• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.134-139
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the weed suppressing effects of two winter cover crops, hairy vetch and rye in foxtail millet and sorghum fields in 2010. Crop growth and development and weed occurrences in the fields were examined to know the efficiency of proposed cropping system. In hairy vetch treated plots, heading of minor cereals occurred early. The heading date was earlier by 1 day and 2 days in sorghum and foxtail millet, respectively. However, rye treatment delayed heading by 12 days and 8 days in sorghum and foxtail millet, respectively. Besides he effect of cover crop on ear emergence of crops, the Besides changed growth-related characteristics. Plant height, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence of sorghum ere increased in hairy vetch treatment by 46.4% 88.7% and 7.9%, respectively. In foxtail millet, the characteristics ere also increased by 45.6%, 50.9% and 37.8%, respectively, s compared to control. Yields of sorghum and foxtail millet were increased by 105.1% and 135% as compared o control by hairy vetch treatment, respectively. However, he yields of cereal crops were decreased by rye cover crop treatment, the yields of sorghum and foxtail millet were decreased by 25.8% and 119.1%, respectively. Rye cover crop treatment inhibited crop growth suggesting nitrogen starvation in rye treated plots. In rye treatment, plant height, chlorophyll contents and chlorophyll fluorescence of sorghum ere slightly decreased by 7.1%, 10.8% and 10.8%, respectively, as compared to control whereas the inhibitory effects were greater in foxtail millet. Weed occurrences based n weed number in hairy vetch and rye plots were reduced n weed number in hairy vetch and rye plots were reduced y 27% and 20%, respectively. The smothering effect was weakened or disappeared after heading of crops. Weed number and dry weight in hairy vetch plot were increased by 159% and 55.2%, respectively, as compared to control. The results implied that weed suppressing of cover crops could be reduced drastically after heading of crops.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.34-42
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• 2016

In order to prepare for the type approval test for the United States Coast Guard (USCG) Phase-II of Ballast Water Treatment System (BWTS), a phytoplankton mass culture was conducted in a mesocosm enclosure. We evaluated the response of the phytoplankton community after nutrient addition (+N, +P, and +NP) and investigated the development of the species with increasing culture time. After nutrient dosing, the phytoplankton population significantly (p < 0.05) increased from day 1 to day 3, depending on the nutrient treatments In particular, the specific growth rate of the phytoplankton community in the case of +NP treatment and + N treatment were estimated to be $2.47d^{-1}$ and $1.98d^{-1}$, respectively. The phytoplankton population density in the case of + NP treatment was approximately 50 times higher than that of the control group, suggesting that these treatments could be useful for mass culturing phytoplankton (> 75% of natural community) for the approval regulation of USCG Phase-II. In the phytoplankton community of the mesocosm, Pseudo-nitzchia spp. dominated in the logarithmic growth phase. The cell density decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing time, coinciding with the nutrient limitation. At that time, the dominance of Pseudo-nitzchia spp. shifted to that of Cylindrotheca closterium. Therefore, the optimum nutrient concentration ($N:30{\mu}M$, $P:3{\mu}M$) and reasonable harvesting time (after 3 days in summer) found in this study for the mass culturing of phytoplankton may be helpful to meet the USCG Phase-II biological criteria to be used in BWTS.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.437-441
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• 2012

This study was conducted to find out the optimum container for increasing acclimatization rate of in vitro mass propagated plantlets of Ever-bearing strawberry (Fragaria ${\times}$ ananassa Duch.) via bioreactor. Four types of containers were used such as transparent plastic container (TPC), plug tray (PT), I-pot (IP), and black vinyl pot (BVP). Number of date maintaining soil water content above 10% was five days in TPC, three to four days in BVP, two days in PT, and one day in IP. Survival rate of plantlets was 80% in BVP, 70% in TPC, 55% in IP, and 15% in PT. In TPC, growth increment of plantlets was the greatest among all the tested containers and the lowest in IP. Numbers of runner per plant were 3.3 in BVP, 2.9 in TPC, 1.6 in PT, and 1.2 in IP. Total cost was 44,405,300 won/10 a in BVP, resulting in reducing more 6,659,400 won/10 a than IP's (51,064,700 won/10 a). Around 102,718 plants/10 a were produced by using BVP, suggesting that 30,265.1 plants/10 a more could be produced than IP (72,452.9 plants/10 a). Production cost per plant was 432.3 won in BVP, resulting in reducing 272.5 won than IP's (704.8 won). As a result, BVP was appropriate for acclimatization of in vitro plantlets through bioreactor system.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.890-898
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• 2016

The purpose of this paper is to investigate potential anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of Tenebrio molitor. Macrophage cell response by outside stimulation leads expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), $interleukin-1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$), and trigger expression of genes which are affected by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), resulting in formation of inflammatory factors like nitric oxide (NO) and Prostaglandin $E_2$ (PGE2). Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. In order to investigate anti-inflammatory agents, the inhibitory effects on the production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO in RAW 264.7 cells were examined. T. Molitor significantly decreased the production of NO in a dose-dependent manner, and also reduced the expression of iNOS, a COX-2 protein. As a result, the levels of protein such as $PGE_2$, iNOS, COX-2 and MARKs were significantly reduced compared to non-treated group in T. Molitor water extract (TDW) treated group. Also, antioxidant effect of T. Molitor were investigated using DPPH, ABTS+ and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity tests in cell-free system. Antioxidant activity of T. molitor was found low in the DPPH radical scavenging test while high in the ABTS+ and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity tests. These results show that TDW could be an effective anti-pro-inflammatory and anti-oxidant agent.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.414-420
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• 2012

In an effort to commercialization of energy saving aeration apparatus, panel-type aeration membranes were prepared from polyurethane sheet of J company in Korea having tensile strength higher than $400kg_f/cm^2$ with thickness of 0.5mm. Micropores of 100 m size were made by poring technique utilizing needles. From lab-tests in 450 L water tank at temperature of $20^{\circ}C$, the performance of aeration panels at 40 L/min aeration rate showed 5 mg/L DO in less than 3 minutes approaching saturation point of 8 mg/L within 8 minutes. The results show very high efficiency with $K_{La(15)}$ ($16.34hr^{-1}$), Standard oxygen transfer efficiency (SOTE 54.7%) and Standard aeration efficienct (SAE 7.88 kg/kwh). Other pilot scale test in a $2m^3$ water tank with water temperature ($19^{\circ}C$) and aeration rate (30 L/min) showed DO exceeding 5 mg/L within 8 minutes along with $K_{La(15)}$ ($5.8hr^{-1}$), SOTE (42.1%) and SAE (6.41 kg/kwh). These efficiencies represent 2~2.5 times higher than conventional aeration devices. Especially, the achievement of higher Oxygen Transfer Rate indicate higher commercial viability. Conventional aeration devices when applied to clean water and wastewater frequently cause problems due to differences in actual Oxygen Transfer Rate. Our actual tests with $40^{\circ}C$ animal farm wastewater resulted very high efficiencies with Oxygen transfer efficiency ($OTE_f$ 22.1%) and $OTE_{pw40}$ (39.6%).

• KSBB Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.181-186
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• 1998

In order to obtain high-level production of recombinant human thrombopoietin (rhTPO) in insect cell line, HTI-TN-5B1-4 (TN5), conditions for optimal rhTPO expression such as multiplicity of infection (MOI), the cell density at infection, harvesting time and type of culture method as well as growth media were determined. When TN5 cells were cultured as anchorage-dependent state in 60-mm dish, cell density $2\times^6$ cells,MOI of 10 and Garvesting the culture media at 72 hr post-infection wrere the cinditions for highest rh TPO production. High production of rhTPO was also achieved by using EXPRESS FIVE serum free media rather than SF900II serum free media-1. Anchorage-dependent TN5 cells were adapted as a suspension culture when they were grown in the presence of heparin. TN5 cells were successfully cultured at 0.2 L scale in suspension culture without having aggregation. When TN5 cells were cultured as suspension state, cell density of $0.6\times10^6$ cells/mL, MOI of 1 and harvesting the culture media at 72 hr post-infection, gave the highest yield of rhTPO.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.298-303
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• 2014

In this study, we examine the trends and types of incidents frequently occur during radiation therapy by using the data from the radiation oncology safety information system (ROSIS), according to discovery method explores the development direction of future research accident cause factor control method. This study was carried out analysis of incident data in ROSIS nearly 1163 cases in last 11 years from 2003 to 2013. We categorized into treatment methods, found the time, discoverer of occupations and finding ways to analyze the data. Then, we calculate the percentage and the classification for each item. About 1163 cases of incident cases including the near miss cases, external radiation therapy, brachytherapy and other were 97%, 2% and 1%. In the case was improperly planned dose delivery was 44% (497 cases) which 429 cases (86%) was found before 3 fractions and 13 cases were found after 11 fractions. The investigation was found to be distributed in various a found times. Approximately 42% of found time was during treatment and 29% of patients were found the problem during inspection chart. Occupation to discover the most radiation accidents was the radiation therapist (53%) who works in treatment room. Among 1163 incidence cases, 24% cases were found the accident before the treatment, therefore most of accident were found after of during the treatment (70%, 813 cases). This trend is acquired through ROSIS analysis, is expected to be not significantly different in the case of Korea, so it is necessary more diverse and systematic research for the prevention and early detection by using the ROSIS data.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.559-592
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• 2012

In spite of the transitional changes in the shoe industry in Busan area, regular academic studies on the management plan to improve the practical competitiveness of footwear industry focused in the materials, bio-dynamics, components, and designs, etc. in the engineering viewpoint are very rare. Many reports of policies were published from late 190's to 2000's but they were limited to the identification of practical situations and the measures for strategic alternatives and were not developed to be the academic studies to improve the competitiveness in terms of management control. It is intended to seek for the measures to be reviewed as the alternatives to improve the self-competitiveness of footwear companies by approaching the problems limited to such specific area in the viewpoint of management control. The core of this study is to provide the alternative plans for expansion of the industrial foundation by seeking for the measures to improve competitiveness with application of knowledge management as an alternative for improvement of not transient but sustainable industrial competitiveness, in order to help the export of shoes from Busan area which has been rapidly increased since the Korea-USA FTA and Korea-EU FTA. In such viewpoint, in the study, a questionnaire survey was performed related with the issues of Busan's footwear industry and the plan to implement knowledge management was discussed for improvement of the competitiveness of footwear industry based on the result of such questionnaire survey. As most of studies and directions have been focused in functional shoes, designs, materials, and components, etc., which are related with the properties of human dynamics, as the alternatives for improvement of the footwear industry of Busan area and did not suggest the measures to make basic changes in the management of companies, the implementation of knowledge management was emphasized in order to seek for the direction of such plan. The purpose of this study is to suggest an alternative for construction of industrial eco-system for high added value by seeking for the probability of knowledge management for conversion of footwear industry into knowledge industry. In order to accomplish the effect of increased export as the result of FTA, current management method of footwear companies is limited and the effect of FTA should be maximized by improving the competitiveness with implementation of knowledge management methods. Settlement of such knowledge management will act as the momentum to improve the competitiveness of footwear companies and, in a long-term viewpoint, will be able to maximize the improvement of knowledge industry and creation of job opportunities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.10
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• pp.1378-1387
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• 2012

To investigate the pharmacological activity of chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) on extraction conditions, chaga was extracted using water (reflux at $50^{\circ}C$, decoction over $90^{\circ}C$, pressure at $121^{\circ}C$) or ethanol (reflux at 50, 70, or $90^{\circ}C$). When water extract was further fractionated into crude polysaccharide (IO-CP), yields of IO-CP (4.8~16.8%) were higher than those of ethanolic extracts (IO-E, 1.9~2.7%) at increased temperature. For antioxidant activity, crude polysaccharide (IO-CP-121) obtained by pressurized extraction showed the highest polyphenolic and flavonoid contents (35.10 mg TAE/g and 18.48 mg QE/g, respectively) as well as DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities (26.08 and 27.99 mg AEAC/100 mg, respectively). Meanwhile, IO-CP-D (decoction) and IO-CP-50 (reflux) had more potent mitogenic effects (2.10- and 1.95-fold of saline control at 100 ${\mu}g/mL$) as well as intestinal immune system modulating activities (6.30- and 5.74-fold) compared to IO-CP-121, whereas ethanolic extracts showed no activity. Although no IO-CP showed cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 cells at 0.1 mg/mL, IO-CP-121 significantly inhibited TNF-${\alpha}$ and NO production as pro-inflammatory factors in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells (29.2 and 63.5%, respectively). Ethanolic extracts also showed no cytotoxicity at 0.1 mg/mL, whereas inhibition of TNF-${\alpha}$ and NO production was significantly low compared to that of IO-CP-121. In addition, active IO-CP-D was further fractionated into an unadsorbed (IO-CP-I) and seven adsorbed fractions (IO-CP-II~VIII) by DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography in order to isolate immunostimulating polysaccharide. IO-CP-II showed the most potent mitogenic effect and macrophage stimulating activity (4.51- and 1.64-fold, respectively). IO-CP-II mainly contained neutral sugars (61.86%) in addition to a small amount of uronic acid (2.96%), and component sugar analysis showed that IO-CP-II consisted mainly of Glc, Gal, and Man (molar ratio of 1.00:0.55:0.31). Therefore, extraction conditions affect the physiological activity of chaga, and immunostimulating polysaccharide fractionated from chaga by decoction is composed mainly of neutral sugars.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.491-500
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• 2007

Two experiments were used to determine the effects of environment-friendly diets on growth performance, fecal excretion, nitrogen excretion and emission gases in manure for growing pigs. In experiment 1, ninety six crossed pigs(Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc) were allocated into four treatments. Treatments were AME(adequate ME diet, 3,265 kcal/kg), LME(lower ME diet, 3,100 kcal/kg), LME 0.05(lower ME diet+α- galactosidase & β-mannanase 0.05%) and LME 0.10(lower ME diet+α-galactosidase & β-mannanase 0.10%). Pigs fed AME diet had lower ADFI(Average Daily Feed Intake) than pigs fed other diets(p<0.05). DM(Dry Matter) digestibility in pigs fed AME and LME 0.10 diets had greater than pigs fed LME diet(p<0.05). Energy digestibility is higher in pigs fed AME and LME 0.10 diets than other treatments(p<0.05). In experiment 2, twenty four crossbred pigs(33.71 kg average BW) were used in a 14-d metabolism experiment. The pigs were housed in individual cages equipped with plastic bed flooring. Treatments were CP(Crude protein) 18% without Bacillus sp., CP 18% diet+Bacillus sp. 0.05%, CP 14% without Bacillus sp. and CP 14% diet+Bacillus sp. 0.05%. Nitrogen intake was higher for CP 18% diets than CP 14% diets(p<0.05). DM, N(Nitrogen) and energy digestibility were affected by probiotics(p<0.05). With the high CP in diets, Energy and N digestibility, urine N percent, urine N excretion and total N excretion were increased significantly compared to low CP in diets(p<0.05). Among the treatments, DM and N digestibilities, feces N excretion, N absorption were decreased significantly(p<0.05), however, feces excretion, feces N, urine N percent, urine N excretion and total N excretion were increased significantly(p<0.05) when pigs fed without probiotics diets compare to pigs fed with probiotics diets. DM and N digestibility, feces excretion, feces N excretion, urine N percent, urine N excretion, total N excretion, N absorption and N adsorption ratio were CP×probiotic interactions in p<0.05. Ammonia(p<0.01) and H2S(p<0.05) in manure were lower in CP 14% diets than CP 18% diets. Also, ammonia and H2S in manure were CP×probiotic interactions in p<0.05. In conclusion, low energy and reduction of CP dietary added enzyme and probiotics improved nutrient digestibility and reduced odors emission in manure for growing pigs.