• 한국수학사학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.79-86
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• 2008

우리나라의 출생 성비는 자연 상태에서의 출생 성비(natural sex ratio at birth)로 추정되는 105를 초과하고 있는데, 그 원인 중 하나로 남아선호사상으로 인한 인위적인 출산이 있다(e.g. 임신중절 등). 본 연구에서는 임신 중절 없이 남아를 낳을 때까지만 출산을 하려는 가정(family)들의 존재가 출생 성비를 높이는 데에 기여하는지를 알아보기 위하여, 이러한 가정들과 출생 성비(sex ratio at birth)의 관계를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 남아 한 명을 낳을 때까지만 출산을 하려는 가정의 수가 무한으로 발산할수록 출생 성비는 자연 상태에서의 출생 성비에 확률적으로 수렴하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 즉, 남아를 낳을 때까지만 출산을 하려는 가정들의 존재는 출생 성비에 영향을 미치지 않음을 확인하였다.

• 한국인구학
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.98-115
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• 1994

This study is attempting to examine the possible determinants of the rise of the sex ratio at birth from 106 to 110 in past decade in Taiwan. The basic hypothesis for the sudden rise of the sex ratio at birth is due to a combination of prenatal sex determination and abortion. The reasoning for this hypothesis involves three types of considerations - motivation, norm, and access. The theory is evaluated by analyzing data from birth registration and a large and representative sampie of Taiwanese wives of childbearing age. The empirical data seem to support the theoretical preposition and the basic hypothesis that the rise of the sex ratio at birth in Taiwan is due to a combination of prenatal sex determination and abortion. There is striking evidence of son-preference in the rise of the sex ratio at birth in higher birth order. In 1990 the sex ratio was 119 for third births and 128 for fourth and fifth births compared to the expected 106. Also, the 1991 KAP data indicated that women who have only daughters but no any son are more likely to make prenatal sex screening and terminate their pregnancies in male live births at higher birth order. Obviously, genetic diagnosis through chorionic villus sampling which was available in recent years was misused for prenatal sex determination and sex selective abortion.

• 한국인구학
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.67-76
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• 1988

The purpose of this study was to find out the factors affecting birth sex ratio which had revealed alarmingly higher in recent years. This study was conducted to get hold of the basic data such as the sex ratio of live births which had been delivered at 5 general hospitals in Taegu from 1982 to 1986. And author chose Dongsan Medical Center from those 5 hospitals for further detailed study, and reviewed 1,286 medical records of mothers who had birth in each February and March from 1984 to 1987. Of these 1,286 deliveries, 30 cases were twin deliveries, which added the total children numbers to 1,316. The findings of this study were as follows: The average of birth sex ratio( 114.5) for 5 years at five general hospitals in Taegu was slightly higher than the traditional birth sex ratio( 102-107) and the highest was 123.4 in 1985. There was no significant difference in birth sex ratio by mother's educational level, her religion nor father's occupation. The birth sex ratio of the cases whose mother was above 35 years old was significantly high(400.0), that of the cases who were born to the mothers who had more than 3rd parity was significantly high(309.5), and that of the cases whose mother had more than two daughters and no son was also significantly high (330.7). The birth sex ratio of the cases who did not have ultrasonogram on their prenatal visits was 87.8. In contrast to this, that of the cases who had ultrasonogram was significantly higher( 135.5). Of the mothers who have more than two daughters and no son' 80.4% (45 cases) had ultrasonogram and their newborn's birth sex ratio was significantly high(542.9). Of the cases who were born to more than 3rd parity mothers, 75.6%(65 cases) of their mothers had ultrasonogram and their sex ratio was significantly high(441.6). It was revealed by this study that the birth sex ratio is changed to significantly high due to sex confirmation of the fetus by ultrasonogram. Thus it is recommended that the value related to having equality of sexes must be ingrained by changing the various social systems and value systems which is now aggrevating the son preference and should provide controlling system which can prohibit the ultrasonogram for sex confirmation only.

• 한국인구학
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.78-123
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• 1984

This study is attempting to examine the possible determinants of the rise of the sex ratio at birth from 106 to 110 in past decade in Taiwan. The basic hypothesis for the sudden rise of the sex ratio at birth is due to a combination of prenatal sex determination and abortion. The reasoning for this hypothesis involves three types of considerations - motivation, norm, and access. The theory is evaluated by analyzing data from birth registration and a large and representative sampie of Taiwanese wives of childbearing age. The empirical data seem to support the theoretical preposition and the basic hypothesis that the rise of the sex ratio at birth in Taiwan is due to a combination of prenatal sex determination and abortion. There is striking evidence of son-preference in the rise of the sex ratio at birth in higher birth order. In 1990 the sex ratio was 119 for third births and 128 for fourth and fifth births compared to the expected 106. Also, the 1991 KAP data indicated that women who have only daughters but no any son are more likely to make prenatal sex screening and terminate their pregnancies in male live births at higher birth order. Obviously, genetic diagnosis through chorionic villus sampling which was available in recent years was misused for prenatal sex determination and sex selective abortion.

• 한국인구학
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.116-135
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• 1994

China's population and family planning program has heen successful. Women's fertility as measured by total fertility rate (TFR) has declined from 5.8 in 1970 to 2.3 in 1990, accordingly the annual crude birth rate(CBR) has declined from 34 per thousand in 1970 to 21 per thousand in 1989, and the annual natural growth rate from 2.6 percent in 1970 to 1.4 percent in 1989 (Coale and Chen, 1987; SSB, 1991; Gu, 1994). While this is indeed an astonishing achievement for a developing country to have its fertility down to replacement within a short period, some new issues emerging along with the rapid fertility decline require careful considerations. One of them is the uprising of the sex ratio at birth in China. The 1990 population census reported the sex ratio at birth in China of 113.8 in 1989, which is ohviously much higher than the acceptable level of normal ratio around 106. It has received since then a lot of tention in China and abroad, among demographic professionals and governmental agencies alike (Hull, 1990; Johansson and Nygren, 1991; Xuand Guo, 1991; Tu, 1993; Gu and Xu, 1994; among others). Based on the available demographic data and research results this paper will first have a review of the patterns and trends of sex ratio at birth in China, then turn to the immediate causes of abnormal sex ratio at birth and the determinants of the son preference, followed with a conceptual framework for understanding of the phenomenon, and finally the policy implications and recommendations will be discussed.

• 한국인구학
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.159-178
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• 2011

한국은 합계출산율이 대체수준 이하로 떨어진 1980년대 중반부터 1990년대 중반에 이르기까지 출생성비가 급격하게 상승하는 현상을 경험하였다. 출생성비의 상승은 대구, 부산과 경상북도 및 경상남도를 포함하는 영남 지역에서 두드러졌다. 한국의 출생성비는 1993년과 1994년 정점에 도달한 이후 지속적으로 저하하였으며, 2007년에 이르면 정상수준으로 낮아진 것으로 판단된다. 국제사회에서 한국은 짧은 기간에 출생성비의 저하를 성공적으로 달성한 국가로 널리 인정된다. 그러나 출산순위 및 부모의 사회경제적 지위에 따른 출생성비를 살펴보면 아직도 비정상적으로 높은 출생성비가 관찰된다. 이러한 현상은 영남 지역에서 가장 두드러지게 나타난다. 아직도 일부 지역과 집단에서는 성선별 출산행위가 광범하게 이루어지고 있는 것으로 판단된다. 이 연구의 주된 목적은 2009년 출생신고 원자료를 활용하여 어머니의 연령, 출산순위, 부모의 교육수준과 직업 등에 따른 출생성비의 편차를 영남 지역을 대상으로 파악하는 것이다. 이 연구에서는 출생성비의 불균형을 초래하는 성선별 출산행위의 설명틀을 적용하여 영남 지역에서 나타나는 출생성비의 집단간 편차를 설명하고자 시도한다. 마지막으로, 이 연구에서는 인공유산에 대하여 가용한 자료가 없다는 점을 감안하여, 1994년, 2005년, 2009년의 세 시점에서 성선별 출산행위에 관한 시뮬레이션 작업이 이루어졌다. 이 시뮬레이션 작업의 결과들은 성감별과 성선별 출산행위가 세 시점에서 얼마나 광범하게 이루어졌고, 아울러 출생성비에 미친 파급효과가 어떠하였는가를 확인해준다.

• 한국인구학
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.70-89
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• 1983

China's population and family planning program has heen successful. Women's fertility as measured by total fertility rate (TFR) has declined from 5.8 in 1970 to 2.3 in 1990, accordingly the annual crude birth rate(CBR) has declined from 34 per thousand in 1970 to 21 per thousand in 1989, and the annual natural growth rate from 2.6 percent in 1970 to 1.4 percent in 1989 (Coale and Chen, 1987; SSB, 1991; Gu, 1994). While this is indeed an astonishing achievement for a developing country to have its fertility down to replacement within a short period, some new issues emerging along with the rapid fertility decline require careful considerations. One of them is the uprising of the sex ratio at birth in China. The 1990 population census reported the sex ratio at birth in China of 113.8 in 1989, which is ohviously much higher than the acceptable level of normal ratio around 106. It has received since then a lot of tention in China and abroad, among demographic professionals and governmental agencies alike (Hull, 1990; Johansson and Nygren, 1991; Xuand Guo, 1991; Tu, 1993; Gu and Xu, 1994; among others). Based on the available demographic data and research results this paper will first have a review of the patterns and trends of sex ratio at birth in China, then turn to the immediate causes of abnormal sex ratio at birth and the determinants of the son preference, followed with a conceptual framework for understanding of the phenomenon, and finally the policy implications and recommendations will be discussed.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2009

Objectives : South Korea has experienced unprecedented ups and downs in the sex ratio at birth(SRB), which has been a unique phenomenon in the last two decades. However, little is known about socioeconomic factors that influence the SRB. Employing the diffusion theory by Rogers, this study was undertaken to examine the trends in social variations in the SRB from 1981 to 2004 in Korea. Methods : The data was taken from Vital Birth Statistics for the period from 1981-2004. We computed the annual male proportion of live births according to the parental education(university, middle/high school, primary) and occupation(non-manual, manual, others). Logistic regression analysis was employed to estimate the odds ratios of male birth according to social position for the equidistant three time periods(1981-1984, 1991-1994, and 2001-2004). Results : An increased SRB was detected among parents with higher social position before the mid 1980s. Since then, however, a greater SRB was found for the less educated and manual jobholders. The inverse social gradient for the SRB was most prominent in early 1990s, but the gap has narrowed since the late 1990s. The mother's socioeconomic position could be a sensitive indicator of the social variations in the sex ratio at birth. Conclusions : Changes in the relationship of parental social position with the SRB were detected during the 1980-2004 in Korea. This Korean experience may well be explained by diffusion theory, suggesting there have been socioeconomic differences in the adoption and spread of sex-detection technology.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.371-380
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• 2020

Objectives: This study investigated the effects of socio-demographic factors on the decreasing trend in the sex ratio at birth from 1997 to 2017 in Korea. Methods: Data from 10 349 602 live births registered with Statistics Korea from 1997 to 2017 were analyzed. The secondary sex ratio (SSR), defined as the ratio of male to female live births, during the study period (1997-1999 [phase I], 2000-2002 [phase II], 2003-2005 [phase III], 2006-2008 [phase IV], 2009-2011 [phase V], 2012-2014 [phase VI], and 2015-2017 [phase VII]) was calculated according to selected socio-demographic factors, such as parental age, education, occupation, and birth order. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for a male birth after adjusting for potential confounders. Results: The SSR gradually decreased from 1.10 (in 1998-2000 and 2002) to 1.05 (in 2013-2016). While a decreasing trend in the SSR was not noted among first births, male-biased sex ratios were prominent among third and higher-order births, for which the highest SSR was 1.46 in 1998. Higher birth order was significantly associated with an excess of male births in phases I-VI (≥third vs. first, OR range, 1.03 to 1.35). Advanced maternal age was significantly associated with an excess of female births in phases II, III, and V (≥40 vs. 20-24 years, OR range, 0.92 to 0.95). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that advanced maternal age and reduction of the artificially-biased SSR among third and higher-order births may partially explain the decreasing trend in the SSR from 1997 to 2017 in Korea.

• 한국인구학
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.65-96
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• 1997

본 연구의 목적은 1980년대 중반 이후부터 지속되고 있는 한국사회 전반에 걸친 출생시 성비불균형현상 가운데 특히 다른 지역에 비해 불균형 정도가 심각한 대구지역의 출생시 성비불균형의 원인을 경험적으로 규명하는 데 있다. 이러한 목적에서 한국에서 태어났지만 사회적,문화적,환경적 여건이 서로 다른 미국으로 이민하여 캘리포이아의 베이지역에 거주하고 있는 한국동포 기혼여성들의 성차별의식, 아들선호도, 태아성감별, 인공유산 등 출생시성비에 영향을 미친다고 알려진 요인들을 대구지역의 기혼여성들과 비교 분석하였다. 본 연구에는 대구지역과 미국 캘리포니아 베이지역에서 거주하는 25-44세 사이의 기혼여성들을 대상으로 조사한 설문조사 내용을 자료로 사용하였다. 연구결과 대구지역의 기혼여성들이 미국 베이지역의 한국동포 기혼여성보다 성차별을 더 많이 느끼고 있으며 아들선호도 역시 높은 것으로 밝혀졌다. 특히 아들을 낳기 위한 노력의 일환으로 임신 전부터 아들을 낳기 위한 시도는 대구지역 기혼여성들이 베이지역 한국동포 기혼여성들보다 2배 정도 더 높으며 태아의 성감별 후 여아로 판명되어 인공중절수술을 실시한 비율은 무려 여섯 배를 능가하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 출생시 성비불균형에 결정적인 영향을 미치는 변수들을 경험적으로 규명하기하기 위하여 도입한 로지스틱회귀분석 결과에 의하면 대구지역의 경우 성차별 정도, 아들선호도, 성감별 등은 통계적으로 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나 베이지역의 경우 연령만이 통계적으로 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 그러므로 본 연구결과를 통하여 우리는 대구지역의 출생시 성비불균형의 가장 큰 원인은 무엇보다도 타지역에 비해 지나치게 강하게 남아있는 유교적 전통에서 비롯되는 아들선호의식에서 출발하고 있음을 알 수 있으며, 이러한 아들선호는 사회계층, 연령, 교육수준의 차이를 막론하고 존재하고 있는 것으로 보인다.