• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.42 no.6
• /
• pp.607-617
• /
• 1998

Au was dosed on $TiO_2(001)$ film grown epitaxially on Mo(100) surface in about 90 ${\AA}$ thickness. The growth mode of Au, thermal behavior and stability of the Au clusters, and the binding energy shift of Au 4f with the change in the amount of Au loading were studied by Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) spectroscopy, Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (ISS), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Au grows three dimensionally on $TiO_2(001)$ film and the average size of Au clusters prepared at low temperature is smaller than those at higher temperature and the size increases with temperature irreversibly. Au clusters on $TiO_2(001)/Mo(100)$ start evaporation at 1000 K. TPD spectra of Au show very asymmetric peaks with the same leading edges irrespective of the amount of Au loading. The temperature at the peak maximum increases with the amount of Au. The desorption energy of Au obtained from the leading edge analysis of the TPD spectra is about 50 kcal/mol. The initial sticking coefficient of Au on $TiO_2(001)$ is constant in the temperature range of 200-600 K. The binding energy of Au 4f for the Au loaded on the film less than 2.0 MLE shifts to higher energy compared with the bulk Au. The shift is +0.3 eV at 0.1 MLE Au amount.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.55-84
• /
• 2015

Korea is one of the few OECD countries having no binding Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction obligations under the Kyoto Protocol. Korea is going to enforce a powerful greenhouse gas emissions control to the industry from 2015. Current GHG reduction policies do not take into account the trade-off between economic growth and GHG mitigation, this approach will not be sustainable. Sectoral approach, considering industry by industry may be more eco-friend approach. This study verified the validity of the analysis results counted from whole procedure of energy input-output analysis and decomposition analysis to sector 'Organic basic chemical products' and 'Cement and concrete products'. Empirical test was performed using changes in energy consumption, production, process improvements and new facilities. Although the results showed unstable fluctuations from Divisia index decomposition analysis, it was verified that the entire procedure can provide a clue in understanding of the industry's energy and GHG footprint.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.260-266
• /
• 2018

To enhance catalyst activity of the palladium (Pd) towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), iridium (Ir) and yttrium (Y) were alloyed by polyol method. Due to the low reduction potential of Y, it is hard to reduce Y ion completely by polyol method. In XPS spectra, the binding energy of the Pd is shifted to a lower value, which indicates the d-electron of Pd is filled by the electron from the Y. And other phases of Y are observed by the XPS. Among the catalysts, the $Pd_4IrY_{0.1}/C$ showed the best activity towards ORR, which indicates the metallic Y is effective for improving the catalytic activity. Thus, for further enhancing ORR activity, the novel method for complete reduction of Y is needed.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.121-128
• /
• 2008

Flavanone-3-hydroxylase (F3H) is one of the key enzymes for the biosynthesis of flavonals, anthocyanins, catechins and proanthocyanins. F3H catalyzes the $3{\beta}$-hydroxylation of (2S)-flavonones to form (2R, 3R)-dihydroflavonols. In this report, we isolated a full-length cDNA of RocF3H from black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.) using a reverse transcriptase-PCR and rapid amplification of the cDNA ends (RACE)-PCR. The full-length cDNA of RocF3H contains a 1,098 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 365 amino acid protein with a calculated molecular weight of about 41.1 kDa and isoelectric point (pI) of 5.45. The genomic DNA analysis revealed that the RocF3H gene had three exons and two introns. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of the RocF3H with other F3Hs revealed that the protein is highly homologous with various plant species. The conserved amino acids ligating the ferrous iron and the residues participating in the 2-oxoglutarate binding (R-X-S) were found in RocF3H at the similar positions to other F3Hs. Southern blot analysis indicated that RocF3H exist a multi-gene family. The isolation of RocF3H gene will be helpful to further study the role of F3H gene in the biosynthesis of flavonoids in R. occidnetalis.

• Development and Reproduction
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.249-256
• /
• 2011

Nesfatin-1/NUCB2, which is secreted from the brain, is known to control appetite and energy metabolism. Recent studies have been shown that nesfatin-1/NUCB2 was expressed not only in the brain, but it was also expressed in the gastric organs and adipose tissue. However, little is known about the expression of nesfatin-1/NUCB2 in the male reproductive system. Therefore, we examined whether the nesfatin-1/NUCB2 and its binding site exists in the male reproductive organs. Nesfatin-1/NUCB2 mRNA and protein were detected in the mouse testis and epididymis by PCR and Western blot analysis. As a result of the immunohistochemistry staining, the nesfatin-1 protein was localized at the interstitial cells and Leydig cells in the testis. Nesfatin-1 binding sites were also displayed at boundary cells in the tunica albuginea. Furthermore, in order to examine if the expression of nesfatin-1/NUCB2 mRNA in the testis and epididymis were affected by gonadotropin, its mRNA expression was analyzed after PMSG administration into mice. NUCB2 mRNA expression levels were increased in both of the testis and epididymis after PMSG administration. These results demonstrated for the first time that nesfatin-1 and its binding site were expressed in the mouse testis and epididymis. In addition, nesfatin-1/NUCB2 mRNA expression was controlled by gonadotropin, suggesting a possible role of nesfatin-1 in the male reproductive organs as a local regulator. Due to this, further study is needed to elucidate the functions of nesfatin-1 on the male reproductive system.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.41 no.5
• /
• pp.251-255
• /
• 1997

Fluorescence spectra and life time of $Eu^{3+}$ ion in borosilicate glass medium are measured. Electronic transitions of $Eu^{3+}$ ion in borosilicate glass medium are found to come from $5D0{\rightarrow}7FJ$(J=0, 1, 2, 3, 4) transitions of SL coupling system in $f^b$ electrons configuration. From the number of Stark sublevels in spetra, crystal field for $Eu^{3+}$ ion is also found to have the symmetric character of low symmetry order, $n{\leq}2$. The fraction and the number of components of life times were varied depending on the composition of $Eu^{3+}$ in borosilicate glasses, from which the binding condition between the $Eu^{3+}$ ion and anionic oxygen of borosilicate glass can be deduced.

• New & Renewable Energy
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.24-32
• /
• 2012

Natural gas hydrates have a high potential as the 21st century new energy resource, because it have a large amount of deposits in many deep-water and permafrost regions of the world widely. Natural gas hydrate is formed by physical binding between water molecule and gas mainly composed of methane, which is captured in the cavities of water molecules under the specific temperature and pressure. $1m^3$ methane hydrate can be decomposed to the methane gas of $172m^3$ and water of $0.8m^3$ at standard condition. Therefore, there are a lot of practical applications such as separation processes, natural gas storage transportation and carbon dioxide sequestration. For the industrial utilization of methane hydrate, it is very important to rapidly manufacture hydrate. However, when methane hydrate is artificially formed, its reaction time may be too long and the gas consumption in water becomes relatively low, because the reaction rate between water and gas is low. So in this study, hydrate formation was experimented by adding natural zeolite and Synthetic zeolite 5A in distilled water, respectively. The results show that when the Synthetic zeolite 5A of 0.01 wt% was, the amount of gas consumed during the formation of methane hydrate was higher than that in the natural zeolite. Also, the natural zeolite and Synthetic zeolite 5A decreased the hydrate formation time to a greater extent than the distilled water at the same subcooling temperature.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
• /
• 2000.11a
• /
• pp.91-97
• /
• 2000

The conventional model did not take momentum conservation into consideration when the electron absorbs and emits the photons. II-ray provides momentum conservations on any directions of the entering photons, and also the electrons have radial momentum conservations and fully elastic bouncing between two atoms, in the new atom model. Conventional atom model must be criticized on the following four points. (1) Natural motions between positive and negative entities are not circular motions but linear going and returning ones, for examples sexual motion, tidal motion, day and night etc. Because the radius of hydrogen atom's electron orbit is the order of 10$^{-11}$ m and the radia of the nucleons in the nucleus are the order of 10$^{-l4}$m and then the converging n-gamma rays to the nucleus have so great circular momentum, the electron can not have a circular motion. We can say without doubt that any elementary mass particle can have only linear motion because of the n-rays' hindrances, near the nucleus. (2) Potential energy generation was neglected when electron changes its orbit from outer one to inner one. The h v is the kinetic energy of the photo-electron. The total energy difference between orbits comprises kinetic and potential energies. (3) The structure of the space must be taken into consideration because the properties of the electron do not change during the transition from outer orbit to inner one even though it produces photon. (4) Total energy conservation law applies to the energy flow between mind and matter because we daily experiences a interconnection between mind and body. An understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the control of normal proliferation and differentiation of the various cell types which make up the human body will undoubtedly allow a greater insight into the abnormal growth of cells, A large body of biochemical evidence was eventually used to generate a receptor model with an external ligand binding domain linked through a single trans-membrane domain to the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase and autophosphory-lation domains. The ligand induced conformational change in the external domain generates either a push-pull or rotational signal which is transduced from the outside to the inside of cell.l.ell.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.34-38
• /
• 2019

A cement industrial by-product was used as a Ca source for the carbonation process. It was confirmed that the most of cement industrial by-products was composed of CaO and KCl through ICP and XRD analyses. The optimal extractant type and concentration was 1.5 M of hydrochloric acid, and the solid/liquid ratio was 0.1 g/mL. It was assumed that the cation extraction efficiency was dependent of the pair ions and their binding formation and also the solubility from extraction efficiency results by varing extractants. After extraction process, it was also confirmed that the cation could be selectively separated from the solution with respect to the kind of additives and the injection order. When NaOH was injected into the solution to control pH values ranging from 9.5 and 13, impurities and $Ca(OH)_2$ were precipitated, whereas the separated K ion was precipitated in the form of KCl under the injected $C_2H_5OH$.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.33 no.6
• /
• pp.623-632
• /
• 1989

The positions and interaction energies of framework atoms and water molecules of $Mn^{2+}$-exchanged zeolite A were calculated using some potential energy functions and an optimization program. The sum of interaction energies of framework atoms in dehydrated $Mn_{4,5}Na_3-A$ was approximately the same as those of thermally stable $Ca^{2+}$-or $Mg^{2+}$-exchanged zeolite A. Since $Mn^{2+}$ ions can form good coordination bonds with framework oxygens even in dehydrated state, $Mn^{2+}$-exchanged zeolite A is considered to be thermally stable. The optimized positions of framework atoms and ions in this work are agreed well with the crystallographic data. Three groups of water molecules are found in hydrated $Mn^{2+}$-exchanged zeolite A; W(I) group of water molecules having only hydrogen bonds, W(II) group coordinated to $Na^+$ ion, and W(III) group coordinated to $Mn^{2+}$ ion. The average binding energy of each group of water molecules decrease in the order of W(III) > W(II) > W(I). The activation energies in the dehydration reaction of each group of water molecules increased in accordance with their binding energy.