• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.764-769
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• 2010

We investigated influence of continious application of gypsum (G: $CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$), popped rice hulls (H) and zeolite (Z) on soil aggregation of reclaimed sandy loam soils. The application rates amended to fine sandy loam from reclaimed soils at Kyehwado were varied as follows:1550 (G1), 3100 (G2), 6200 (G3), 1000 (H1), 2000 (H2), 3000 (H3), and 200 (HZ1), 400 (HZ2) and 800 (HZ3) added to 1500(H) kg $10a^{-1}$, respectively. Soil aggregates were analyzed for 60, 90 and 120 days after treatments (DAT). At 60 DAT, The amount of aggregate from soil samples treated with gypsum was slightly increased with G1 while the aggregation was decreased by 4.66% for G3 for soil aggregates than thar of control. The treatments of H or HZ were effective in soil aggregation. The effect of treatment was in the order of H > HZ > G. At 90 DAT, increasing amount of gypsum attributed to decrease in soil aggregates. Therefore, we could conclude that suitable amounts of gypsum for soil aggregation in fine sandy loam might be 1550 kg $10a^{-1}$ or less. H1 increased aggregation by 7% for aggregate size between 1.0 and 2.0 mm. HZ1 was most effective in aggregation by 52.78% among the treatments while H2 and HZ3 51.50% and 48.51% at 120 DAT, respectively. As a result, we found that the effect of the treatment for soil amendments was in order of H > HZ > G.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.244-251
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• 2009

Extraction characteristics of dried jujube and functional properties of corresponding extract were monitored by response surface methodology. Maximum extraction yield of 53.69% was obtained at extraction temperature of $50.35^{\circ}C$, extraction time of 16.69 hr, and ethanol concentration of 72.88%. At extraction temperature, extraction time, and ethanol concentration of $45.80^{\circ}C$, 15.47 hr, and 73.12%, respectively, maximum cyclic adenosine monophosphate content was 8.20 mg/100 g. Maximum total polyphenol content was 18.85 mg/g at extraction temperature, extraction time, and ethanol concentration of $64.91^{\circ}C$, 20.84 hr, and 66.91%, respectively. Maximum total flavonoid content was 0.48 mg/g at extraction temperature, extraction time, and ethanol concentration of $57.36^{\circ}C$, 15.14 hr, and 71.08%, respectively. $IC_{50}$ value of electron donating ability showed maximum level of 32.34 mg/mL at extraction temperature of $48.46^{\circ}C$, extraction time of 19.25 hr, and ethanol concentration of 65.36%. Maximum ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity was 3.58 mg ascorbic acid equivalent per gram sample at extraction temperature, extraction time, and ethanol concentration of $56.09^{\circ}C$, 21.86 hr, and 65.36%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 2010

For the study of possibility of practical use as an organic farm materials of the mixtures with lignite and amino acid solution, this experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of the mixtures on the growth and the yield of rice plant, chinese cabbage, and red pepper, and the effects of the mixtures on chemical properties of soil. Also, when the mixtures of the lignite plus amino acid solution and the chemical fertilizer were applied to these three crop cultivation area, authors want to know how can the loss in quantity of chemical fertilizer affects the growth and the yield of these crops. As the results, growth of rice plant applied with the mixtures of lignite and amino acid solution was better than that applied with the recommended rate of chemical fertilizer. Especially, the growth of rice plant appeared to be good at the treatment of 150 kg/ha of the mixed lignite with amino acid solution and at that of its mixtures and standard fertilization. Growth of chinese cabbage and red pepper was good at the application of 600 kg/ha of the mixed lignite with amino acid solution and at that of its mixtures and standard fertilization. Yield of rice and chinese cabbage was good at the treatment of 150 kg/ha of the mixed lignite with amino acid solution and at that of its mixtures and standard fertilization, and yield of red pepper was good at the application of 600 kg/ha of the mixed lignite with amino acid solution and at that of its mixtures and standard fertilization. The organic matter content increased and while the exchangeable cation decreased when the lignite mixed with amino acid solution and the loss in quantity of chemical fertilizer applied at paddy field. Incase of these treatments, pH and available phosphorus increase at upland field, but did not change at paddy field.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.133-140
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• 2012

Movement and accumulation of cadmium in male Sprague-Dawley rats, fed with brown rice from nearby Janghang smeltery area were investigated. The rat fed with five different cadmium level diets made with Cd-polluted during 12 weeks. The brown rice-polluted with 0.87 ppm Cd (PBR) was sampled from products in the Janghang smeltery area. Diets of brown rice group were brown rice (BR, 0.002 ppm Cd), each 50% of BR and PBR (BR+PBR 50%, 0.44 ppm Cd) and PBR (PBR 100%, 0.87 ppm Cd). To compare with BR+PBR 50%, the another group diet composed the feed (FE, 0.002 Cd ppm) and each 50% of FE and PBR (FE+PBR 50%, 0.44 ppm Cd). Accumulation of Cd, Zn and Cu in blood, liver and kidney rats was measured by GF-AAS. The weight gain in BR groups and FE groups were different 0.22-0.26 and 1.08-1.26 g/day, respectively. Daily intake cadmium was 10.77 and 22.36 ${\mu}g/rat$ in BR+PBR 50% and PBR 100%, and 8.83 ${\mu}g/rat$ in FE+PBR 50%. Cadmium contents in diets were higher, and total intake of the heavy metals was more increased on the whole. Weights of liver and kidney in FE+PBR 50% group was 2.64 and 2.27 folds higher than those in BR+PBR 50% group. Cadmium contents in blood were increased with intake of BR diet, but Zn and Cu were decreased with them. In the diet groups with the same Cd concentration, Cd content of FE+PBR 50% was higher 1.27 times than that of BR+PBR 50%. In the diet group of BR, BR+PBR 50%, and PBR 100%, the increase of Cd concentration was significantly different to the increase of Cd content in the livers. In the same condition of Cd concentration, Cd contents were higher in the BR+PBR 50% group. In the diet groups of BR, BR+PBR 50%, and PBR 100%, the increase of Cd content in the kidneys led to the increase of Zn and Cu contents. In the same condition of Cd concentration, the diet group with the addition of BR was shown to be 3.11 times higher than with the addition of FE. In view of the results so far achieved, It was closely related with Cd, Zn, and Cu content.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.268-277
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• 2013

This study investigates the effects of accumulated levels of heavy metals and nutrients of cultivated soybean plant tissues, after the continuous application of sewage sludge (SS) and industrial sludge (IS). SS and IS were applied to soybean plants at loading of 0, 11.25, 22.50, and 45.00 Mg/ha, and the contents of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Zn), proteins, and amino acids in the cultivated soybean plants were measured. The Cd content in the soybean was 0.02~0.05 mg/kg, which is within the safety level set in the standard, and that of Pb was 0.02~0.15 mg/kg, which is also within the safety level except for IS 45 Mg/ha. The soybean harvest quantity was higher in the treatment groups than the control group in the first year. However, in the second year, SS had lower harvest and IS had the same level or a decreasing tendency, compared with the control group. In the first year, the content of amino acid which followed handling of SS was increased in the sludge groups more than in the control group in the case of glutamate. However, the influence of continuous application was increased in the sludge groups in the case of amino acids of 12 types. In conclusions, the accumulation in soybean of heavy metals by sludge treatment is not a problem, but the decreased yields needs to be considered. In addition, the most appropriate level of sludge treatment was 11.25 Mg/ha.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.1090-1094
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• 2008

Treatment effects of grape fruit stem extracts (GFSE) containing trans-resveratrol or fermented pollen (FP), and ethylene gas scavenging material (EGS) on the storage property of fresh jujube (Z izyphus jujuba forma hoonensis C.S. Yook) were investigated. Fresh jujubes were packed in different storage containers (PE film and Lock & Lock vessel), and treated with GFSE containing trans-resveratrol of 30 ppm or 1% FP, and EGS. The storage vessels were stored in refrigerator ($0{\pm}1^{\circ}C$) during 12 weeks, and then quality characteristics during storage period were analysed. Hardness slightly increased until 4 weeks and decreased afterward. Soluble solid ($^{\circ}Bx$) and total titratable acidity of fresh jujube slightly increased in all treatments during storage period. Vitamin C content of fresh jujube slightly decreased in all treatments during storage period. Number of microorganisms decreased until 4 weeks and increased afterward. The decay enzyme activity increased in all treatments during storage period. Storage stability was higher for PE film than Lock & Lock containers. Storage period of fresh jujube in this experiment ranges in $8{\sim}9$ weeks for maturity fruits treated with 30 ppm of GFSE and ethylene gas scavenging material.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.305-312
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• 2007

It is crucial to develop a miniaturized cultivation method for large and rapid screening of high-yielding mutants of monacolin-K, a powerful anti-hypercholesterolemic secondary metabolite biosynthesized by the fungal cells of Monascus ruber. In order to investigate as many strains as possible in a short time, a miniaturized fermentation method especially suitable for the cultivation of the filamentous Monascus mutants was developed using $50m{\ell}$ culture-tube ($7m{\ell}$ of working volume) instead of the traditional $250m{\ell}$ flask ($50m{\ell}$ of working volume). Generally, in filamentous fungal cell fermentations, morphologies in growth and production cultures should be maintained as thick filamentous and compact-pelleted (usually less than 1 mm in diameter) forms, respectively, for enhanced production of secondary metabolites in final production cultures. In this study, we intended to induce the respective optimal morphologies in the miniaturized culture system for the purpose of rapid screening of overproducers. Miniaturized growth culture system was successfully developed due to the mass production of spores in the statistically optimized solid medium. When large amounts of spores were inoculated into the growth cultures, and brown rice flour (20 g/L) was also supplemented to the growth medium, dense filamentous morphologies were successfully induced in the growth cultures performed with the 50 ml culture tubes. It was implied that the amounts of spores inoculated into the growth tube-cultures and the growth medium components should be the key factors for the induction of the filamentous forms in the growth fermentations. Furthermore, in order to statistically optimize production medium, multiple experiments based on Plackett-Burman design and response surface method (RSM) were carried out, resulting in more than 2 fold enhanced production of monacolin-K in the final production cultures with the optimized production medium. Notably, under the production culture conditions with the statistically optimized medium, optimal pellet sizes below 1 mm in diameter were reproducibly induced, in contrast to the thick and viscous filamentous morphologies observed in the previous production cultures.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.297-304
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• 2007

For large and rapid screening of high-yielding mutants of lovastatin produced by filamentous fungal cells of Aspergillus terreus, one of the most important stage is to test as large amounts of mutated strains as possible. For this purpose, we intended to develop a miniaturized cultivation method using $7m{\ell}$ culture tube instead of traditional $250m{\ell}$ flask (working volume $50m{\ell}$). For obtaining large amounts of conidiospores to be used as inoculums for miniaturized cultures, 4 components i.e., glucose, sucrose, yeast extract and $KH_2PO_4$ were intensively investigated, which had been observed to show positive effect on enhancement of spore production through Plackett-Burman design experimet. When optimum concentrations of these components that were determined through application of response surface method (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) were used, maximum spore numbers amounting to $1.9\times10^{10}$ spores/plate were obtained, resulting in approximately 190 fold increase as compared to the commonly used PDA sporulation medium. Using the miniaturized cultures, intensive strain development programs were carried out for screening of lovastatin high-yielding as well as highly reproducible mutants. It was observed that, for maximum production of lovastatin, the producers should be activated through 'PaB' adaptation process during the early solid culture stage. In addition, they should be proliferated in condensed filamentous forms in miniaturized growth cultures, so that optimum amounts of highly active cells could be transferred to the production culture-tube as reproducible inoculums. Under these highly controlled fermentation conditions, compact-pelleted morphology of optimum size (less than 1 mm in diameter) was successfully induced in the miniaturized production cultures, which proved essential for maximal utilization of the producers' physiology leading to significantly enhanced production of lovastatin. As a result of continuous screening in the miniaturized cultures, lovastatin production levels of the 81% of the daughter cells derived from the high-yielding producers turned out to be in the range of 80%$\sim$120% of the lovastatin production level of the parallel flask cultures. These results demonstrate that the miniaturized cultivation method developed in this study is efficient high throughput system for large and rapid screening of highly stable and productive strains.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.288-296
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• 2007

Monascus pilosus (KCCM 60160) in submerged culture was optimized based on culture medium and fermentation conditions. Monacolin-K (Iovastatin), one of the cholesterol lowing-agent which was produced by Monascus pilosus may maintain a healthy lipid level by inhibiting the biosynthesis of cholesterol. Plackett-Burman design and response surface method were employed to study the culture medium for the desirable monacolin-K production. As a result of experimental designs, optimized production medium components and concentrations (g/L) were determined on soluble starch 96, malt extract 44.5, beef extract 30.23, yeast extract 15, $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ 4.03, $Na_2HPO_4{\cdot}12H_2O$ 0.5, L-Histidine 3.0, $KHSO_4$ 1.0, respectively. Monacolin-K production was improved about 3 times in comparison with shake flask fermentation of the basic production medium. The effect of agitation speed (300, 350, 400 and 450 rpm) on the monacolin-K production were also observed in a batch fermenter. Maximum monacolin-K production with the basic production medium was 68 mg/L when agitation speed was 500 rpm. And it was found that all spherical pellets (average diameter of $1.0{\sim}1.5mm$) were dominant during fermentation. Based on the results, the maximum production of 185 mg/L of monacolin-K with the optimized production medium was obtained at pH (controlled) 6.5, agitation rate 400 rpm, aeration rate 1 vvm, and inoculum size 3%.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.133-141
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• 2013

This study was performed to identify the cheese starter potential of antifungal lactic acid bacteria isolated from Kimchi. Eight fungi were isolated from cheese or the cheese ripening room, and identified as Penicillium and Cladosporium by ITS-5.8S rDNA analysis. Twenty-two lactic acid bacteria species with antifungal activity were isolated from Kimchi, and identified as Lactobacillus and Pediococcus by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Six lactic acid bacteria species were selected (L. sakei subsp. ALJ011, L. sakei subsp. ALI033, L. sakei subsp. ALGy039, P. pentosaceus ALJ015, P. pentosaceus ALJ024, and P. pentosaceus ALJ026) based on higher antifungal activity from the initial 22 species. Out of the six identified species, L. sakei subsp. ALI033 had the highest antifungal activity. For growth of the six lactic acid bacteria, optimal temperature and pH were $30{\sim}37^{\circ}C$ and 7.0, respectively. Proteolytic activities of the six lactic acid bacteria were almost as strong as the commercial strain Str. thermophilus Body-1. Coagulative activities of L. sakei subsp. ALI033, P. pentosaceus ALJ015, and P. pentosaceus ALJ024 were higher than those of L. sakei subsp. ALJ011, L. sakei subsp. ALGy039, and P. pentosaceus ALJ026. The acid resistance of L. sakei subsp. was higher than that of P. pentosaceus. The major organic acid component of the lactic acid bacteria culture medium was lactic acid.