• 대한의용생체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한의용생체공학회 1995년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.23-26
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• 1995

The objectives of the present study are 1)to find the effect of the diameter of transpedicular screws on their fixational strength in pedicles under static pull-out loading, 2)to determine the biomechanical correlation between the pedicle diameter and the screw diameter, and 3)to find the effects of other factors in the screw design, such as materials, screw pitch, thread height and shape on their fixational strength. Biomechanical tests (Test I) were performed to evaluate the effect of the screw diameter on pull-out strength by using 60 porcine pedicls and six groups of custom-made pedicle screws with different diameters (the major and the minor diameter of the screws used in the testing varied from 4mm upto 9mm and from 3mm upto 8mm, respectively) while all other factors (materials, screw pitch, thread height and shape etc.) were fixed. In Test II, by using 61 porcine pedicles, the relationship between the ratio of the pedicle diameter and the screw diameter(=aspect ratio) of the custum-made screw and the pull-out strength of the screw was investigated. Test III was performed with 94 porcine pedicles and 8 different types of the commercial screws from 6 major productors in order to determine the effect of the screw diameter, pitch and the thread shape on the pull-out strength of the screw, respectively. The results of Test I showed that the axial pull-out resistance of the screw could be increased prportionaly to the screw diameter(P<0.05). But this increase in the pull-out resistance did not found when the screws of 4mm or 9mm in the diameter were employed. It was found from the results of Test II that the screws had its maximum pull-out resistant force when the aspect ratio ranging 40 - 69% (P<0.05). based on the results for the major diameter against the minor diameter of screw, the maximal pull-out resistance was found at 60-65% (P<0.05). According to these biomechanical testing results, it seems that the screw with a moderately large pitch is more desirable and the buttress-shaped screw can provide stronger fixation than the V-shape one can, if other designal factor and conditions were fixed.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.443-449
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• 1988

논토양의 질소고정미생물(窒素固定微生物) flora와 그 활성(活性)에 미치는 볏짚 연용효과(連用效果)를 밝히기 위하여 일본 청삼현(靑森縣) 농업시험장내 화학비료연용구(化學肥料連用區) 및 볏짚연용구(連用區) 작토층(作土層)을 공시토양으로 하고 질소시비량(窒素施肥量)을 달리하여 질소고정미생물 flora의 변천(變遷)과 대응하는 질소고정활성의 변화정도를 조사하였다. 1. 시용(施用)볏짚의 광합성미생물(光合成微生物)에 의한 ARA는 양토양(兩土壤) 모두 질소 300ppm 첨가구에서는 3주후(週後)부터, 질소 33ppm 및 무첨가구에서는 시용초기(施用初期)부터 ARA가 현저히 증가하였다. 비광합성미생물(非光合成微生物)에 의한 ARA는 광합성미생물(光合性微生物)에 의한 ARA의 1/10에 지나지 않았다. 2. 시용(施用)볏짚에 서식(棲殖)하고 있는 질소고정미생물 flora를 조사한 결과 초기 3주간에는 양토양(兩土壤) 모두 광합성세균(光合成細菌)(Rhodopseudomonas)이 주로 증식(增殖)하였으며 균량(菌量)과 ARA는 상관관계가 인정되었다. 그후 ARA의 급격(急激)한 증가에 대응(對應)하여 heterocyst형성 염조(鹽藻)의 증식이 현저히 증가하였는데 이상과 같은 효과(效果)는 화학비료연용구(化學肥料連用區) 토양보다 볏짚연용구(連用區) 토양에서 더욱 뚜렷하였다. 3. 염조류(鹽藻類)의 증식(增殖)은 질소시비량에 따라 약간씩 달라 질소 무시용구에서는 Anabaena, Nostoc, Cylindrospermum이 주로 증식(增殖)되었으나 질소 33ppm 시용구에서는 Cylindrospermum, Calothrix, 질소 100ppm 시용구에서는 Calothrix가 왕성히 증식(增殖)되는 경향이었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 1977

경기도(京畿道) 일도(一圖)의 논토양(土壤) 질소고정미생물(窒素固定微生物)의 종류(種類)와 분포(分布), 그리고 이들 미생물(微生物)에 의(依)한 질소고정능(窒素固定能)을 알기 위(爲)하여 토양통별(土壤統別), 유형별(類型別), 지형별(地形別)로 분류(分類)하여 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 논토양(土壤)(유기물(有機物)이 첨가(添加)되었을 때) 타양성(他養性) 질소고정미생물(窒素固定微生物)에 의(依)한 $C_2H_2$-환원력(還元力)은 해안평탄(海岸平坦)>내륙평탄(內陸平坦)>산간지(山間地)의 순(順)으로 높았다. 또한 토양통(土壤統) 간(間)에는 광활(廣活)>만경(萬頃)>석천(石泉)>평택(平澤)>부용(芙溶)>화동통(華東統) 등(等)의 순(順)으로 높았으며 그외(外) 토양통(土壤統) 간(間)에는 비슷한 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 2. 담수(湛水) 40일간(日間) $C_2H_2$-환원법(還元法)에 의(依)하여 환산(換算)된 질소고정력(窒素固定力)을 보면 해안평탄지(海岸平坦地)에서 유래(由來)된 토양(土壤)이 제일 높아 평균(平均) 약(約) 3.2kg/10a이고 내륙평탄지(內陸平坦地) 2.6kg/10a, 그리고 산간지(山間地) 토양(土壤)이 2.0kg/10a이었다. 3. 논토양(土壤) 타양성(他養性) 질소고정균(窒素固定菌)의 종류(種類)와 분포(分布)를 보면 가. 내륙평탄지(內陸平坦地)인 평택통(平澤統)에서 50개(個)의 Azotobacter의 취락(聚落)을 제외(除外)하고는 전(全) 토양(土壤) 공(共)히 Azotobacter와 Beijerinckia는 확인(確認)되지 않았으며 혐기성(嫌氣性) 질소고정균(窒素固定菌)인 Clostridia의 분포(分布)는 인정(認定)되었으나 그 수(數)가 질소(窒素) 공급(供給)에 영향(影響)할 수 있는 범위(範圍)에는 미달(未達)하였다. 나. 그외(外) 무질소배지(無窒素培地)에서 생육(生育)되는 미동정(未同定) 호기(好氣) 및 혐기성(嫌氣性) 질소고정미생물(窒素固定微生物)의 분포(分布)는 대단히 높아 시험지(試驗地) 토양(土壤)의 질소고정(窒素固定)은 이들 미생물(微生物)과 algae에 의(依)해서 주(主)로 일어나는 것으로 생각(生覺)된다.

• 식물병연구
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.201-209
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• 2012

지자체 농업기술센터와 농과원에서 수집한 18개의 Bacillus subtilis 균주들이 보유하고 있는 기능성을 구명하기 위하여 항균활성을 비롯한 사이데로포아 생산, 질소고정능력, 인산가용화 능력 및 오옥신 생성능력을 조사하였다. B. subtilis 균주들은 대부분 입고병균(R. solani), 고추 탄저병균(C. acutatum), 채소류 시들음병균(F. oxysporum), 벼도열병균(M. oryzae), 고추 역병균(P. capsici)에 대하여 항균활성을 보였다. 대부분의 균주가 Siderophore와 오옥신 생성능력을 보였으며 질소고정능력도 함께 보유하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 인산가용화능은 조사한 Bacillus 속 균주 중 단 한 균주에서 활성을 보였다. 대부분의 B. subtilis 균주가 고추 흰가루병 억제효과를 보였으나, 균주 간에는 방제효과에 있어서 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. B. subtilis R2-1균주의 농업현장에서의 활용 가능성을 구명하기 위하여 2009년도에 강원도 화천의 유기재배농가에서 오이 흰가루병 방제용 미생물 농약으로 등록되어 사용되고 있는 '큐펙트'와 '탑시드'를 대조로 하여 방제효과를 검정하였다. 2009년도에 B. subtilis R2-1 처리시 방제효과는 37.7%로 '탑시드'(47.6%)보다는 낮았으나, '큐펙트'(25.7%)에 비해서는 높았다. 2010년도에는 B. subtilis R2-1의 고추 흰가루병 방제효과가 83.3%로 미생물 농약인 탑시드 보다도 높게 나타났다. B. subtilis R2-1균주의 발병억제 기작을 구명하기 위하여 B. subtilis R2-1균주와 미생물 농약(탑시드, 큐펙트)을 경엽 처리한 후 포자발아율을 계수한 결과, 미생물 농약인 큐펙트는 97.9%, 탑시드는 94.7% 억제하는데 비해서 B. subtilis R2-1균주는 84.2% 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 앞으로 B. subtilis R2-1을 고농도로 배양할 수 있는 대량배양기술을 개발하고 항균활성 기능이 잘 발현되도록 제형화한다면 생물농약으로의 개발이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국생물정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물정보시스템생물학회 2005년도 BIOINFO 2005
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• pp.151-155
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• 2005

Recently, systems biology has been increasingly applied to gain insights into the complexity of living organisms. Many inaccessible biological information and hidden evidences fur example flux distribution of the metabolites are simply revealed by investigation of artificial cell behaviors. Most bio-models are models of single cell organisms that cannot handle the multi-cellular organisms like plants. Herein, a structured and multi-cellular model of potato was developed to comprehend the root starch biosynthesis. On the basis of simplest plant cell biology, a potato structured model on the platform of Berkley Madonna was divided into three parts: photosynthetic (leaf), non-photosynthetic (tuber) and transportation (phloem) cells. The model of starch biosynthesis begins with the fixation of CO$_2$ from atmosphere to the Calvin cycle. Passing through a series of reactions, triose phosphate from Calvin cycle is converted to sucrose which is transported to sink cells and is eventually formed the amylose and amylopectin (starch constituents). After validating the model with data from a number of literatures, the results show that the structured model is a good representative of the studied system. The result of triose phosphate (DHAP and GAP) elevation due to lessening the aldolase activity is an illustration of the validation. Furthermore, the representative model was used to gain more understanding of starch production process such as the effect of CO$_2$ uptake on qualitative and quantitative aspects of starch biosynthesis.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.79-85
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• 1985

대두 경남 장려품종인 장백, 광교, 강림 및 남천등의 근류로부터 Rhizobium japonicum을 분리하여 그 중 질소고정력이 R. japonicum 61A 76이나 3 I1110보다 강한 JB 101을 선별하였다. 선별된 JB 101을 N-methy1-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine 처리 및 UV조사에 많은 돌연변이체를 얻고 이들로 부터 경남 장려품종인 장백에 접종시근류 생성력 및 질소고정력등 JB 101에 비하여 훨씬 높을 뿐만아니라 SM 35에 비해서도 다소 높은 JB 65를 선별하여 이 균주의 근류생성력, 질소고정력, 고정된 암모니아가 질소고정에 미치는 영향, hydrogenase 활성등 공생관련 제 특성과 아울러 이 균주 단백질의 아미노산 조성, 2D-polyacrylamide gel을 이용한 전기영동등의 생화학적 특성도 아울러 조사하였다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.132-138
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• 2008

We investigated the biomechanical properties of a newly designed self-expansion type anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) anchor. The ACL anchor consists of the ring section giving the elastic force, the wedge for maintaining in contact with the femur tunnel wall and the link suspending hamstring graft or artificial ligament. The main design parameters that determine the performance of this device were the expansion angle (${\theta}$) and the thickness ($t_R$). The Ti6Al4V anchors were heated after inserting in a jig for 1 hour at $800^{\circ}C$ in a protective argon gas atmosphere and allowed to cool to room temperature in the furnace. In order to investigate the influence of the expansion angle and the thickness of the ring on the biomechanical properties of the anchor, the maximum pull-out load, stiffness and slippage of the ACL anchor were measured using the pull-out tester, and statistical analyses were also executed. The present results showed that the design parameters gave a significant effect on the performance of the self- expansion type of anchor. The pull-out load of the ACL anchors significantly increased as the thickness of the ring section was increased, having a similar trend for both expansion angles. The ACL anchor showed about 2.5 times higher values of the pull-out load than that of the minimum load (500N)required for the "accelerated rehabilitation". The optimum ${\theta}$ and $t_R$ values of this ACL anchor were suggested to have sufficient resistance against the pull-out force, high stiffness and relatively low slippage after ACL reconstruction.

• 대한의용생체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한의용생체공학회 1994년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.71-74
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• 1994

In cementless total hip arthroplasty(THA), an initial stability of the femoral component is mandatory to achieve bony ingrowth and secondary long term fixation. Bone ingrowth depends strongly on relative micromotion and stress distributions at the interface. Primary stability of the femoral component can be obtained by minimizing the magnitude of relative micromotions at bone-prosthesis interface, Hence an accurate evaluation of interface behavior and stress/strain fields in the bone implant system may be relevant for better understanding of clinical situations and improving THA design. However, complete evaluation of load transfer in the bone remains difficult to assess experimentally, Hence, recently finite element method (FEM) was introduced in orthopaedic research field to fill the gap due to its unique capacity to evaluate stress in structure of complex shape, loading and material behavior. The authors developed the 3-dimensional numerical finite element model which is composed of totally 1179 elements off and 8 node blick. We also analyzed the micromotions at the bone-stem interface and mechanical behavior of existing bone prosthesis for a loading condition simulating the single leg stance. The result indicates that the values of relative motion for this well fit Multilock stem were $150{\mu}m$ in maximum, $82{\mu}m$ in minimum, and the largest relative motion developed in medial region of proximal femur with anterior-posterior direction. The proximal region of the bone was much larger in motion than the distal region and the stress pattern shows high stress concentration on the cortex near the tip of the stem. These findings indicates that the loading in the proximal femoral bone in the early postoperative situation can produce micromotions on the interface and clinically cementless TEA patient should not be allowed weight bearing strictly early in the postoperative period.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.121-121
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• 2017

The productivity of rice has been influenced by various abiotic factors including temperature which cause to limitations to rice yield and quality. Rice yield and quality are adversely affected by high temperature globally. In the present study, four Korean four cultivars such as Dongan, Ilpum, Samkwang, Chucheong were investigated in order to explore molecular mechanisms of high temperature at seedling stage. Rice seedlings grown at $28/20^{\circ}C$ (day/night) were subjected to 7-day exposure to $38/28^{\circ}C$ for high-temperature stress, followed by 2-D based proteomic analysis on biological triplicates of each treatment. The growth characteristics demonstrated that Dongan is tolerant while Ilpum is sensitive to high-temperature stress. High temperature has an adverse effect in the seedling stage both in high temperature sensitive and tolerant cultivar. Two-dimensional gels stained with silver staining, a total of 722 differential expressed protein spots (${\geq}1.5-fold$) were identified using Progenesis SameSpot software. However, a total of 38 differentially expressed protein spots were analyzed by LTQ-FT-ICR MS. Of these, 9 proteins were significantly increased while 10 decreased under high-temperature treatment. Significant changes were associated with the proteins involved in the carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis, and stress responses. Proteome results revealed that high-temperature stress had an inhibitory effect on carbon fixation, ATP production, and photosynthetic machinery pathway. The expression level of mRNA is significantly correlated with the results obtained in the proteome investigation. Taken together, these findings provide a better understanding of the high-temperature resistance by proteomic approaches, providing valuable insight into improving the high-temperature stress tolerance in the global warming epoch.

• 대한의용생체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한의용생체공학회 1998년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.155-156
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• 1998

Screw loosening and subsequent pullout can be attributed to the reduction in bone mineral density in the vertebrae manifested by osteoporosis in which the decrease in fixation strength between the cancellous bone and screw threads are accelerated by repeated loads exerted by patients own weight and activities following the surgery. In this study, the change in pullout strength of the pedicle screws was investigated before and after repeated loads were imparted. For this purpose. Diapason pedicle screws $(6.7\times40mm)$ were inserted onto fresh porcine spine specimens (T1-L5) after bone mineral density was measured using a DEXA. With an MTS, an axial load was applied at a loading rate of 0.33mm/sec until failure to measure the maximum pullout strength. Flexion moment of 7.5N-m was then imparted at 0.5Hz for 2000 cycles. It was found that the maximum pullout strength was exponentially related to BMD regardless of load types ($107.71\;\times\;\exp^{(1.43{\times}BMD)}r^2=0.93$, P<0.0001 without repeated load; ($107.71\;\times\;\exp^{(2.19{\times}BMD)}r^2=0.78$, P<0.0001 with repeated load). The results suggest that the reduction in pullout strength for pedicle screws is far more prominent in osteoporotic spine than in normal spine especially as number of repeated load was increased. More importantly, it was demonstrated that the level of bone mineral density and the activity level of the patient should be evaluated in more detail for successful implementation of pedicle screw systems in spinal surgery.