• Animal cells and systems
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.341-346
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• 2001

Hypertension is a complex disease with strong genetic influences. Essential hypertension has been shown to be associated with insulin resistance. To clarify the genetic basis of insulin resistance in Hypertension, case-control association studies were performed to examine candidate genes for insulin resistance in hypertension. Polymorphisms investigated were the BstO I polymorphism of the $\beta$3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) gene, the Xba I Polymorphism of the glycogen synthase (GSY) gene, the Dde I polymorphism of the protein phosphatase 1 G subuit (PP1G) gene, the BstE II polymorphism of the glucagon receptor (GCG-R) gene, the Pst 1 polymorphism of the insulin (INS) gene and the Acc I polymorphism of the glucokinase (GCK) gene. No significant differences were observed in the distribution of alleles and genotypes of the ADRB3, GSY PP1G, GCG-R, INS, and GCK genes between hypertensive and normotensive groups. Although the frequencies in each of these polymorphisms were not significantly different between essential hypertensive and normotensive individuals, our results may provide additional information for linkage analysis and associative studies of disorders in carbohydrate metabolism or in cardiovascular disease.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.153-166
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• 1999

SAENGMAEGSAN(SMS) has been used in oriental medicine for many years as a therapeutic agent for cerebral disease. The effect of SMS on the vascular system is not known. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of SMS on blood pressure, regio-nal cerebral blood flow(rCBF). 1. Blood pressure did not change by SMS in rats. 2. rCBF was increased by SMS in a dose-dependent manner. 3. Pretreatment with propranolol. methylene blue and indomethacin significantly inhibited SMS induced increase in rCBF. These results suggest that SMS causes a diverse response of blood pressure, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and pial arterial diameter. The increase in rCBF is also mediated by prostaglandins. cyclic GMP and adrenergic ${\beta}$receptor.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.86-94
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• 2002

Ligusticum Chuanxiong and its components were reviewed in terms of pharmacodynamic mechanisms. Three components of about 40 chemical components in Chuanxiong tetramethylpyrazine, ferulinolol and Butylidenephthalide have mainly been studied for its pharmacodynamic mechanisms which are focused on the increase in blood flow and anti-oxidative stress. The mechanisms for the effects of Chuanxiong on the increase in blood flow can be summarized as four ways, 1) anti-coagulation 2) blocker of ${\beta}1$ adrenergic receptor 3) cellular control of Ca++ level 4) collagen synthesis. Chuanxiong also showed the effectiveness on free radical-induced injury. It seems that its effectiveness is also related to the mechanisms for the increase in blood flow.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1982

In an attempt to delineate the role of beta-adrenoceptors found to be existing in the brain tissue in the central regulation of renal function, isoproterenol, a ${\beta}-adrenergic$ agonist, was administered directly into a lateral ventricle of the rabbit brain and the changes of renal function were observed. Also, the effects of propranolol, a specific ${\beta}-adrenergic$ blocking agent, and its influence upon the isoproterenol action were studied. Isoproterenol, in doses ranging from 5 to $50\;{\mu}g/kg\;i.c.v.$, elicited antidiuresis which seemed to be related to the decreased renal hemodynamics brought about by the systemic hypotension. With moderate doaes of $15\;{\mu}g/kg$ the antidiuresis was less prominent and there was a tendency toward natriuresis, but with higher doses the natriuretic effect became less evident, overrun by the systemic hypotension. Propranolol, $500\;{\mu}g/kg\;i.c.v.$, produced little effect on the renal function, but it eliminated the antidiuretic action of $50\;{\mu}g/kg$ isoproterenol i.c.v. and reversed it to a diuretic and natriuretic one, along with increases in renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate. The systemic hypotension also was markedly attenuated by propranolol pretreatment. Thus, it was evident that the renal action of i.c.v. isoproterenol was not blocked by propranolol and became explicit only when the hypotensive action of isoproterenol which seems to he propranolol-sensitive is removed. Various possibilities to account for this disparity in sensitivity were discussed. It is suggested from these observations that the central ${\beta}-adrenoceptors$ might also be involved in the regulation of renal function along with ${\alpha}-adrenoceptors$, though less significant than the latter.

• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.43-45
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• 2019

Intraoperative delivery of salbutamol (${\beta}_2$ agonist) through a breathing circuit may be performed in asthma patient. A 28-year-old woman with a history of asthma was diagnosed with chronic sinusitis and bilateral nasal polyps, and an endoscopic sinus surgery was performed. The patient was recommended salbutamol nebulization every 4 hours during the perioperative period because of the risk of asthma attack. At the end of the operation, when salbutamol was sprayed through the tube before extubation and the connector tip went inside the tube during injection. The patient was immediately referred to the pulmonary medicine department for bronchoscopy, where the foreign body was removed safely without any complications. When general anesthesia is performed on a patient who usually uses an inhaler for asthma, caution is required because the tip that connects the inhaler and the breathing circuit can aspirate into the endotracheal tube and enter the lungs when applying the inhaler before waking up the patient.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.153-164
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• 1988

The potential role of endogenous opioid peptides (EOPS) in cardiovascular regulation has only recently been entertained. EOPS have been localized in brain, spinal cord, autonomic ganglia, particularly the adrenal gland, and many other peripheral tissues. There are at least five major types of opioid receptors; namely ${\mu},\;{\delta},\;k,\;{\sigma},\;and\;{\varepsilon}$ and Experimental evidence indicates that cardiovascular actions of the peptide are mediated primarily by ${\mu},\;{\delta}$ and k receptors, and that these receptor types may be allosterically coupled. In anesthetized rabbits met-enkephalin decreased blood pressure and heart rate, which closely paralleled a reduction in sympathetic discharge. Naloxone, but not naloxone methobromide, antagonized these effects, which suggests a central site of action of met-enkephalin. A number of autonomic agents, particularly adrenergic ${\alpha}$-and, ${\beta}-agonists$ and antagonists modify the cardiovascular actions of met-enkephalin. Experiments in reserpine-treated and adrenalectomized rats provide no evidence of sympathetic nervous system involvement in the pressor responses to intravenous injection of opioid peptides, but rather suggest a direct peripheral action. Finally, activation of a beta-endorphinergic pathway projecting from the arcuate nucleus to the nucleus tractos solitarii in rats can cause naloxone reversible hypotension and bradycardia. There is evidence to implicate this pathway in antihypertensive drug action and in the modulation of baroreflex activity.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.28-43
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• 2012

Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of Boiogito for obesity. We examined the efficacy of Boiogito for obese patients and we expected the reaction of Boiogito would vary according to the single nucleotide polymorphism(SNPs). Methods: 111 subjects(body mass index${\geq}25m/kg^2$) were recruited and randomized to receive Boiogito(n=55) or Placebo(n=56) for 8weeks. Anthropometric factors, serum lipid profile, glucose, blood pressure(BP), pulse rate, resting metabolic rate and Korean version of obesity-related quality of life(KOQOL) scale measured at baseline and 8weeks. SNPs(${\beta}3$-adrenergic receptor(ADRB3), G protein ${\beta}3$(GNB3), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma 2 gene(PPAR-${\gamma}2$), uncoupling protein(UCP2)) were conducted at baseline. Adverse reactions and safety outcome variables were also checked during trials. Results: Both groups showed significant improvement on obesity after treatment. Boiogito group decreased triglyceride than did control group and improved KOQOL. Boiogito showed a significant higher efficacy in C/T and T/T genotype of GNB3 gene / in Trp64 and Arg64 genotype of ADRB3 gene / in D/D genotype of UCP2 gene / in Pro/Pro genotype of PPAR-${\gamma}$ gene. Conclusions: Boiogito promoted obesity indexes without severe adverse reactions and proved its safety. Pharmacogenetical studies of Boiogito on obesity could be a effective method for the individualized treatment and prevention of obesity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.171-184
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• 2024

Purpose: Although activating thermogenic adipocytes is a promising strategy to reduce the risk of obesity and related metabolic disorders, emerging evidence suggests that it is difficult to induce adipocyte thermogenesis in obesity. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the regulation of adipocyte thermogenesis in diet-induced obesity. Methods: Adipose progenitor cells were isolated from the white and brown adipose tissues of control diet (CD) or high-fat diet (HFD) fed mice, and fully differentiated white and brown adipocytes were treated with β-agonists or 18-carbon fatty acids for β-adrenergic activation or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) activation. Results: Compared to the CD-fed mice, the expression of uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) was lower in the white adipose tissue of the HFD-fed mice; however, this was not observed in the brown adipose tissue. The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparg) was lower in the brown adipose progenitor cells isolated from HFD-fed mice than in those isolated from the CD-fed mice. Norepinephrine (NE) treatment exerted lesser effect on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (Pgc1a) upregulation in white adipocytes derived from HFD-fed mice than those derived from CD-fed mice. Regardless which 18-carbon fatty acids were treated, the expression levels of thermogenic genes including Ucp1, Pgc1a, and positive regulatory domain zinc finger region protein 16 (Prdm16) were higher in the white adipocytes derived from HFD-fed mice. Oleic acid (OLA) and γ-linolenic acid (GLA) upregulated Pgc1a expression in white adipocytes derived from HFD-fed mice. Brown adipocytes derived from HFD-fed mice had higher expression levels of Pgc1a and Prdm16 compared to their counterparts. Conclusion: These results indicate that diet-induced obesity may downregulate brown adipogenesis and NE-induced thermogenesis in white adipocytes. Also, HFD feeding may induce thermogenic gene expression in white and brown primary adipocytes, and OLA and GLA could augment the expression levels.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.119-125
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• 2022

In the study, we endeavored to investigate the effect of phenylephrine, isoprenaline and prazosin on the tissue-specific vascular contractility and to determine the mechanism involved. There were few reports addressing the question whether thin or thick filament modulation is included in phenylephrine, isoprenaline and prazosin-induced regulation. We hypothesized that isoprenaline and prazosin play a role in tissue-dependent regulation of vascular contractility. Denuded arterial muscles of Sprague-Dawley male rats were suspended in organ baths and isometric tensions were transduced and recorded using isometric transducers and an automatic data acquisition system. Interestingly, sustained continuous contraction of thoracic and abdominal aorta. Furthermore, isoprenaline and prazosin together with phenylephrine inhibited transiently and persistently vasoconstriction of thoracic and abdominal aorta suggesting that additional mechanisms (e.g. decreased receptor density, chemical interaction, postreceptor signaling or distribution of agonists) might be included in the modulation of vascular contractility.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.454-474
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• 2002

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a very potent dilatator and a nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the peripheral and the central nervous systems. The mechanisms of action of VIP were examined in aortic circular and in uterine longitudinal smooth muscle strips of the rat. The effects of sympathetic neurotransmitter were investigated in gastric and aortic circular muscle strips of the mouse and the rat. The effects of silver spike point, SSP, low frequency electrical stimulations of VIP, sympathetic neurotransmitter and $\beta$-endorphin were examined in plasma, serum and 24h urine from the healthy volunteer. In gastric smooth muscle strips from the mouse, adrenergic neurotransmitter norepinephrine was inhibitory effected, followed by caused phasic and tonic contraction to the, muscrine receptor agonist carbachol and acetylcholine, respectively. In urine from the healthy volunteer, both norepinephrine and epinephrine were significantly decreased in continue type and low frequency (3 Hz) of SSP electrical stimulations. The contractile responses to S-HT in uterine longitudinal smooth muscle strips of the rats were completely decreased by a VIP 1 $\mu$M. The contractile responses to PGF2$\alpha$ were not decreased by a VIP. In plasma and serum from the healthy volunteer, both VIP and $\beta$-endorphin were significantly increased in continue type and low frequency (3 Hz) of SSP electrical stimulations. Therefore, this study demonstrate that VIP has the capacity to relax vascular or gastric smooth muscles in part by stimulating the generation of NO, and silver spike point low frequency electrical stimulation has the capacity both to decrease sympathetic neurotransmitters and to increase VIP, $\beta$-endorphin.