• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.89-103
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• 2009

The Philippines is abundant with rich natural resources such as water. Because of rapid urbanization in the country, most of the water bodies are polluted as a result of domestic, agricultural and industrial activities. The Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) is the main government arm responsible for monitoring and inspection of affected water bodies. Only water bodies with at least four sampling events during dry and wet seasons were included in the assessment of water bodies that passed the DAO 90-34 water quality criteria. Water bodies were monitored for dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), and total dissolved solids (TDS), heavy metals, fecal coliform contamination and nitrates. High pollutant concentrations from domestic, agricultural, industrial and nonpoint sources were observed from monitoring events due to inadequate sewage services and treatment facilities in the country. The objective of this paper was to present and evaluate the quality of the water bodies in the Philippines.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.71-75
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• 2013

This study is to evaluate the effects of the separation wall on the sediment quality and quantity in a combined sewer, by surveying the sewer overflow and sediments during a rainfall. Since the separation wall installed in the combined sewer separates the rainfall and the sewage, the flow rate of the sewage is increased, and the amount of the sediment deposited on the sewer is decreased. One sampling point was the outfall of Daesacheon with a separation wall, and the other was the outfall of Gwaryecheon without a separation wall, in Daejeon metropolitan city. The maximum control of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) overflow load was more than 38% in the Daesacheon point with the separation wall, during a rainfall of 0.11 mm/hr. The maximum control of the BOD overflow load was 24% in Gwaryecheon without a separation wall, during a rainfall of 1.0 mm/hr. According to the survey results of the sediment in the sewer, the discharged sediment deposited on the sewer in Gwaryecheon point was about 23% to 28% of the total suspended solid during the rainfall. In addition, the average velocity of sewage in the presence of sediment was about 0.30 m/s, and if the separation wall is installed, it was expected to be about 1.01 m/s, that is 3.4 times more than the same conditions, resulting in the reduction of the sediment deposit.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.238-246
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• 2016

Water purification facilities utilizing three technologies - a detention pond, an artificial wetland and an ecological revetment - were installed in waterfront spaces, including river embankments and watersides that have so far been left neglected, and then their water purification levels were analyzed in this study. The water purification facilities were found to show average removal efficiencies of 48.6% in suspended solid (SS), 30.5% in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 18.4% in total nitrogen (T-N) and 27.3% in total phosphorus (T-P) during rainfall. The removal efficiencies during non-rainfall were 33.2% in SS, 28.6% in BOD, 13.7% in T-N and 17.3% in T-P. These results showed that the water purification facilities using a detention pond, an artificial wetland and an ecological revetment can be used as a useful natural water purification technology in in waterfront spaces.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.169-178
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• 2012

This study was aimed at providing optimal water treatment processes based on various required water quality for utilization of the Saemangeum lake water as water supply alternatives to this area. Various water treatment methods were considered for investigation there characteristics, pollution removal rate, pros and cons in order to select appropriate water treatment processes satisfying the required water quality for different purposes. As results, the FDA system for SS, turbidity, BOD removals, UV treatment for coliform, BOD removals, FNR process for T-N, T-P removals, and ECRS process for desalination purpose were found to be better methods in senses of removal efficiency, operation and maintenance. Case studies were provided with cost analysis for field applications in the Saemangeum area.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.97-105
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• 2009

A constructed wetland which was composed of aerobic and anaerobic areas was evaluated for 3 years to effectively treat the sewage produced in farming and fishing communities. For 3 years in a constructed wetland, biochemical oxygen demand(BOD), chemical oxygen demand(COD), suspended solids(SS), total nitrogen(T-N), and total phosphorus(T-P) in effluent were 0.2${\sim}$11.8, 1.0${\sim}$41.9, 1.1${\sim}$6.5, 4${\sim}$60 and 0.02${\sim}$3.51 mg/L, respectively. Removal rate of BOD, COD and SS in effluent were 97, 92 and 99%, respectively, in the third year. As time goes by, removal rate of T-N and T-P in treated water in aerobic area and effluent were gradually increased in a constructed wetland. In the third year, removal rate in effluent were 62 and 73%, respectively. By the seasons, removal rate of BOD, COD, SS, T-N and T-P were 97${\sim}$98, 87${\sim}$91, 99, 43${\sim}$61 and 76${\sim}$86%, respectively. Removal rate of BOD, COD, SS and T-P were not affected by the seasons, but that of T-N in winter and spring were decreased than the other seasons.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.385-399
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to analyze long term temporal trends of water chemistry and spatial heterogeneity for 83 sampling sites of Geum-River watershed using water quality dataset during 2003~2007 (obtained from the Ministry of Environment, Korea). The water quality, based on multi-parameters of temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and electric conductivity (EC), largely varied depending on the landuse patterns, years and seasons. The watershed was classified into three different landuse types: forest stream (Fo), agricultural stream (Ag), and urban stream (Ur). Largest seasonal variabilities in most parameters occurred during the two months of July to August and these were closely associated with large spate of summer monsoon rain. Conductivity, used as a key indicator for an ionic dilution during rainy season, and nutrients of TN and TP had inverse functions of precipitation. BOD, COD decrease during the rainy season. Minimum values in the conductivity, TN, and TP were observed during the summer monsoon, indicating an ionic and nutrient dilution of river water by the rainwater. In contrast, major inputs of suspended solids (SS) occurred during the period of summer monsoon. The landuse patterns analyses, based on the variables of BOD, COD, TN, TP and SS, showed that the values were greater in the agricultural stream (Ag) than in the forest stream (Fo) and urban stream (Ur) and that water quality was worst in the urban stream (Ur). The overall dataset suggest that efficient water quality management, especially in Gap-Stream and Miho-Stream, which showed worst water quality is required along with some of urban stream (Ur), based on the analysis of landuse patterns.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.301-312
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• 2016

This study has performed comparative analysis on characteristics of contaminated 35 tributaries on seasonal variation/point discharge load/pollutant distribution of water quality factors(8) in order to understand the effect of the watershed in Nakdong River Basin. As a results, the water quality of $BOD_5$(Biochemical Oxygen Demand), Chl-a(Chlorophyll a) and Fecal E. Coli shows II grade at tributaries of more than 50% without COD(Chemical Oxygen Demand), TP(Total Phosphate), TOC(Total Oxygen Carbon) and TN(Total Nitrogen) factors. The specific discharge(Q) were occupied about 54.4% (19 sites) as $0.05m^3/sec/km^2$ value. Among these results, the contaminant level of Dalseocheon, Hyeonjicheon, Seokkyocheon 1, Uriyeongcheon and Dasancheon was also high, which has to consider a discharged pollutant load(kg/day). The 35 major tributaries of Nakdong River were included in 7 mid-watershed, such as Nakdong Waegwan, Geumho River, Nakdong Goryung, Nakdong Changnyung, Nam River, Nakdong Milyang, Nakdong River Hagueon. Especially, the discharged pollutant load of Nam River and Geumho River also was high according to the amount of discharge such as Kachang dam, Gongsan dam and Nam river dam. Seasonal difference of the water quality factors such as $BOD_5$, TN, SS and Q was observed largely, on the other hand the TP and Chl-a was not. This is guessed due to the precipitation effect of site, biological and physicochemical degradation properties of pollutant and etc. The co-relationship between the seasonal difference and water quality factors was observed using a Pearson correlation coefficients. Besides, the Multiple Regression analysis using a Stepwise Regression method was conducted to understand the effect between seasonal difference and water quality factors/regression equations. As a result, the Multiple Regression analysis was adapted in the spring, summer and autumn without the winter, which was observed high at spring, summer and autumn in the order COD/TP, Chl-a/TOC, TOC/COD/$BOD_5$ water quality factors, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.107-110
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the quantity of Holstein dry cow manure excreted and their characteristics. The results obtained in this study were summarized as follow; The average body weight of the Holstein dry cow during experiment was 619.9kg. The feed intake(DM basis) and water consumption was 10.7, 38.6kg/day/head, repectively. The manure production of Holstein dry cow was 44.8kg/day/head (feces 26.9, urine 17.9kg). The moisture content of feces and urine was 84.5%, 95.3%, respectively. Wastewater pollutant concentration of $BOD_5$(Biochemical Oxygen demand), $COD_{Mn}$ (Chemical Oxygen demand), SS(Suspended Solids), T-N(Total Nitrogen) and T-P(Total Phosphorus), excreted from Holstein dry cow was 16,874,55,763, 87,333, 2,353, $368mg/{\ell}$ in feces and 5,621, 8,673, 518, 2,423, $3mg/{\ell}$ in urine, repectively. The fertilizer content of manure, N(Nitrogen), $P_2O_5$(Phosphoric acid) and $K_2O$(Potassium oxide) was 0.24, 0.08, 0.15% in feces and 0.24, 0.001, 0.30% in urine, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.549-561
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• 2011

Livestock wastewater is being discharged without treatment from Hasen's pig farm cluster in WangGoong (WG) area into the Iksan Stream, eventually flowing into the ManGyung (MG) at the upstream junction. Although it is well known that before discharge, wastewater must satisfy the pig slurry discharge standards; because of ongoing remodeling, proper treatment is not being performed. According to public records, wastewater from the WG pig farm cluster is responsible for 3.6% of MG River pollution and 2.0% of the SaeManGuem (SMG) Reservoir pollution. As a result, upstream water treatment quality has become primary concern for development of the SMG project. All physicochemical constituents and pathogenic microbes, such as chemical oxygen demand ($COD_{Cr}$), biochemical oxygen demand ($BOD_5$), total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP), fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella at the effluent of WG Plant (S-1) exceed the effluent standards. This is mainly due to insufficient wastewater treatment: the WG Plant is under renovation to increase water purification efficiency. By comparing the water quality at the S-7 junction, where the the Iksan Stream (pig farms) and the Wanggoong Stream (no pig farms) merge, it is clear that farming facilities and improper treatment can critically affect surrounding water quality. While it is clear throughout this study that the level of all physicochemical parameters and pathogenic microbes along the Stream decreased due to sedimentation, biodegradation and/or dilution. An alarming problem was discovered: the existence of pathogenic microbe count(E coli, Salmonella) in the lagoon wastewater and the stream water. Not only were high concentrations of these pathogens themselves found, but the potential existence of more serious pathogens could rise to more dangerous conditions.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.560-567
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• 2009

Treated or untreated wastewater may be a major source of refractory organic matters (R-OM) in drinking water sources. For this study, spectroscopic characteristics of wastewater OM were investigated using the samples from 20 wastewater treatment plants, which are located at the upstream of the lake Paldang, to suggest a estimate index for R-OM in wastewater. R-OM was quantified by measuring total organic carbon (TOC) concentration of the wastewater samples remaining after 28-day dark incubation. Among the traditional OM indices such as chemical oxygen demand (COD) and initial TOC, CODMn showed the lowest correlation coefficients with R-TOC of the samples. The ratios of carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD) to $COD_{Cr}$ had a better correlation with the percent distribution of R-OM than $BOD/COD_{Cr}$ ratios. terrestrial humic-like fluorescence (THLF) exhibited the highest correlation coefficient with R-TOC among the indices obtained from the synchronous fluorescence spectra of the samples. Milori index, one of the humification indices, showed a good correlation with the percent distribution of wastewater. This study demonstrated that fluorescence properties might be a better indices to estimate the concentrations and the distributions of wastewater OM compared to the specific UV absorbance (SUVA) values. Some useful formulas based on OM spectroscopic characteristics were finally suggested to predict R-OM in wastewater.