• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.443-455
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was designed to research whether HRV can yield a suitable diagnosis for activity of autonomic nerve system on functional dyspepsia. Methods : The testing of HRV was carried out at the Oriental Medical Center of Dong-Eui University with the participation of 28 functional dyspepsia patients, 25 dyspepsia caused by organic disease patients and 33 control group people. We checked HRV of the three groups for 5 minutes and compared HRV index(frequency domain analysis: HF, LF, VLF, LF/HF Ratio, TP) between groups. Results were as follows : 1. In the frequency domain analysis, HF, LF, VLF, and TP were significantly lower than the control group in the functional dyspepsia patients and dyspepsia caused by organic disease groups. HF, LF, VLF, LF/HF ratio, and TP were not significantly different between functional dyspepsia group and dyspepsia caused by organic disease group. 2. Age in dyspepsia patient group was significantly higher than in the control group. 3. In the frequency domain analysis, LF, VLF, and TP were significantly lower in the functional dyspepsia group than the control group in age 20-30 years. HF, LF, VLF, LF/HF ratio, and TP were not significantly different between the control group and dyspepsia caused by organic disease group in ages 20-30 years. HF, LF, VLF, LF/HF ratio, and TP were not significantly different between functional dyspepsia group and dyspepsia caused by organic disease group in age 20-30 years. Conclusion : According to this study, autonomic nerve system and parasympathetic nerve system decreased more in the functional dyspepsia patient group compared with the control group.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.45-54
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was effect of hamstring length on one leg stance test(OLST) in 108 persons. (men 28, women 80). The active knee extension test(AKE) was applied 3 times on both leg and high score was selected. Then, one leg stance test(OLST) was applied 3 times on both leg and high score was selected. Also, persons divided two group that is normal hamstring length group and shortening group). The result were as follows : 1. The correlation analysis between Lt. hamstring length and one leg stance time was no significant relation($p_{Lt.}=0.271$, $p_{Rt.}=0.051$). 2. The correlation analysis between Rt. hamstring length and one leg stance time was no significant relation($p_{Lt.}=0.837$, $p_{Rt.}=0.334$). 3. The independent T -test between Lt. hamstring normal (knee extension > 150degrees) & shortening group (knee extension ${\leq}$ 150 degrees) in Lt. leg stance time was no significant difference(p=0.73), but in Rt. leg stance time was statistically significant difference(p=0.04). 4. The independent T-test between Rt. hamstring normal (knee extension > 150degrees) & shortening group (knee extension ${\leq}$ 150 degrees) in one leg stance time was no significant difference($p_{Lt.}=0.09$, $p_{Rt.}=0.16$).

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.174-183
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of soft tissue profile of the class III malocclusion and to test the yardstick far differential diagnosis between surgical and orthodontic patients. Initial lateral cephalograms of orthodontic group(30 patients) that have acceptable occlusion and profile by orthodontic treatment alone and surgical group(30 patients) that have favorable occlusion and profile by combined surgical-orthodontic treatment were selected in Ajou university hospital. Powell and Burstone II analysis were made on the tracing. Descriptive, comparative, factor, cluster, and discriminant analysis were carried out with computer program. The results were as followings : 1. Patients who received surgery had a more concave profile and a longer lower facial height than patients who received orthodontic treatment alone. 2. Nasolabial angle, ratio of vertical height, and mentolabial sulcus were significantly different at the 5% level. And facial protuberance, upper lip protuberance, mentocervical angle, nasofrontal angle, nasomental angle, mandibular vertical height, angle between cervix and lower face, ratio of mandibular vertical height divided by cervical depth, ratio of vertical height between upper and lower lip, and maxillary protuberance were significantly different at the 1% level. 3. 8 factors were extracted and factor 2, 3, and 8 showed significant differences by factor analysis. 4. Orthodontic group (25) and surgical group (35) were classified by cluster analysis. 5. Discriminant function was D = 0.079Nasomental angle + 0.081Sn-Gn + 3.343Sn-Gn/C-Gn + 1.734Sn-St/St-Me' -26.460, and cutting score was 0, so we can discriminate that orthodontic group has the score above 0, and surgery group below 0. And 91.7% of original grouped cases were correctly classified.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.79-85
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• 2017

Background: The wall squat is considered an effective exercise because it can reduce the knee load and prevent excessive lumbar movement. However, the relationship between wall squat performance and strength of knee extensors and hip extensors remained unclear. Objects: The purpose of this study was to compare the strengths of the knee extensors and hip extensors between groups with low and high wall squat performance. Method: Nineteen males (low performance group: 9 subjects, high performance group: 10 subjects) participated in this study and performed wall squats. The subjects who were performing less than 30% of the average wall squat count were classified into the low wall squat performance group (less than or equal to 4 times) and the subjects who performed more than 30% of the average wall squat count were classified into the high wall squat performance group (greater than or equal to 8 times). Knee extensor and hip extensor strength were measured with a strength measurement system. An independent t-test was used to compare the strengths of the knee extensors and hip extensors between the groups with low and high wall squat performance. Results: The ratios of knee extensor and hip extensor strength to bodyweight were greater in the high wall squat performance group than in the low wall squat performance group (knee extensors: p<.001; hip extensors: p=.03). In the high- and low-performance groups, the ratios of knee extensor strength to bodyweight were $42.74{\pm}5.72$ and $30.76{\pm}8.54$, respectively, and the ratios of hip extensor strength to bodyweight were $31.95{\pm}10.61$ and $20.66{\pm}11.25$, respectively. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that knee extensor and hip extensor strength are needed for high wall squat performance. Thus, exercise to increase the knee and hip extensors strength can be recommended to improve squat performance.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.24-35
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• 2014

Objectives: Although the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is thought to play an important role in treatment of obesity, no study has been conducted to investigate acupuncture's effects on this aspect of the ANS. This study aimed to describe the effects of acupuncture in the ANS by means of heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. Methods: A total of 46 obese women aged from 21 to 54 with body mass index ranging from 25.1 to $39.3kg/m^2$ were recruited and randomized into both the real acupuncture group (n=23) and sham acupuncture group (n=23). A total of 3 instances of HRV analysis were conducted before, during, and after treatment. Statistically significant differences between time and groups were analyzed using repeated measure analysis of variance. Results: All parameters of time domain analysis and frequency domain analysis except for the square root of the mean squared differences of successive normal sinus intervals (RMSSD) and very low frequency (VLF) showed significant differences between times. The mean of all R-R intervals (mean RR) showed significant level of interaction between time and group. Between groups, time domain analysis of standard deviation of the normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN), RMSSD and frequency domain analysis of total power (TP) and high frequency (HF) showed significant differences. Conclusions: The real acupuncture group showed deactivation of parasympathetic function and relative increase of sympathetic activity in obese subjects. Further studies are necessary to uncover the mechanisms of acupuncture in obesity treatment.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.749-760
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• 1998

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dentin with various pretreatment application time on the dentin surface structure and the bond strength of glass ionomer restorative matrials between primary and permanent tooth. There are difference of composition, structure and pretreated effect of dentin conditioning between the primary and permanent teeth. Inspite of thease fact, we used the same application time of permanent tooth. This study intends to determine the most effective application time using SEM analysis of the surface change by dentin conditioning. Forty five intact primary and permanent teeth were splited mesiodistally with seperating diamond disk. Each eight specimens were prepared for shear bond strength test. (randomely devided eight group as follows:) group I conditioning for five seconds group II conditioning for ten seconds group III conditioning for fifteen seconds group IV conditioning for twenty seconds Additional specimens were prepared to SEM analysis. The result are as follows: 1. Primary teeth are higher shear bond strength in group I and group II. 2. There was no statistically significant difference between primary and permanent teeth in group III and group IV. 3. In SEM analysis, smear layer removal by dentin pretreatment of primary teeth was faster than permanent teeth. Primary teeth may require shorter pretreatment time of dentin for G-I restoration than that of permanent teeth.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.235-245
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• 2000

The purposes of this study were 1) to investigate usage level of production strategies based on group of production environment, 2) to investigate usage level of production systems based on group of production strategy, and 3) to analyze each of company performance based on group of production strategy and system. For this study, the questionnaires were administered to 215 apparel manufactures in metropolitan area from Feb. to Mar. 1998. Employing a sample of 201, data were analyzed by factor analysis, descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, and multivariate analysis of variance. The following are the results of this study. 1. Concerning production strategy due to group of production environment, the stable group and the complicated group prefer to rice/quality centered strategy but the level of usage for strategies is so pretty that it is not significant to carry out them. 2. Concerning production system due to group of production strategy, the workers centered group is occupied high in the price/quality centered group & the complex group. And also the product centered system is occupied high in the flexibility centered group. 3. Concerning company performance due to group of production strategy and system, the price/quality centered group holds low position of performance comparing to another groups. And the performance of the managers centered group is higher than that of the workers.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.13-30
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to present data to the landscape planning and design through analyzing correlation between visual preference of users and nonusers and the landscape of hole in golf couses. Stimulus objects were selected from the 18 holes in Tae-gu Country Club. Preference value was judged through photo simulation by 35 subjects photographed at Tee and Interpoint (IPI, IP2), and classified into three landscape types and nine landscape components from photo analysis by researcher. For test of difference between groups toward each stimulus, t-test was used, and Duncantest, Correlation analysis for finding out correlation between preference degree and the landscape of each hole. The results of this study were as follows: As a result of analysis of preference value between groups for each hole, it has been shown that there was scarcely difference with each other. Form the relation between preference degree and spacial structure of hole, the holes making up a superior preference group have been shown that the greater part of the holes had a downward slope or a gentle slope mostly and then a visible ratio of fairway was high, and had diversified scenery by a lotus pond, a solitary planting tree, the roll of a fairway, facilities for convenience, etc. The holes making up a low-ranking preference group have been shown that the greater part of the holes had upward slope or a similar slope to it and had characteries of the bad condition of lawn, the nearby factories and odors, the monotonous scenery of a fairway, an unreasonable mixing of holes, etc. From the relation between preference degree and landscape components forming hole, it has been shown that the preference degree between users and nonusers had positive correlation to the occupied ratio of space of landscape components at Tee and Approach. At Tee, it has been shown that the preference degree of two groups were related with a lawn surface of fairway negatively, a lotus pond, a sky positively, and the preference degree of nonusers was related with iron-top for electric transmission positively. At Approach, it has been shown that the preference degree of two groups were related with iron-top for electric transmission negatively, and the preference degree of nonusers was related with a building positively. From the relation between preference degree group to each hole and the occupied ratio of space of landscape types, it has been shown that the constituent ratio of a high-ranking group was 1:2.4:2.2 and a low-ranking group was 1:4.1:5.1 among vertical type, horizontal type and background at Tee, but the constituent ratio of space of a high-ranking group was similar to a low-ranking group at Approach.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.68-75
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• 2016

Background: Shoulder horizontal adduction (HA) is performed in many activities of daily living. The limited range of motion (LROM) of HA is affected by the tightness of the posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, teres major, and posterior capsule of glenohumeral joint. The LROM of shoulder HA contributes to excessive scapular abduction. Objects: The aim of this study is to compare the scapular abduction distance and three-dimensional displacement of the scapula during shoulder horizontal adduction between subjects with and without the LROM of shoulder HA. Methods: 24 subjects (12 people in LROM group and 12 people in normal ROM group) participated. Subjects with less than $115^{\circ}$ of HA ROM were included in LROM group. Shoulder HA was performed 3 times for measuring scapular abduction distance and three-dimensional displacement of the scapula. Tape measure was used for measuring scapular abduction distance. Scapular abduction distance was normalized by dividing the scapular size. Polhemus Liberty was used for measuring the three-dimensional displacement of the scapula. Results: Normalized scapular abduction distance was significantly greater in LROM group than normal ROM group (p<.001). Three-dimensional displacement of the scapula during shoulder HA was greater in LROM group than normal ROM group (p<.05). Conclusion: LROM group had a greater scapular abduction and three-dimensional displacement of the scapula during shoulder HA compared to normal ROM group.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.83-93
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine potential differences in pre-hospital cases of cardiac arrest and drug Intoxication between elderly group and non-elderly group on local emergency activity sites of rescue 119 team for those cases, so that it can provide useful reference materials for a system of corresponding emergency medical services. Methods: Patients with cardiac arrest and drug intoxication in the elderly and the non-elderly group were analyzed by analyzing the Ambulance Run Report for 3 years from January 2007 to December 2009. Results: According to analysis on potential differences between elderly and the non-elderly group, it was found that there was no significant difference between elderly cases (evacuated to hospital due to cardiac arrest and drug poisoning) and non-elderly cases in year of onset (p = .247), quarter of onset (p = .813), sex (p = .235), consciousness state (p = .126), place of onset (p = .215) and number of first aid services (applied to emergency cases) respectively, but there were significant differences between elderly cases and non-elderly cases in guardian availability (p = .042), time zone of onset (p = .050), distance from the site of onset (p = .278), type of onset (p = .000), number of first aid services depending on distance of evacuation (p = .008) and effectiveness of emergency care (p = .003) on statistical basis. Conclusion: It is important to establish a system of early emergency case reports for rational emergency case management with lower mortality; shorten distance from the site of onset at each time zone of onset in emergency cases; employ more emergency team members; facilitate firsthand / secondhand medical instructions for emergency teams in specialized emergency care depending on distance of evacuation for each kind of onset (elderly group vs. non-elderly group); and improve rate of resuscitated emergency cases by extending the scope of works for emergency medical technicians into wider applications, so that it will be possible to take timely and appropriate measures for emergency settings of ever-increasing aged population in near future.