier than triplets. The mean values of birth weight for male and female kids were $1.70{\pm}0.032$ and $1.61{\pm}0.03kg$ respectively. The birth weight was found to be the highest in 8 year age group that was $1.82{\pm}0.016kg$ and the lowest in one year group $(1.55{\pm}0.02kg)$.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.110-120
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• 2002

A phenomenological study is conducted to investigate the experience of mothers with very low birth weight. Sample of 8 mothers participate. Seven theme clusters emerge when the formulated meanings were organized into categories. The participants are 8 mothers who gave birth in the general hospital located in Kyunggi-Province and still live there. The data are collected from the intensive interviews on the experience of mothers whose baby is very low birth weight infant. Data collection is through in depth personal interviews two or three times with each mother. On the basis of the meanings of the experience of mothers with very low birth weight infant, the seven essential themes have been obtained Theme 1:Being surprised and perplexed due to the unexpected sudden delivery Theme 2:Experiencing emotional pain such as anxiety, sorrow, fear, confusion and self-blaming caused by a small and feeble baby. Theme 3: Pouring all their time and efforts into the baby under the acute tension Theme 4:Undergoing intolerable difficulties in confronting reality `Theme 5:Raising the special infant into an normal one by themselves Theme 6: Being on the vigilance for their baby even though they can be relieved Theme 7:Finding out a reward for the difficulties they have experienced The results obtained in this study will enable us to comprehensively understand the experience by mothers whose baby is very low birth weight infant and furthermore to provide a new insight which helps baby.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.595-597
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• 1995

The mean birth weight and weaning weight estimated from 777 kids from 30 bucks of Teddy goats were $1.67{\pm}0.31$ and $8.50{\pm}2.18kg$, respectively. The estimates of heritability of birth weight and weaning weight by half sib correlation method were $0.048{\pm}0.022$ and $0.101{\pm}0.012kg$, respectively. The high heritability estimates of birth weight indicates that selection on the basis of individual's own record will be effective. The low estimates of heritability of weaning weight indicates more emphasis should be given to improve environmental conditions for better achievement.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.50-61
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to compare the temperamental differences between the normal infants and low-birth-weight infants. The subjects of this study were 70 mothers with normal infants and 62 mothers with the low-birth-weight. Convenient sampling was done at three regions. The infant temperament scale developed by Pridham & others (1994) was used. Data were analyzed by SPSS WIN program. The results were as follows; 1) There was a significant difference in total temperament score between the low-birth-weight infants and normal infants. The scores of the low-birth-weight infants were significantly lower than those of normal infants in the subscales of amenability and persistence, activity, and reactivity. In adaptability, there was no significant difference between two groups. 2) In both groups, there were no significant difference by socio-economic status of parents, delivery type, and birth order. But, in the case of low-birth-weight infants, the temperament score of infants over 6 months was significantly higher than that of infants under 6 months. 3) In the correlation analysis among subscales of the temperament, amenability and persistence, activity, and reactivity showed the significant relationship. But adaptability showed significant correlation only with the amenability and persistence. In conclusion, temperament score of low-birth-weight infants were significantly lower than that of normal infants. It was suggested that parenting education for low-birth-weight infants would be needed to understand and impact the positive infant temperament.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.298-302
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• 2022

South Korea has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons. However, summers are extremely hot and humid, which negatively affects industrial animal production. Hanwoo are native cattle that have traditionally been raised in the natural environment of Korea. The present study investigated the effects of birth and lactation season on the birth and weaning weights of Hanwoo calves. Data were collected from 100 local breeding farms between 2016 and 2021. A total of 56,970 (males, 29,530; females, 27,440) Hanwoo calves were classified according to sex or birth and weaning season (March-May, spring; June-August, summer; September-November, fall; and December-February, winter). The birth weight of Hanwoo calves differed according to the birth season. As such, birth weight of the summer-born calves was the lowest. Additionally, the 90-day weaning weight was positively correlated with birth weight. Interestingly, however, the 90-day weaning weight was not related to the birth season but was related to the 2-month seasonal effect during the lactation period. Furthermore, the 90-day weaning weight was the lowest during the summer lactation period. In the beef cattle industry, daily weight gain is an important economic characteristic related to feed efficiency and growth. Our findings will contribute the management of Hanwoo cattle and analysis of changes in economic characteristics due to high temperatures.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.306-311
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• 2004

Background : The roles of antioxidants in the placenta and genetic susceptibility to oxidant chemicals in relation to neonatal birth weight have not been elucidated. We determined whether the level of placental manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and its genetic polymorphism plays any role in oxidative stress and neonatal birth weight. Methods : We measured placental MnSOD and determined MnSOD genetic polymorphism among 108 pregnant women who were hospitalized for delivery and their singleton live births in Korea. Main outcome measurements are maternal urinary malondialdehyde (MDA) and birth weight. Results : Maternal urinary concentrations of MDA were significantly associated with neonatal birth weight (P=0.04). The enzyme level of placental MnSOD was also significantly associated with MDA concentration (P=0.04) and neonatal birth weight (p<0.01). We observed dose-response relationships between placental MnSOD and maternal urinary MDA, and neonatal birth weight after adjusting for maternal weight, height, age, and neonatal sex. After controlling for covariates, MnSOD variant genotype increased maternal urinary MDA concentrations (p<0.01) and reduced birth weight by 149 gm (P=0.08). Conclusions : This study demonstrates that the placental level of MnSOD during pregnancy significantly affects fetal growth by reducing oxidative stress, and that genetic polymorphism of MnSOD probably modulate the effects of oxidants on fetal growth.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.150-155
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• 2014

The measurement of $17{\alpha}$-hydroxyprogesterone ($17{\alpha}$-OHP) in a dried blood spot on filter paper is an important for screening of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Since high levels of $17{\alpha}$-OHP are frequently observed in premature infants without congenital adrenal hyperplasia, we evaluated cuts-off based on birth weight and performed validation. Birth weight and $17{\alpha}$-OHP concentration data of 292,204 newborn screening subjects in Greencross labopratories were analyzed. The cut-off values based on birth weight were newly evaluated and validated with the original data. The mean $17{\alpha}$-OHP concentration were 7.25 ng/mL in very low birth weight (VLBW) group, 4.02 ng/mL in low birth weight (LBW) group, 2.53 g/mL in normal birth weight (NBW) group, and 2.24 ng/mL in heavy birth weight (HBW) group. The cut-offs for CAH were decided as follows: 21.12 ng/mL for VLBW and LBW groups and 11.14 ng/mL for NBW and HBW groups. When applied new cut-offs for original data, positive rates in VLBW and LBW groups were decreased and positive rates in NBW and HBW groups were increased. The cut-offs based on birth weight should be used in the screening for CAH. We believe that our new cut-off reduce the false positive rate and false negative rate and our experience for cut-off set up and validation will be helpful for other laboratories doing newborn screening test.