• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.48-50
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• 2016

Various tests to help in the clinical diagnosis of distal biceps tendon ruptures have been described. In our experience these tests are painful in the acute setting. We suggest a simple alternative test wherein the biceps muscle belly is held by the examiner and translated medially and laterally. This is done with the forearm flexed to 90 degrees. It is first performed with the biceps relaxed and subsequently performed with the forearm flexed against resistance. In the relaxed forearm the biceps easily translates over 50% of its width. When placed under tension (by flexing against resistance) this translation is significantly reduced. In cases of complete distal biceps tendon rupture, the biceps still translates, even under resisted flexion of the forearm. This simple test is less painful than other described tests, is easy to perform, and aids in clinical diagnosis of distal biceps tendon ruptures.

• The Academic Congress of Korean Shoulder and Elbow Society
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• 2001.03a
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• pp.123-128
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• 2001

in young, active, strenuous patients $\blacksquare$ stabilization for unstable SLAP lesion $\blacksquare$ tenodesis for ruptured biceps tendon above the groove $\blacksquare$ repair for ruptured biceps tendon below the groove $\blacksquare$ relocation for biceps instability in old, inactive patients $\blacksquare$ no need stabilization for unstable SLAP lesion $\blacksquare$ debride/tenotomy for partial ruptured biceps tendon $\blacksquare$ leave alone/trimming of stump for complete ruptured biceps tendon $\blacksquare$ tenodesis/in-site fixation for biceps instability

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.78-82
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• 1998

The following will describe a method of evaluating the SLAP lesion in the recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder. We have named it the biceps load test. The biceps load test is performed with the patient in the supine position and the arm to be examined is abducted 90/sup°/, and the forearm is in the supinated position. First, the anterior apprehension test is performed. When the patient become apprehensive, the patient is allowed active flexion of the elbow, while the examiner resists elbow flexion. If the apprehension is relieved or diminished, the test is negative. If aggravated or unchanged, the test is positive. A prospective study was performed, in which 75 patients who were diagnosed as having recurrent unilateral anterior instability of the shoulder underwent the biceps load test and arthroscopic examination. The biceps load test showed negative results in 64 of these patients, of which the superior labral-biceps complex was intact'in 63 cases and only I shoulder revealed a type n SLAP lesion. E]even patients with a positive test were confirmed to have type n SLAP lesions. A positive biceps load test represents an unstable SLAP lesion in a patient with recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder. The biceps load test is a reliable test for evaluating the SLAP lesion in the recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder(sensitivity: ,9] .7%, specificity: 100%, positive predictive value: 1.00 and negative predictive value: 0.98). Biceps contraction increases the torsional rigidity ?of the glenohumeral joint and long head of biceps tendan act as internal rotator of the shoulder in the abducted and externally rotated position. These stabilize the shoulder in abduction and external rotation position in the biceps load test.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.93-97
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• 2021

Background: Injection therapy around the distal biceps tendon insertion is challenging. This therapy may be indicated in patients with a partial distal biceps tendon tear, bicipitoradial bursitis and tendinopathy. The primary goal of this study was to determine the accuracy of manually performed injections without ultrasound guidance around the biceps tendon. Methods: Seven upper limb specialists, two general orthopedic specialists, and three orthopedic surgical residents manually injected a cadaver elbow with acrylic dye using an anterior and a lateral infiltration approach. After infiltration the cadaveric elbows were dissected to determine the location of the acrylic dye. Results: In total, 79% of the injections were localized near the biceps tendon. Of these injections, 20% were localized on the radius near the bicipitoradial bursa. In total, 53% of the performed infiltrations were injected by anterior and 47% by lateral approaches. Of the injections near the distal biceps (79%), 47% were injected by an anterior and 53% by a lateral approach. Of the injections on the radius (20%), 33% were injected by anterior and 67% by lateral approach. Of the inaccurate injections (21%), 75% were injected anterior and 25% lateral. Conclusions: Manual infiltration without ultrasound guidance for distal biceps pathology lacks accuracy. We therefore recommend ultrasound guidance for more accurate infiltration.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.260-266
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• 2023

Background: Knowledge of the base rate of signal changes consistent with distal biceps tendinopathy on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential to influence strategies for diagnosis and treatment of people that present with elbow pain. The aim of this study is to measure the prevalence of distal biceps tendon signal changes on MRIs of the elbow by indication for imaging. Methods: MRI data for 1,306 elbows were retrospectively reviewed for mention of signal change in distal biceps tendon. The reports were sorted by indication. Results: Signal changes consistent with distal biceps tendinopathy were noted in 197 of 1,306 (15%) patients, including 34% of patients with biceps pain, 14% of patients with unspecified pain, and 8% of patients with a specific non-biceps indication. Distal biceps tendon changes noted on radiology reports were associated with older age, male sex, and radiologists with musculoskeletal fellowship training. Conclusions: The finding that distal biceps MRI signal changes consistent with tendinopathy are common even in asymptomatic elbows reduces the probability that symptoms correlate with pathology on imaging. The accumulation of signal changes with age, also independent of symptoms, suggests that tendon pathology persists after symptoms resolve, that some degree of distal biceps tendinopathy is common in a human lifetime, and that tendinopathy may often be accommodated without seeking care. Level of evidence: IV.

• The Academic Congress of Korean Shoulder and Elbow Society
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• 1999.03a
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• pp.3-4
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• 1999

The electromyographic activity of four muscles of biceps, rotator cuffs (supraspinatus, infraspinatus and subscapularis) was measured from the non-dominant shoulders of 12 volunteers during six methods of provocative test for the biceps pathology. Any method of provocative test can not isolates the biceps activity prominently compared to the other rotator cuff muscles. But the Speed test can more isolates the activity of biceps than the other tests. Based upon this study, we think that the O'Brien's test is not a provocative maneuver by which the pain reproduced is not associated with the tension generated within the biceps tendon.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.64-71
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• 2010

Purpose: To evaluate pathologic patterns and outcomes of treatment of a biceps tendon lesion associated with a rotator cuff tear. Materials and Methods: We reviewed 92 patients (i) who underwent surgery for a cuff tear, (ii) for whom the biceps lesion could be observed retrospectively, and (iii) had a minimum follow-up of 2 years. The pathology of biceps tendon was classified into 4 types: tenosynovitis, fraying or hypertrophy, tear, and instability. All but the 4 with massive cuff tears were repaired. The biceps lesions were treated with debridement in 30, tenotomy in 10, tenodesis in 8, and recentering in 4. UCLA scoring was used for clinical results. Results: Seventy patients had a biceps lesion, 19 tenosynovitis, 22 fraying or hypertrophy, 21 a tear, and 8 instability. A biceps lesion was observed in 63% of cases of cuff tears below the medium size, and in 88% of cases with cuff tears above the large size. UCLA scores according to the pathology of the biceps lesion were 29.6 in the absence of a biceps lesion, and 28.3 in its presence. UCLA scores in patients with tenotomy or tenodesis for associated biceps tendon lesions were 28.2. Conclusion: There is a greater incidence and severity of a biceps lesion with a larger cuff tear. Therefore, the cause of a biceps lesion might be related to the cause of the cuff tear. Among the several options of treatment for biceps lesion, tenotomy or tenodesis may be particularly effective in providing pain relief.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.11-15
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• 2009

Purpose : This study aims to comparison of ultrasonography on both sides of biceps brachii muscle of hemiplegic patient. Methods : The biceps brachii muscle of fifteen subjects (5 male, 10 female) with stroke were scanned with ultrasonography at the muscle belly at rest at elbow angles of 90 deg. The echogenicity (density, white area index; WAI, anatomic cross-sectional area; ACSA, volume) of ultrasonography was examined. Results : In the biceps brachii muscle, there were significant differences of density, WAI, ACSA, and volume between affected side and non-affected side. biceps brachii muscle, echogenicity (density, WAI) of the affected side was higher than non-affected side. biceps brachii muscle, echogenicity (ACSA, volume) of the non-affected side was higher than affected side. Conclusion : This study showed that change of skeletal muscle architecture properties occurred biceps brachii muscle of the affected side muscle of hemiplegic patient.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2018

Background: Popeye deformity is common after rupture of the biceps muscle's long head tendon. Herein, we report on histological changes in biceps brachii muscles following tenotomy of the long head biceps tendon. Methods: Twelve Sprague-Dawley rats (12-week-old) underwent tenotomy of the long head biceps tendon in the right shoulder. At postoperative weeks 4, 7, and 10, the operative shoulders were removed by detaching the biceps brachii muscle from the glenoid scapula and humerus; the opposite shoulders were removed as controls. H&E staining was performed to elucidate histological changes in myocytes. Oil-red O staining was performed to determine fatty infiltration. Myostatin antibody immunohistochemistry staining was performed as myostatin is expressed by skeletal muscle cells during myogenesis. Results: H&E staining results revealed no changes in muscle cell nuclei. There were no adipocytes detected. Compared with that of the control biceps, the cross-sectional area of the long head biceps was significantly smaller (p=0.00). Statistical changes in the total extent of the 100 muscle cells were significant (p=0.00). Oil-red O staining revealed no fatty infiltration. Myostatin antibody immunohistochemical staining revealed no significant difference between the two sides. Conclusions: Muscular changes after tenotomy of the long head biceps included a decrease in the size of the individual muscle cells and in relative muscle mass. There were no changes observed in muscle cell nuclei and no fatty infiltration. Moreover, there were no changes detected by myostatin antibody immunohistochemistry assay.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.175-185
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the biceps muscles activity at the different angle and direction of the base of support on sitting position in hemiplegic patients. The biceps muscles activity was measured at the $0^{\circ},\;10^{\circ}$ of posterior tilt, $10^{\circ}$ of anterior tilt, $10^{\circ}$ of affected side tilt and $10^{\circ}$ of sound side tilt of the base of support by EMG biofeedback (MYOMED 432. ENLAF NONIUS CO.) In this study, 24 out-patients were evaluated who were treated at Yonsei University Medical College Rhabilitation Hospital. This study was carried out from December 5. 1993 to March 30. 1994. In order to determine the statistical significance of result, the ANOVA, and t-test were applied at the 0.05 level of significance. The results were as follows : 1. The biceps muscles activity of the sound side was no significantly difference at the different angle and direction of the base of support on sitting position(p>0.05). 2. The biceps muscles activity of the affected side was significantly increased at the 100 of sound side tilt and $10^{\circ}$ of posterior tilt of the base of support on sitting position(p<0.05). 3. There was no significantly difference in the change of the biceps muscles activity of the affected side between the affected group and the intact group of propriocetive sense(p>0.05). 4. The change of the biceps muscles activity of the affected side was significantly higer in the group of G 2 spasticity compared to that of G 1, G 1+ spasticity(p<0.05). These results showed that the biceps muscles activity of affected side was significantly increased when the base of support was tilted toward the sounde side and posterior direction on sitting position. In order to prevent the increment of biceps muscle activity, the patients must avoid to sit toward sound side and posterior tilt.