• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.16-36
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• 2017

목 적: 본 연구에서는 지백지황탕 열수추출물(수율=19.76%)의 갱년기 장애 개선 효과를 확인하기 위해 난소적출(Ovariectomy, OVX) 마우스 모델을 이용하여 estrogen 유사 효과, 항비만 효과, 고지혈증 억제 효과, 지방간에 대한 보호 효과 및 골다공증 억제 효과의 5가지 생리활성 효과로 구분하여 평가하였다. 방 법: 본 연구에서는 지백지황탕의 갱년기 장애 개선 효과를 평가하기 위해 사람의 다양한 갱년기 장애와 유사한 증상을 나타내는 난소적출 마우스모델을 활용하였다. 총 6개의 실험군에서 각 8마리의 마우스를 사용하여 위수술 sham 대조군, OVX 대조군, Estradiol 대조 약물군, 지백지황탕 500, 250, 125 mg/kg 투약 실험군으로 나누어 실험하였다. OVX 수술 28일 후부터 지백지황탕 추출물을 각각 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg으로 매일 1 회씩 84일 동안 경구투여하고, $17{\beta}$-estradiol $0.03{\mu}g/head/day$ 피하 투여군과 비교 하여 estrogen 유사 효과, 항비만 효과, 고지혈증 억제 효과, 지방간에 대한 보호 효과 및 골다공증 억제효과로 구분하여 평가 하였다. 본 실험결과는 $17{\beta}$-estradiol $0.03{\mu}g/head/day$ 피하 투여 마우스에서의 결과와 비교 평가 하였다. 결 과: 본 실험의 결과, OVX 대조군에서는 위수술 매체 대조군에 비해 현저한 체중 및 증체량, 체지방 및 복부 축적 지방량, 복부 축적 지방 중량, 혈청 중 AST, ALT, TC, LDL, TG 및 osteocalcin 함량의 증가가 자궁, 간 및 대퇴골 중량, 혈중 bALP 및 estradiol 함량, 평균 total body 골밀도 및 대퇴골 골밀도의 감소와 함께 인정되었으며, 현저한 복부 축적 지방 두께의 증가 및 지방세포의 비대, 간의 지방병증, 자궁의 불용성 위축, 대퇴골의 골량 감소 소견이 각각 인정되었다. 한편 이러한 OVX에 의해 유발된 estrogen 결핍성 폐경기 관련 갱년기 장애 소견이 지백지황탕 추출물 500, 250 및 125 mg/kg의 84일에 걸친 연속 투여에 의해 투여 용량 의존적으로 현저히 억제되었으며, 특히 지백지황탕 500 mg/kg은 estradiol $0.03{\mu}g/head/day$ 피하투여군과 유사한 갱년기 장애 개선 효과를 OVX 마우스에서 나타내었다. 결 론: 이상의 결과에서, 지백지황탕 500, 250 및 125 mg/kg의 경구투여는 OVX 마우스에서 estrogen 결핍성 폐경기 관련 갱년기 장애(비만, 고지혈증, 간 지방병증 및 골다공증) 개선 효과를 투여 용량 의존적으로 나타내었다. 그러나 지백지황탕은 총 8종의 약제로 구성되어 있고, 각각 수많은 생리활성 물질을 함유하고 있어, 향후 생리활성을 나타내는 화학성분의 검색과 더불어 다양한 방면으로 기전적인 연구가 체계적으로 수행되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.621-655
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• 2004

교토 메커니즘에 따른 국제적 배출권 거래 제도의 지구온난화 가스 저감 효과는 부속서 I 국가들의 무역을 통한 탄소 유출(carbon leakage) 정도에 따라 크게 달라지게 될 것이다. 그리고 무역을 통한 탄소 유출의 정도는 각국의 경상 수지, 배출 수지, 배출 교역 조건 등에 의해 간접적으로 표출될 것이다. 이 논문에서는 부속서 I 국가들과 비부속서 I 국가들 간의 탄소 유출의 정도를 분석하기 위해 각국의 경상 수지와 무역에 함유된 $CO_2$배출량, 배출 수지, 배출 교역 조건 등을 국제 투입-산출 통계 등을 이용하여 계산하였다. 외국의 기존 연구에서는 일부 선진국들을 중심으로 배출 수지가 추정된 적은 있으나, 한국을 포함한 세계 전체의 무역을 통한 배출 수지에 대한 분석이 이루어진 적은 없었다. 이 논문은 세계 주요 배출국의 하나로서 한국을 포함한 세계 각 국 지역 간의 경상수지와 무역에 함유된 배출 수지, 배출 교역 조건 등에 대한 비교 분석을 국내에서는 처음으로 시도한 논문이다. 화석 연료의 대부분을 수입에 의존하는 한국으로서 GHGs 특히 $CO_2$의 배출 저감은 기후변화협약상의 저감 의무와 별개로 그 자체로서 매우 중요하다. 뿐만 아니라 한국도 교토 메커니즘을 활용할 수 있는 부속서 I 국가로서의 지위를 조만간 부여 받지 않을 수 없을 것으로 보아 한국과 교역 대상국 간의 배출 수지에 대한 분석 결과는 한국이 국제적 배출권 거래 제도 등을 이용하는데 유익한 자료가 될 것이다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.225-231
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• 2003

Up-front irradiation technique as 3-dimensional conformation, or intensity modulation has kept large proportion of brain tumors from being complicated with acute radiation reactions in the normal tissue during or shortly after radiotherapy. For years, we've cannot help but counting on 2-D vertex beam technique to reduce acute reactions in the brain tumor patients because we're not equipped with 3-dimensional planning system. We analyzed its advantages and limitations in the clinical application. From 1998 to 2001, vertex or oblique vertex beams were applied to 35 patients with primary brain tumor and 25 among them were eligible for this analysis. Vertex(V) plans were optimized on the reconstructed coronal planes. As the control, we took the bilateral opposed techniques(BL) otherwise being applied. We compared the volumes included in 105% to 50% isodose lines of each plan. We also measured the radiation dose at various extracranial sites with TLD. With vertex techniques, we reduced the irradiated volumes of contralateral hemisphere and prevented middle ear effusion at contralateral side. But the low dose volume increased outside 100%; the ratio of V to BL in irradiated volume included in 100%, 80%, 50% was 0.55+/-0.10, 0.61+/-0.10, and 1.22+/-0.21, respectively. The hot area within 100% isodose line almost disappeared with vertex plan; the ratio of V to BL in irradiated volume included in 103%, 105%, 108% was 0.14+/-0.14, 0.05./-0.17, 0.00, respectively. The dose distribution within 100% isodose line became more homogeneous; the ratio of volume included in 103% and 105% to 100% was 0.62+/-0.14 and 0.26+/-0.16 in BL whereas was 0.16+/-0.16 and 0.02+/-0.04 in V. With the vertex techniques, extracranial dose increased up to $1{\sim}3%$ of maximum dose in the head and neck region except submandibular area where dose ranged 1 to 21%. From this data, vertex beam technique was quite effective in reduction of unnecessary irradiation to the contralateral hemispheres, integral dose, obtaining dose homogeneity in the clinical target. But it was associated with volume increment of low dose area in the brain and irradiation toward the head and neck region otherwise being not irradiated at all. Thus, this 2-D vertex technique can be a useful quasi-conformal method before getting 3-D apparatus.

• 대한골관절종양학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.18-26
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• 1996

We investigated the effect of deep-freezed, boiled and autoclaved autogenous long bone graft on the incorporation of the radial diaphyseal reconstruction in 30 rabbits by radiogram and histology for 8 weeks. Immediate histologic changes of 1cm of resected long bone treated by deep freezing, boiling and autoclaving in each 2 rabbits were also observed as control. Resected, boiled ($95^{\circ}C$ for 5 min.) and reimplanted bone was compared with resected, autoclaved ($131^{\circ}C$ for 5 min.) and reimplanted bone, and resected, deep freezed with liquid nitrogen for 5 minutes and thawing in saline and reimplanted bone in the reconstruction of bilateral radial defects in each of 8, and in total 24 adult rabbits. The results were as follows : 1. Immediate histologic changes showed that intracortical osteocytes in lacunae were partially necrotized and the cortex were faintly stained with they Masson trichrome stain in both boiled and deep freezed groups, while they completely necrotized and their cortex stained more weakly with Masson trichrome stain in autoclaved group which means less amount of collagen and protein in cortex of long bone. 2. Radiographies at 8 weeks showed complete union with more marked incorporation and external callus formation in all boiled and freezed groups, whereas there was delayed union in four of sixteen (25%) in autoclaved group. Histologically, at 8 weeks after boiled and freezed, more intense incorporation with new bone formation and neovascularization were observed, whereas transverse clefts consisted with delayed union in 4 cases of autoclaved group (25%) were observed at osteotomy site. Through these studies, the boilod and deeply freezed bones acted as an osteoinductive material as well as osteoconductive, but the autoclaved bone only as osteoconductive. Though boilod and deeply freezed bone showed higher osteogenic potentials than autoclaved bone, the necrotizing effect on cortical and boiled bone was inferior to that of autoclaved. Thus the deeply freezed bone can be used for the treatment of aggressive benign or less malignant bone tumor not involving cortical bone, but the autoclaved bone supplemented with bone graft for the treatment of malignant bone tumor involving cortex of long bone.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.13-24
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• 2005

Background and Objectives : Acupuncture as a therapeutic intervention is widely used for the treatment of many functional disorders such as substance abuse and mental dysfunction. Clinical trials are currently underway to determine the effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of drug addiction. Yet, there are still many unanswered questions about the basic mechanism of acupuncture. Studies have shown that both the psychomotor stimulant effects and rewarding properties of addictive drugs, including morphine, are sensitized by repeated drug administration and raised the possibility that both of these effects may be linked to the same or closely overlapping the mesolimbic dopamine systems. Neiguan (PC6) point on the pericardium channel which is associated with the brain and its mental function, has been used to treat mental, psychosomatic disorders and gastroenterological disorders. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of acupuncture on repeated morphine-induced changes in extracellular dopamine levels using in vivo microdialysis and to measure the effect of acupuncture on Fos-like immunoreactivity. Methods : Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated twice a day for three days with increasing doses of morphine (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, s.c.) or with saline. After 15 days of withdrawal, rats were challenged with morphine hydrochloride (5 mg/kg, s.c.). Acupuncture was applied at bilateral Neiguan (PC6) points for 1 min after the morphine challenge. Results showed that acupuncture at the specific acupoint PC6, but not at control points (tail and HE8) significantly decreased Fos-like immunoreactivity induced by a systemic morphine challenge or a single s.c. morphine injection in the morphine-repeated animals. Results and Conclusions : These results suggest that reduction in sensitization may be one mechanism whereby acupuncture alleviates morphine craving in addicts. Moreover, in a more general sense these results suggest that acupuncture can be used as a therapeutic intervention for correcting reversible malfunction of the body by direction of brain pathway and thus acupuncture can contribute to the biochemical balance in the central nervous system by regulating neurotransmitters.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.111-121
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• 1991

It has been well known that the splanchnic nerve block is effective for patients who suffer from intractable upper abdominal pain. However, it is unclear whether the effect of the splanchnic nerve block depends on varied alcoholic concentration. In this study, an attempt was made to use absolute ethanol on patients who recieved a splanchnic nerve block at Severance Hospital during the period from September l990 to April l991. The results are as follows; 1) Among the 33 patients, including 22 males and 1l females, the fifties and sixties were the major age groups. 2) Stomach cancer was the most common underlying disease(13 cases), with pancreatic can- cer next(9 cases). 3) The main locations of pain were the upper abdomen, epigastrium, and entire abdomen in decreasing order. 4) There were 17 cases who had had chemotherapy, and 1l cases of whom had had surgery before the splanchnic nerve block. 5) The volume of alcohol used was 12 ml bilaterally. 6) Among the 33 patients, 15.2% required a second block within two weeks of the first block. One case required a third block. 7) The most common complications of splanchnic nerve block were hypotension(33.3%), occasional transient sharp burning pain, flushing of face, pain on injection site, nausea, vomiting, dyspnea, chest discomfort and diarrhea. 8) The supplemental block most commonly used was a continuous epidural block. It was used both as a diagnostic block and to afford relief from pain before the splanchnic nerve block was done. 9) The interval between the receiving the absolute ethanol block and discharge was within 2 weeks in l5 cases. But, in the patients with poor general health, the interval between the splanchnic nerve block and discharge prolonged. The above results suggest that bilateral splanchnic nerve block done with absolute ethanol after an effective test block with 1% lidocaine under C-arm fluroscopic control is satisfactory and reliable. Still, 26.6% of the patients received a repeat block within 2 weeks. Insufficient spread of ethanol due to its small volume seems to be a major factor in the repeat block. Minimizing the incidence of repeat block remains a problem to be solved.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.281-287
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• 2012

Objective : To evaluate the effect of calcium supplementation on spinal bone fusion in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Methods : Sixteen female Sprague Dawley rats underwent bilateral ovariectomy at 12 weeks of age to induce osteoporosis and were randomly assigned to two groups : control group (n=8) and calcium-supplemented group (OVX-Ca, n=8). Autologous spinal bone fusion surgery was performed on both groups 8 weeks later. After fusion surgery, the OVX-Ca group was supplemented with calcium in drinking water for 8 weeks. Blood was obtained 4 and 8 weeks after fusion surgery. Eight weeks after fusion surgery, the rats were euthanized and the L4-5 spine removed. Bone fusion status and fusion volume were evaluated by manual palpation and three-dimensional computed tomography. Results : The mean fusion volume in the L4-5 spine was significantly greater in the OVX-Ca group ($71.80{\pm}8.06mm^3$) than in controls ($35.34{\pm}8.24mm^3$) (p<0.01). The level of osteocalcin, a bone formation marker, was higher in OVX-Ca rats than in controls 4 weeks ($610.08{\pm}10.41$ vs. $551.61{\pm}12.34$ ng/mL) and 8 weeks ($552.05{\pm}19.67$ vs. $502.98{\pm}22.76$ ng/mL) after fusion surgery (p<0.05). The level of C-terminal telopeptide fragment of type I collagen, a bone resorption marker, was significantly lower in OVX-Ca rats than in controls 4 weeks ($77.07{\pm}12.57$ vs. $101.75{\pm}7.20$ ng/mL) and 8 weeks ($69.58{\pm}2.45$ vs. $77.15{\pm}4.10$ ng/mL) after fusion surgery (p<0.05). A mechanical strength test showed that the L4-5 vertebrae in the OVX-Ca group withstood a 50% higher maximal load compared with the controls (p<0.01). Conclusion : Dietary calcium given to OVX rats after lumbar fusion surgery improved fusion volume and mechanical strength in an ovariectomized rat model.

• 한국감성과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국감성과학회 2000년도 춘계 학술대회 및 국제 감성공학 심포지움 논문집 Proceeding of the 2000 Spring Conference of KOSES and International Sensibility Ergonomics Symposium
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• pp.113-119
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• 2000

The Pansori is a Korean traditional vocal music that has a unique story and melody which converts deep emotion into art. It has both verbal and emotional components. which can be coordinated by large-scale neural network. The purpose of this study is to illustrate the cortical network activated by a Korean traditional opera, Pansori, with different emotional valence using functional MRI (fMRI).Nine right-handed volunteers participated. Their mean age was 25.3 and the mean modified Edinburgh score was +90.1. Activation tasks were designed for the subjects to passively listen to the two parts of Pansories with sad or hilarious emotional valence. White noise was introduced during the control periods. Imaging was conducted on a 1.5T Siemens Vision Vision scanner. Single-shot echoplanar fMRI scans (TR/TE 3840/40 ms, flip angle 90, FOV 220, 64 x 64 matrix, 6mm thickness) were acquired in 20 contiguous slices. Imaging data were motion-corrected, coregistered, normalized, and smoothed using SPM-96 software.Bilateral posterior temporal regions were activated in both of Pansori tasks, but different asymmetry between the tasks was found. The Pansori with sad emotion showed more activation in the light superior temporal regions as well as the right inferior frontal and the orbitofrontal areas than in the right superior temporal regions as well as the right inferior frontal and the orbitofrontal areas than in the left side. In the Pansori with hilarious emotion, there was a remarkable activation in the left hemisphere especially at the posterior temporal and the temporooccipital regions as well as in the left inferior and the prefrontal areas. After subtraction between two tasks, the sad Pansori showed more activation in the right temporoparietal and the orbitofrontal areas, in contrast, the one with hilarious emotion showed more activation in the left temporal and the prefrontal areas. These results suggested that different hemispheric asymmetry and cortical areas are subserved for the processing of different emotional valences carried by the Pansories.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.661-670
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• 2018

Fimasartan, a new angiotensin II receptor antagonist, reduces myocyte damage and stabilizes atherosclerotic plaque through its anti-inflammatory effect in animal studies. We investigated the protective effects of pretreatment with fimasartan on ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in a mouse model of ischemic renal damage. C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with or without 5 (IR-F5) or 10 (IR-F10) mg/kg/day fimasartan for 3 days. Renal ischemia was induced by clamping bilateral renal vascular pedicles for 30 min. Histology, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis assays were evaluated 24 h after IRI. Compared to the untreated group, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels were significantly lower in the IR-F10 group. IR-F10 kidneys showed less tubular necrosis and interstitial fibrosis than untreated kidneys. The expression of F4/80, a macrophage infiltration marker, and tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$, decreased in the IR-F10 group. High-dose fimasartan treatment attenuated the upregulation of $TNF-{\alpha}$, interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, and IL-6 in ischemic kidneys. Fewer TUNEL positive cells were observed in IR-F10 compared to control mice. Fimasartan caused a significant decrease in caspase-3 activity and the level of Bax, and increased the Bcl-2 level. Fimasartan preserved renal function and tubular architecture from IRI in a mouse ischemic renal injury model. Fimasartan also attenuated upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and decreased apoptosis of renal tubular cells. Our results suggest that fimasartan inhibited the process of tubular injury by preventing apoptosis induced by the inflammatory pathway.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.109-118
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• 2012

Objectives : The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture for chronic fatigue syndrome and idiopathic chronic fatigue. Methods : A randomized, controlled pilot trial was conducted. Twenty-four participants were randomized into one of the two groups: an acupuncture group(n=12) and wait-list group(n=12). The treatment group received 12 sessions of acupuncture over 4 weeks. Eight points($GV_{20}$; bilateral GB20, $BL_{11}$, $BL_{13}$, $BL_{15}$, $BL_{18}$, $BL_{20}$, and $BL_{23}$) were selected for needling. The control group did not receive acupuncture treatment during study period and follow-up were done in the $5^{th}$ and $9^{th}$ weeks after randomization in both groups. The primary outcome was fatigue severity scale(FSS) and the secondary outcomes included a short form of stress response inventory(SRI-short form), beck depression inventory(BDI), and insomnia severity index(ISI). Safety was assessed at every visit. Results : There were statistically significant differences in the between group values of FSS at $5^{th}$ weeks after randomization(p=0.0002), SRI-short form, BDI, and ISI at $5^{th}$, $9^{th}$ weeks after randomization(p<0.01). There were no adverse events. Conclusions : The results suggest that acupuncture is associated with benefits on the short-term outcomes in chronic fatigue syndrome and idiopathic chronic fatigue.