• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.366-377
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• 1991

저소득층 영유아의 식이형태가 linear growth에 미치는 영향에 대하여 연구하기 위하여 1987년 3월부터 1988년 1월까지 대전시, 춘천시, 그리고 춘성군 보건소에서 만 2세 미만의 영유아 679명과 그 어머니들을 대상으로 영양조사를 실시하였다. 조사방법은 어머니들을 대상으로 식이섭취를 중심으로한 설문조사를 실시하였고 대상아들의 체중과 키를 측정 하였으며 보건소 기록을 이용하여 대상아들의 출생시 체중의 키값을 구하였다. 대상아들은 한국 소아 발육표준치를 이용한 표준 편차점수(Z-score)로 볼 때 체중, 신장 모두 월령 7, 8개월부터 성장지체를 보였다. 출생체중/신장과 질병효과를 통계적으로 조정하였을 때, 이유식을 먹는 대상아들이 모유나 우유만 먹는 경우보다 더 크지않았으며 각종 보충식을 자주 먹는 대상아들이 가끔 먹거나 거의 안 먹는 경우보다 더 크지 않았다. 일일 열량섭취량 분석도 같은 결과를 보였다. 즉 식이 형태나 식품섭취 빈도가 열량섭취량으로 연결되지 않았다. 이같은 현상은 월령 8개월 이후의 대상아에게서 더 두드러지게 나타났다. 따라서 이유에 관한 영양교육 내용은 기존의 빠른 보충식 도입의 강조 차원 보다는 이시기의 빠른 성장을 뒷받침할 만한 다양한 식품 및 충분한 열량섭취에 관한 보다 자세한 정보가 growth monitoring 함께 어머니들에게 전달되도록 변화되어야할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제65권3호
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• pp.562-578
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• 2023

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of Ca-Mg complex on the longevity and reproductive performance of sows. In total, seventy-two gilts ([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc, average body weight 181 kg) were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatments during 4 successive parity in a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement. Treatments consisted of CON (basal diet), CM1 (basal diet -MgO - 0.3% limestone + 0.4% Ca-Mg complex), and CM2 (basal diet - MgO - 0.7% limestone + 0.4% Ca-Mg complex). A higher (p < 0.05) number of totals born and live piglets, and sows increased feed intake during gestation and lactation, increased backfat thickness, and increased estrus interval were observed (p < 0.05) during their third and fourth parity than during their first and second parity. Ca-Mg complex supplementation improved (p < 0.05) the number of total piglets during the first and second parity as well as live-born piglets during the first to third parity, reduction (p < 0.05) in backfat thickness during the third and fourth parity, a higher (p < 0.05) initial and final number of suckling piglets as well as higher weaning weight compared with sows fed CON diet during the first, second, and third parity. The average daily gain (ADG) was higher (p < 0.05) in piglets born to CM1 and CM2 sows regardless of parity. The treatment diets fed to sows lowered (p < 0.05) the duration of first to last piglet birth and placenta expulsion time compared with CON sows. A significant interactive effect (p = 0.042) between parities and treatment diets was observed for the first to last piglet birth. Thus, Ca-Mg complex supplementation by partially replacing limestone in the basal diet enhanced sow performance, specifically during their third and fourth parity, thereby improving sow longevity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.611-616
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• 1995

A study was conducted which demonstrated that Dhofari cattle responded well to intensive management systems in terms of growth rates and carcass yields. Twenty-four Omani Dhofari bulls and steers (12 of each) were reared from birth until slaughter at 110, 160 and 210 kg body weight (for of each sex at each slaughter weight). Calves were fed ad libitum a diet of concentrate (16.5% CP) and Rhodesgrass hay (8.8% CP). Bulls and steers reached the predetermined slaughter weights of 110, 160 and 210 kg at 154 and 164; 219 and 233; 273 and 310 days of age, respectively. Respective mean pre and post-weaning daily body weight gains for bulls and steers were 581 and 530; 796 and 706 g averaging 645 and 596 g over 36 weeks. At 210 kg, the heaviest weight of the study, dressing-out percentage (DO) was 54.5 and 56.9 yielding carcasses of 115.9 and 118.5 kg which contained 60.4 and 61.5% muscle; 11.6 and 11.4% bone and 24.5 and 22.9% fat for bulls and steers, respectively. Proportion of bone in the carcass decreased, that of fat increased, whereas that of muscle remained unchanged between slaughter weights of 110 to 210 kg. That resulted in increased muscle : bone and decreased muscle : fat ratios. At 160 kg body weight, bulls had less fat and more muscle and bone than steers but there were no sex differences in carcass composition at 210 kg slaughter weight.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.332-338
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate weight gain and prevention of diarrhea in suckling calves which were injected with recombinant bovine somatopropin (rBST). A total of 101 breeding cows were assigned to the six groups according to the administered dosage and injected time, respectively. Groups T-1, T-3, T-4 and T-6 were injected starting 1 week before calving and groups T-2 and T-5 were injected on the calving day. The six groups were injected five times at two week intervals. Groups T-1 and T-2 were injected with 250mg composite rBST, Group T-3 was injected with 375 mg composite rBST. Groups T-4 and T-5 were injected with 500mg composite rBST, And group T-6 was injected with 500mg rBST-S. The control group was not injected with BST. The groups injected with 500 mg BrST had a lower rate of morbidity from diarrhea than the control group or the groups injected with 250 mg rBST (T-1 and T-2). Weight gain was higher in group T-4 than in the control group or groups T-1 and T-2. In Korean Native Cattle, the total weight gain was greater in group T-4 than in the control group (p<0.05). In crossbred cows, total weight gain was the highest in group T-4, and the total weight gain rate was greater than in group T-4 and the control group (p<0.05). The results of the hematological values showed that injections of rBST did not affect the level of the RBC, TP and BUN in the breeding cows at 9 weeks after postpartum or the neonatal calves. The results of this study indicate that injecting breeding cows with 500 mg rBST before calving would be effective in the preventing of diarrhea and in increasing weight gain of calves from birth to weaning.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.1178-1181
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• 2002

Records from a total of 202 crossbred pigs were classified by their ear type and coat color to examine the presence of interrelationships with growth performances. Crossbred pigs were F2 generations of full sib family out of ten Landrace sows bred by 5 Korean domestic boars. Heavily drooped ear type was predominant, 195 out of 202 pigs over the other two types (1 straight and 6 slightly drooped). Coat colors were classified as four categories, all white, all black, dominant white or dominant black. Ratio among coat color categories did not fall within Mendelian principle of independence regarding two loci involved. There was dependency between ear type and coat color. However, due to rarity of ear types other than heavy drooped, dependency comes from distribution of those rare ear types. Three least squares models to test the effect of ear type and coat colors on growth performances were analyzed. First model analyzed effects on birth weight, body weight at 3 and 6 weeks and ADG' before weaning and between 3 and 5 weeks of age. This model included sex in addition to ear type and coat color. Second model analyzed postweaning growth traits (initial weight, final weight and ADG between these periods) upon initiation of performance testing. This model included effects of sex, test group and start age (as a covariate) in addition. Third model was fit for fasted weight before slaughter and included the effects of sex, test group and age at slaughter (as a covariate). The effects of sex and ear type were not significant source of variation for all traits. Test group was a significant source of variation for all the postweaning traits. Effect of coat color was not significant until the initiation of performance testing and became significant then after. Least squares means of dominantly black pigs were significantly lower than the other three coat colored pigs in final weight around 195 days of age and in ADG from the start of performance test and final weight measure.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.29-38
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• 2006

본 연구는 축산연구소 한우시험장에서 출생한 한우 암소로부터 시간적인 간격을 두고 조사된 체중측정 기록에 대해 비선형의 성장곡선 모형을 적용하여 추정된 성장곡선 모수의 유전적인 경향을 평가하기 위해 실시하였다. 본 연구에서 성장곡선 모수들의 유전력 추정은 단형질 모형과 다형질 모형으로 분석하였으며 단형질 모형의 경우 선형모형은 출생년도－계절과 어미소의 나이의 효과가 포함된 동기우 집단을 고정효과로 상가적 개체유전효과를 임의효과로 하는 Model I과 Model I에 최종 체중측정시의 일령을 일차식 공변이로 추가시킨 Model II 등 두 가지 분석모형을, 그리고 다형질 모형의 경우 출생년도－계절과 어미소 나이의 효과를 고정효과로 하는 Model I과 Model I에 최종 측정시 일령을 공변이로 추가시킨 Model II 등 두 가지 분석모형을 이용하였는데, 단형질 모형의 Model I을 이용하여 추정된 성장곡선 모수 중 성숙체중의 유전력은 모형별로 0.09～0.22의 범위였으며, 성장비는 0.07～0.13의 범위였고, 성숙률은 0.05～0.07의 범위였다. 그리고 Model II를 이용하였을 때는 모형별로 성숙체중이 0.12～0.28, 성장비가 0.07～0.13의 범위였으며 성숙률은 0.12로 Gompertz 모형이나, Von Bertalanffy 모형 그리고 Logistic 모형이 모두 같았다. 한편 다형질 모형의 Model I을 이용하여 추정된 성장곡선모수 중 성숙체중의 유전력은 모형별로 0.09~0.17의 범위였으며, 성장비는 0.07~ 0.13의 범위였고, 성숙률은 0.06으로 세모형이 같았다. 그리고 Model II를 이용하였을 때는 성숙체중은 0.10～0.23, 성장비는 0.00～0.01, 성숙률은 0.06～0.11의 범위였다. 본 연구에서 추정된 성장곡선 모수들의 유전력은 외국의 육우에서 보고되는 유전력보다 낮았으며 한우수소에서 보고된 것과 유사한 결과였다. 그리고 Model II는 성숙체중과 성숙률의 유전력이 Model I보다 크게 추정되어 최종 측정시 일령을 공변이로 첨가할 경우 성숙체중과 성숙률의 상가적유전분산의 크기를 증가시키는 결과를 얻었다. 각 월령별 실측체중과 각 성장곡선 모형에 적합시켜 추정한 월령별 체중들에 대해서는 단형질모형을 이용하여 유전력을 추정하였는데 분석에 이용된 선형모형은 출생년도－계절과 어미소의 나이의 효과가 포함된 동기우 집단을 고정효과로 상가적 개체유전효과를 임의효과로 하는 Model I이었다. 실측체중의 경우 24개월령 체중만 0.52로 한우에 대한 타 연구자들의 결과에 비해 높았고 그 외의 월령별 체중은 타 연구자들의 결과 범위에 포함되는 성적이었다. 각 성장곡선모형으로 적합시켜 구한 생시체중의 유전력은 Gom- pertz 모형이 0.08, Von Bertalanffy 모형이 0.08 그리고 Logistic 모형이 0.06으로서 실측된 생시체중의 유전력 0.27에 비해 높게 나타났다. 그리고 실측체중의 경우 24개월령 체중의 유전력이 0.52, 36개월령 체중의 유전력이 0.32로서 36개월령의 유전력이 24개월령의 유전력에 비해 낮아지는데 적합체중의 경우에는 36개월령 체중의 유전력과 24개월령 체중의 유전력의 차이가 없거나(Gompertz 모형), 오히려 36개월령 체중이 24개월령 체중에 비해 유전력 추정치가 높아지고 있다(Von Bertalanffy 모형, Logistic 모형). 이렇게 적합체중에서 생시의 유전력이 낮아지거나 실측체중의 경우처럼 24개월령 체중보다 36개월령 체중의 유전력이 낮아지지 않는 것은 본 연구에 이용된 각 성장모형들이 생시체중을 실측체중보다 높게 추정하고 36개월령 체중을 낮게 추정하기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구 결과로 볼 때 성장곡선 모형으로 추정된 월령별 체중들간에 유전력의 차이가 나타나 한우 암소의 성장예측을 위한 성장곡선의 사용은 중요하게 다루어져야 할 것으로 사료되며, 성장곡선 모수들에 대한 유전능력을 예측하여 한우 암소집단에 대한 선발과 도태의 기준으로 활용한다면 암소의 육용형 개량에 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.121-127
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• 1998

Thirty two Omani sheep with eight animals each of; intact males (INT), males castrated with rubber rings immediately after birth (RR), males castrated with a burdizzo at 8 weeks of age (BC) and intact females (IF) were fed ad libitum a concentrate diet (CP 16%) plus chopped Rhodesgrass hay (8% CP) from weaning until slaughter at 28 kg. INT lambs grew faster from 9 to 20 weeks of age (p < 0.05) thus they were significantly heavier at 20 weeks of age than BC and IF, but not RR lambs. INT consumed more total feed than other sex groups over the period from 9 to 20 weeks of age. There were no significant differences between lambs of all experimental groups in feed per gain ratio. INT lambs had lower (p < 0.01) dressing percentage (DP) than RR, BC and IF. As a percentage in the empty body weight (EBW), INT had higher proportions of head, feet, empty gut (p < 0.001), liver (p < 0.05) and genitals (p < 0.05) but lower proportions of lungs and trachea (p < 0.05) than BC and IF lambs. INT males had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) proportion of bone than RR and IF lambs but lower (p < 0.05) proportion of fat than RR and IF. As a percentage in EBW, IF had the highest protortion (p < 0.001) of total body fat (TBF) followed by BC and RR whereas INT males had the lowest proportion. There was a general trend of IF having the highest proportion of individual and total non-carcass fat (TNCF) and total carcass fat (TCF) followed by BC and RR lambs whereas INT lambs had the lowest protortions of individual carcass and non-carcass fat depots. There were only few sex or castration effects on carcass tissue distribution. IF had higher proportions of intermuscular fat in the chuck, plate, leg and flank than INT and BC. The current study demonstrated that castration of intensively-raised male Omani native sheep especially at weaning using a burdizzo retarded growth rate and reduced carcass quality by increasing fat content.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.419-426
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• 1992

After the virtual eradication of cattle during World War II, Papua New Guinea herds were rebuilt with Shorthorn and Aberdeen Angus cattle from Australia. These, and Red Sindhi and Sahiwal, imported in 1952, were considered unsuitable breeds. In 1954, Department of Agriculture, Stock and Fisheries imported three Brahman bulls and three heifers from Texas and in 1960 began importations of Afrikaner from Queensland. In Central Province, Brahmans were crossed with Angus and at Erap (Morobe) the hottest place in Papua New Guinea, Shorthorns were crossed with Afrikaners. In 1965, Brahman and Brahman-cross were sent to Erap. Records of breeding and growth rates were collected for use in upgrading in cattle of the basis of performance, not pedigree. The data are not ideal for genetic analysis, since no control groups were maintained. Birth weights (BWT), weaning weights (WWT) and calving intervals (CI) were analysed for the period 1969-1978. After exclusion of unsatisfactory data, 2,514 calf records were used, including both breeds from 1969 to 1973, but only Brahman-cross subsequently. Breed mean BWT ranged only from 30.6 to 33.8 kg. As Brahman content increased, BWT decreased and WWT increased; within a genotype, there was a negative maternal effect of high Brahman content on BWT and a positive effect on WWT which ranged from 138 to 174 kg. Afrikaner calves had heavier BWT but lighter WWT. As expected, bulls were heaviest, heifers lightest and mature cows bore and reared heavier calves. Calving interval (405 days, equivalent to 90% calving) was unaffected by breed but 4-year old cows averaged 423 days. Breed differences in BWT and WWT are consistent with the body of literature on performance of Brahmans and Afrikaners. Since cattle tick are not present and internal parasites are insignificant at Erap, the superiority of Brahmans indicates that they were better at utilizing the mediocre quality grazing of the Markham Valley or were more heat tolerant. Performance selection over ten years resulted in the virtual elimination of Afrikaners, with the final genotype approximately 9/16 Brahman, 3/8 Shorthorn and 1/16 Afrikaner.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권7호
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• pp.980-987
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• 2012

In order to investigate the effect of physical forms of starter diets on performance, weaning age, nutrient digestibility and rumen biochemical factors, 24 female of neonatal Brown Swiss calves (average body weight of $39.5{\pm}1.2kg$) were randomly assigned to three treatments. Dietary treatments were mashed (MS), pelleted (PS), and texturized (TS) starter using 8 calves from birth till 90 days of age in each treatment. Diets were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous with 21% crude protein. Based on the experimental results, calves that received PS and TS diets, had significant higher average daily gain (ADG) than those receiving MS (p<0.01). Dry matter intake in calves fed PS and TS was greater than calves fed MS (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in feed efficiency. Treatments had no effect on initiation of rumination. Weaning age of calves in MS was longer than the other two treatments (p<0.05). Crude protein and organic matter digestibility in MS treated calves were lower than other treatments (p<0.05). No differences were observed in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and ash digestibility among treatments (p>0.05). Ruminal pH was higher (p<0.01) in MS than the other groups, but ruminal ammonia (g/dl) concentration was not different among the treatments. Body measurements such as body length, pin width, hip width, pin to hip length, size of metacarpus and metatarsus bones, hip height, wither height, stomach size and heart girth were not significantly different among the treatments. Overall, it is concluded that starter diets in the form of pellet and texture can improve performance in neonatal Brown Swiss calves compared to the mashed form.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.475-479
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• 1998

Data on body weights were analyzed in the four genetic groups from all possible crosses of two subspecies of mice to estimate average direct genetic effects (ADGE), average maternal genetic effects (AMGE) and heterotic effect (HE). The genetic groups used were $CF_{{\sharp}1}$ laboratory mouse (Mus musculus domesticus), Yonakuni wild mouse (Yk, Mus musculus molossinus yonakuni) and two reciprocal $F_1$ crosses of them, CY and YC. First symbol in the reciprocal $F_1$ represent subspecies of dam. Body weight at 1 (Wk1), 3 (Wk3), 6 (Wk6) and 10 weeks of age (Wk10) were analyzed from 258 mice of the four genetic groups. The model used to evaluate body weights included main effects of genetic group and sex, and interaction effect between genetic group and sex. The ADGE and the AMGE were estimated as deviations of Yk from $CF_{{\sharp}1}$. The HE was estimated from the differences between the reciprocal $F_1$ and the midparent mean. Results of this study showed that all effects, except sex and interaction between genetic group and sex at Wk1 and Wk3, were highly significant source variation (p < 0.01). The ADGE were positive and highly significant (p < 0.01) at all ages studied for both sexes, while the AMGE were highly significant at Wk3, Wk6 and Wk10. The ADGE were larger in contributing effect on body weight differences than the AMGE. The positive value of the HE were observed at all ages for males, while for females the positive effects occured from birth through weaning.