• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.167-176
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• 1995

Glucose-regulated proteins (grp's), srp94 3nd grp78/BiP, are a group of stress proteins which are highly synthesized in cells exposed to a variety of stressful agents including tunicamycin 3nd Ca2+ ionophore. Grp78/BiP is hon to function as a molecular chaperone which regulates the folding and assembly of secretory or membrane proteins, but the biological function of grp941 remains to be elucidated. In this study, we have examined the intracellular distribution of grV's and the function of srp94. Grp's are resident in the endoplasmic reticulum (ERI 3nd a specific sequence (Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu) at their C-terminus is known to be responsible for their retention within the ER. However, it has been unclear whether upon disturbance of cellular Caa+ homeostasis by the Ca2+ ionophore, grp94 is retained within the ER or secreted into the medium. In this study, we showed that in the presence of C3a+ ionophore, grp94 and gif78/BiP are present in the cells, mainly within the ER. We have also investigated whether grp94 might function as a molecular chaperone. Here we showed that in the immunoglobulin (Ig)-secreting hvbridom3 cells, grp94 transientlY interacts with fully glycosylated Is heavy chain, suggesting that grpg94 may be involved in facilitating the folding and assembly of Ig heavy chains.

• 한국정보통신설비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.08a
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• pp.355-359
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• 2008

와이브로(WiBro), 3G 무선인터넷(HSDPA), 3G LTE 등과 같은 와이어리스 브로드밴드(Wireless Broand) 기술이 점차 성숙됨에 따라 이들 망을 활용한 다양한 무선인터넷 서비스를 제공하려는 사업자들이 증가하고 있다. 기존의 WLAN, 2G/3G 회선망에서의 제한된 이동성 및 네트워크 전송 속도를 개선한 와이어리스 브로드밴드 서비스 시장은 국내에서도 2006년부터 WiBro 및 HSDPA가 사용됨에 따라 사업자간의 경쟁도 본격화되고 있다. 이러한 환경 속에서 사업자들은 신속하고 편리한 서비스 개통과 스마트폰, USB모뎀, 노트북, UMPC, PMP등 다양한 단말들의 펌웨어 업그레이드, A/S 처리 방안에 대해 고심을 하고 있으며, 이들 문제점은 막대한 비용과 고객 민원을 야기시키는 요인이기도 하다. 따라서 경제적인 관리비용으로 동적인 서비스/펌웨어 업그레이드 및 A/S에 대한 고객 만족도를 높이기 위한 단말 원격 관리 필요성이 절실히 요구된다. WiBro 단말의 안전하고 효율적으로 관리하기 위해서는 단말과 기지국사이의 무선구간에 대한 보안(security)을 강화시켜 줄 수 있으면서 이동성(mobility)을 고려한 OMA DM프로토콜을 이용하는 것이 적합하다. 또한, WiBro에서 가입자 인증을 채택하고 있는 UICC의 관리를 위해서 3GPP에서 정의하는 SMS/MMS기반의 또는 BIP(Bear Independent Protocol)기반의 OTA기술을 병행하여 사용하여야 한다. 본 논문에서는 Wi-MAX단말 관리를 위한 OTA Provisioning 규격으로 OMA DM과 TR069이 WiMAX 단말을 위하여 어떻게 적용하도록 규정하고 있는지를 살펴본다. 특히, WiBro 가입자 인증뿐만 아니라 폰북, DRM, 금융서비스 등 다양한 부가 서비스를 위하여 사용되는 UICC의 원격관리를 위한 관리 요소들을 정의, 설계하고 이를 바탕으로 구현된 KTUICC OTA Provisioning시스템을 소개한다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.1708-1734
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• 2022

In the development of logistics system, the breakthrough of important technologies such as technology platform for logistics information management and control is the key content of the study. Based on Javascript and JQuery, the logistics system realizes real-time monitoring, collection of historical status data, statistical analysis and display, intelligent recommendation and other functions. In order to strengthen the cooperation of warehouse storage, enhance the utilization rate of resources, and achieve the purpose of real-time and visual supervision of transportation equipment and cargo tracking, this paper studies the VNF dynamic deployment and SFC routing problem in the network load change scenario based on the logistics system. The BIP model is used to model the VNF dynamic deployment and routing problem. The optimization objective is to minimize the total cost overhead generated by each SFCR. Furthermore, the application of the SFC mapping algorithm in the routing topology solving problem is proposed. Based on the concept of relative cost and the idea of topology transformation, the SFC-map algorithm can efficiently complete the dynamic deployment of VNF and the routing calculation of SFC by using multi-layer graph. In the simulation platform based on the logistics system, the proposed algorithm is compared with VNF-DRA algorithm and Provision Traffic algorithm in the network receiving rate, throughput, path end-to-end delay, deployment number, running time and utilization rate. According to the test results, it is verified that the test results of the optimization algorithm in this paper are obviously improved compared with the comparison method, and it has higher practical application and promotion value.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.85-92
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• 2024

In recent years, Bitcoin and Ethereum have witnessed a surge in trading activity, driven by venture capital investment and funding through initial coin offerings (ICOs) and initial exchange offerings (IEOs). This heightened interest has led to kickstarting a vibrant ecosystem for blockchain development. The total number of cryptocurrencies listed on CoinMarketCap.com has reached 2,274 highlights how dynamic and wide blockchain development landscape has grown. In blockchain development, new blockchain projects are being created by forking blockchains inspired by major cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. These projects aim to address the perceived shortcomings and improve existing technologies. Altcoins, representing these alternative cryptocurrencies, are an ongoing industry effort to improve performance and security with enhancement proposals such as Bitcoin Improvement Proposals (BIP), Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIP), and EOSIO Enhancement Proposals (EEP). With competitive attempts to improve blockchain performance and security, an ongoing performance race between various blockchains has taken shape, each claiming its own performance advantages. In this paper, we describe the transactions contained in the blocks of each representative blockchain, and find the factors that affect the transactions per second (TPS) through transaction processing and block generation processes, and suggest their relationship with scalability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.41-52
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• 2013

Anyang Stream Restoration Movement was started from 2001 for the construction of ecological city. The facilities for reuse of treated sewerage have been used since 2003 for improvement of water quality, maintenance of water quantity, river ecological restoration, and hydrophilic space. Thus, the Anyang city has been gradually transformed to eco-friendly city after the construction of Anyang stream and Hakui stream as natural rivers. In this study, biological and chemical methods as well as ecological indicators for Anyang mainstream and major tributaries were monitored for four years in between 2008 and 2012. The water quality and the diversity of species in most of the streams were found to be good except Anyang main stream. It appears that the influence of seasonal drying stream is almost disappeared except Sammak stream. Thus, the values for BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) and BIP (Biological Index of Pollution) for Anyang main stream were found to be 5.27~3.42mg/l and 4.51~5.50, respectively. This is considered to be caused by the reused water quality of treated wastewater being exceeded the design criteria or by the non-point source of contaminants around the stream. However, entire section of tributaries shows I, II grade as a good water quality.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.155-174
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• 1997

This paper's main objective is to present an assessment of the impact of NAFTA on the economic structure of the Mexican northem borderlands. The NAFTA is the strategy of a free trade agreement with the United States and Canada, first mentioned by Salinas in June 1990 and established since January 1994. Mexican govemment permitted factories called maquiladoras at the northem borderlands for the first time in 1965. in the early 1980s Mexico was in a deep economic crisis and the international environment was adverse to Mexico. Mexico began to move toward an open economy and abandoned the import-substitution industrialization model that characterized Mexico since the 1930s. Through the new economic reform, the market system was preferred to the regulation; the private ownership, to the public ownership; and the competition, to the protection. The most phenomenal urbanization in northem Mexico has occurred around the major crossing points along the Mexico-U.S. border. The rapid urbanization in northern Mexico has been much due to the industrialization, brought about bv the maquiladora programs and, recently, by the NAFTA.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.25-25
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• 2019

Chromosome numbers and karyotypes in flowering plants have been considered to be prominent features in taxonomic and evolutionary context. Despite the increasing numbers of cytological studies in Asteraceae, karyotype analysis of Cirsium Mill. and Carddus L. in Korean population have not been performed carefully. In this study, the chromosome numbers and karyotype analysis of all eight species of the genus Cirsium Mill. and one species of Carddus L. were analyzed. While the chromosome number in Carduus crispus L. was diploid (2n = 2x = 18 or 18+2Bs) with x = 9 as the base chromosome number, all seven species of Cirsium were diploid with x = 17 except for Cirsium lineare (Thunb.) Sch. Bip. (x = 14). The chromosome number in C. pendulum Fisch. ex DC. presented 2n = 2x = 34 from two populations and C. lineare exhibited 2n = 2x = 28 from one population. Aneuploidy was occasionally found in C. japonicum Fisch. ex DC. var. spinossinum Kitam. (2n = 2x = 34, 35, 36), C. rhinoceros (H. $L{\acute{e}}v.$ & Vaniot) Nakai (2n = 2x = 32, 34), C. setidens (Dunn) Nakai (2n = 2x = 30, 31, 32) and C. vlassovianum Fisch. ex DC. (2n = 2x = 31, 32). While Cirsium japonicum Fisch. ex DC. var. japonicum possessed several B-chromosomes (2n = 2x = 34, 35, 36), polyploidy was only encountered in Cirsium nipponicum (Maxim.) Makino. (2n = 4x = 68) from two populations in Ulleung Island. The present cytological data might be contributed to the taxonomic and evolutionary studies in the genus Cirsium.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.248-270
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to collect the raw data for conservation of plant ecosystem by surveying and analysing the flora of Mt. Geumgok located in Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. The flora were summarized as 453 taxa including 91 families, 298 genera, 397 species, 4 subspecies, 46 varieties and 6 forms. The rare plants designated by Korea Forest Service were 3 taxa such as Eranthis byunsanensis B.Y.Sun, Potentilla discolor Bunge and Iris odaesanensis Y.N.Lee. The Korean endemic plants were 6 taxa such as Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) Blume, Eranthis byunsanensis B.Y.Sun, Philadelphus schrenkii Rupr., Lespedeza maritima Nakai, Vicia chosenensis Ohwi and Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H.Bailey. The specific plants by floristic region were 36 taxa such as Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc., Salix chaenomeloides Kimura, Anemone raddeana Regel, Chloranthus japonicus Siebold, Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr., Ilex macropoda Miq., Ajuga multiflora Bunge, Saussurea odontolepis Sch.Bip. ex Herd, Viola orientalis (Maxim.) W.Becker, Betula davurica Pall., Vitex negundo var. incisa (Lam.) C.B.Clarke and Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom.. The naturalized plants were 36 taxa such as Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, Lepidium apetalum Willd., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Trifolium repens L., Euphorbia supina Raf., Ipomoea purpurea Roth, Veronica persica Poir., Bidens pilosa L., Carduus crispus L., Xanthium canadense Mill., Bromus unioloides H.B.K. and Festuca arundinacea Schreb.. The invasive alien plants were 2 taxa such as Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and Aster pilosus Willd.. The ratios of the urbanized index(UI), the naturalized index(NI) and the disturbed index(DI) were 11.2%, 7.9% and 18.2% each.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1820-1828
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• 2010

Cobalt(II) chloride, a chemical compound with the formula$CoCl_2$, has been widely used in the treatment of anemia, as a chemical agent for the induction of hypoxia in cell cultures, and is known to activate hypoxic signaling. However, excessive exposure to cobalt is associated with several clinical conditions, including asthma, pneumonia, and hematological abnormalities, and can lead to tissue and cellular toxicity. It is also known to induce apoptosis. One of the questions was that of whether $CoCl_2$ might induce apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in neurons. To address this question, first, the level of DNA fragmentation was measured for assay of apoptotic rates using $CoCl_2$ with neuron PC12 cells. After confirmation of apoptosis inductions, under the same conditions, the expression levels of ER stress associated factors [ER chaperones Bip, calnexin, ERp72, ERp29, PDI, and ER membrane kinases (IRE1, ATF6, PERK)] were examined by RT-PCR and Western blotting. These results indicated that apoptosis is induced through activation of ER membrane kinases via ER stress. In conclusion, during induction of apoptosis through $CoCl_2$-induced hypoxia in neuron PC12 cells, ER membrane kinase of IRE1 was dominantly up-expressed, and, consecutively, TRAF2, which has been suggested to be one of the links connecting apoptosis and ER stress, was strongly up-expressed.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.315-320
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• 2015

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a prevalent pathogen that causes significant yield reduction in soybean production worldwide. SMV belongs to potyvirus and causes typical symptoms such as mild mosaic, mosaic and necrosis. SMV is seed-borne and also transmitted by aphid. Eleven SMV strains, G1 to G7, G5H, G6H, G7H, and G7a were reported in soybean varieties in Korea. A reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) method allowed one-step detection of gene amplification by simple procedure and needed only a simple incubator for isothermal template. This RT-LAMP method allowed direct detection of RNA from virus-infected plants without thermal cycling and gel electrophoresis. In this study, we designed RT-LAMP primers named SML-F3/B3/FIP/BIP from coat protein gene sequence of SMV. After the reaction of RT-LAMP, products were identified by electrophoresis and with the detective fluorescent dye, SYBR Green I under daylight and UV light. Optimal reaction condition was at $58^{\circ}C$ for 60 min and the primers of RT-LAMP showed the specificity for nine SMV strains tested in this study.