• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2007

This study carried out to investigate the genital tract bacterial flora of Thoroughbred mare in Jeju province during March and July, 2006. The specimens were collected from vaginal ucosa and clitorial fossa using a culture swab (BBL, USA) from 100 Thoroughbred mares. Colonies were selected blood and MacConkey agar plate, and identified as standard biochemical properties using Biolog system (Thermo, USA). In this study, 470 gram-negative strains were isolated more frequently than 249 gram-positive strains. We were Isolated Escherichia coli (19.8%), Proteus mirabillis (14.9%), Enterobacter nimipressuralis (7.4%), Enterobacter mobilis (4.7%), Aeromonas encheleia (4.3%), Pseudomonas aeroginosa (3.0%), Staphylococcus aureus (14.9%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (11.2%), Coagulasenegative Staphylococcus spp. (10.0%), Enterococcus faecalis (9.2%), Enterococcus faecium (8.0%), Actinomyces viscosus (7.2%), Micoroccus diversus(6.8%), Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis(5.2%), Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (3.2%), Other non-beta hemolytic Streptococcus spp. (2.0%) and many others from vaginal mucosa and clitorial fossa in Thoroughbred mares. No significant bacteria (Taylorella equigenitalis and Klebsiella pneumonia) were isolated from the mare genital tract. In antimicrobial agents susceptibility test, it shows a high sensibility in the antibiotics of the most which excepts the streptomycin and neomycinm, kanamycin, spectinomycin, compound sulfonamides. Especially, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. were visible a high sensibility in the all antibiotics. However, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus spp. and E. coli were showed a high antibiotic resistance patterns. These results may provide the basic information to establish strategies for the treatment and prevention of reproductive disease in Thoroughbred mares in Korea.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.117-131
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• 1999

Yangkyuksanhoa-tang is frequently used for cerebrovascular accident(CVA). The present study was performed to investigate the effect of Yangkyuksanhoa-tang on the peri vascular immunoreactive nerve fiber of the basilar artery after experimentally induced subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH). Sprague Dawley rats weighing between 350-400g were used. The SAH induced by injection of the fresh autologus heart blood(0.3-0.4ml) into the cisterna magna through the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane. Sample group was given a $3.3m{\ell}/kg/day$ of Yangkyuksanhoa-tang extracts for 2 days after SAH. The experimental animals divided into 48hrs after SAH. The changes of perivascular immunoreactive nerve fiber was examined by using indirect immunofluorescence method. The meshlike perivascular nerve fiber appeared in the basilar artery of normal rats. In basilar artery of SAH elicitated rat, the distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactivity(IR) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide(VIP)-IR of the perivascular nerve fiber were remarkably diminished, also dopamine beta hydroxylase(DBH)-IR, neuropeptide Y(NPY)-IR and serotonin-IR were diminished. In SAH elicitated rat with Yangkyuksanhoa-tang treatment, the CGRP-IR and VIP-IR degree were repaired as well as normal rat's, but DBH-IR, NPY-IR and serotonin-IR had no changes. These results provide the basic data to investigate the effect of Yangkyuksanhoa-tang on the vasospasm after SAH.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.205-214
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• 2012

This study examined intakes of nutrients, carotenoids and polyphenols according to lens turbidity levels among adults visiting a cataract clinic. A total of 102 males and females aged 40 years or higher agreed to participate in the study, and a face-to-face survey interview was conducted to obtain information on general characteristics, health behaviors, and dietary intakes of each participant. The dietary data were collected by a food frequency questionnaire which was previously validated in a Korean population. In addition to essential nutrients, intakes of a total of 10 carotenoids and polyphenols were calculated based on the tables of food functional composition developed by National Academy of Agricultural Science. The subjects were divided into 3 groups according to turbidity levels (< 16, ${\geq}16$ and < 25, ${\leq}25$), and health behaviors and dietary intakes were compared among the turbidity groups. Data showed seemingly higher energy intake and lower dietary antioxidant (i.e., vitamin A, ${\beta}$-carotene, lutein, zeazanthin, lycopene, cryptozanthin) intakes in the highest turbidity group. However, no statistically significant findings were found in all the comparative analysis on characteristics of health behavior and intakes of nutrients, carotenoids and polyphenols. The current study findings should be cautiously interpreted in consideration of several limitations including a cross-sectional study design, a small sample size, uneven sample size distribution across turbidity groups, and limited generalizability due to using a convenience sample. Therefore we cannot conclude that the risk of cataract is unrelated with dietary antioxidant intakes based solely on the results of this study.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.691-696
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• 2004

The electronic state and chemical bonding of $\beta$-MnO$_2$ with transition metal dopants were theoretically investigated by DV-X$_{\alpha}$ (the discrete variational X$_{\alpha}$) method, which is a sort of the first principles molecular orbital method using the Hartree-Fock-Slater approximation. The calculations were performed with a $_Mn_{14}$ MO$_{56}$ )$^{-52}$ (M = transition metals) cluster model. The electron energy level, the density of states (DOS), the overlap population, the charge density distribution, and the net charges, were calculated. The energy level diagram of MnO$_2$ shows the different band structure and electron occupancy between the up spin states and down spin states. The dopant levels decrease between the conduction band and the valence band with the increase of the atomic number of dopants. The covalency of chemical bonding was shown to increase and ionicity decreased in increasing the atomic number of dopants. Calculated results were discussed on the basis of the interaction between transition metal 3d and oxygen 2p orbital. In conclusion it is expected that when the transition metals are added to MnO$_2$ the band gap decreases and the electronic conductivity increases with the increase of the atomic number of dopants. the atomic number of dopants.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.230-235
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• 2020

The global evolution of antibiotic resistance has threatened the efficacy of available treatment options with ravaging impacts observed in developing countries. As a result, investigations into the prevalence of antibiotic resistance and the role of plasmids are crucial. In this study, we investigated the presence and distribution of bla_TEM and gyrA genes, plasmid profiles, and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella strains isolated from raw meat and stool sources across Niger State, Nigeria. Ninety-eight samples, comprising 72 raw meat and 26 stool samples, were screened for Salmonella spp. The antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolates to 10 commonly used antimicrobial agents was determined using the KirbyBauer disc diffusion method. Isolates were further analyzed for plasmids, in addition to PCR amplification of beta-lactamase (bla_TEM) and gyrA genes. A total of 31 Salmonella spp. were isolated, with 22 from raw meat (70.97%) and 9 from stool (29.03%). Salmonella spp. with multiple resistance patterns to ceftazidime, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, erythromycin, ampicillin, cloxacillin, and gentamicin were detected. Ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were found to be the most effective among the antibiotics tested, with 67.7% and 93.5% susceptible isolates, respectively. Nine (29.03%) isolates harbored plasmids with molecular sizes ranging between 6557 bp and 23137 bp. PCR amplification of gyrA was detected in 1 (3.23%) of the 31 isolates while 28 isolates (90.32%) were positive for bla_TEM. This study shows the incidence of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella isolates and the possible role of plasmids; it also highlights the prevalence of ampicillin resistance in this local population.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.10C no.4
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• pp.423-432
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• 2003

It is essential suity management and standardized asset analysis for telecommunication networks, however existing risk analysis methods and tools are not enough to give shape of the method to evaluate value and asset. they only support asset classification schemes. Moreover, since the existing asset classification schemes are to evaluate comprehensive general risk, they are not appropriate for being applied telecommunication networks and they can´t offer any solutions to an evaluator´s subjectivity problem. In this paper, to solve these problems, we introduce the standardized definition of asset evaluation model new asset classification scheme, two-dimensional asset process classification scheme to consider business process and asset, various evaluation standards for quantitative value and qualitative evaluation. To settle an valuator´s subjectivity problem, we proposed $\beta$-distribution Delphi method.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.251-267
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• 2015

The Indian Buffet Process is a stochastic process on equivalence classes of binary matrices having finite rows and infinite columns. The Indian Buffet Process can be imposed as the prior distribution on the binary matrix in an infinite feature model. We describe the derivation of the Indian buffet process from a finite feature model, and briefly explain the relation between the Indian buffet process and the beta process. Using a Gaussian linear model, we describe three algorithms: Gibbs sampling algorithm, Stick-breaking algorithm and variational method, with application for finding features in image data. We also illustrate the use of the Indian Buffet Process in various type of analysis such as dyadic data analysis, network data analysis and independent component analysis.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.149-157
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• 2017

The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) is a potential stroke treatment candidate. Intranasal delivery is a novel method thereby a therapeutic protein can be penetrated into the brain parenchyma by bypassing the blood-brain barrier. Thus, this study tested whether intranasal IL-1RA can provide neuroprotection and brain penetration in transient cerebral ischemia. In male Sprague-Dawley rats, focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 1 h. The rats simultaneously received 50 mg/kg human IL-1RA through the intranasal (IN group) or intraperitoneal route (IP group). The other rats were given 0.5 mL/kg normal saline (EC group). Neurobehavioral function, infarct size, and the concentration of the administered human IL-1RA in the brain tissue were assessed. In addition, the cellular distribution of intranasal IL-1RA in the brain and its effect on proinflammatory cytokines expression were evaluated. Intranasal IL-1RA improved neurological deficit and reduced infarct size until 7 days after MCAO (p<0.05). The concentrations of the human IL-1RA in the brain tissue 24 h after MCAO were significantly greater in the IN group than in the IP group (p<0.05). The human IL-1RA was confirmed to be co-localized with neuron and microglia. Furthermore, the IN group had lower expression of $interleukin-1{\beta}$ and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ at 6 h after MCAO than the EC group (p<0.05). These results suggest that intranasal IL-1RA can reach the brain parenchyma more efficiently and provide superior neuroprotection in the transient focal cerebral ischemia.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.934-940
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• 1998

Kochujang, fermented hot pepper soybean paste, was prepared by traditional method, and irradiated with gamma ray of $^{60}Co{\;}up{\;}to{\;}15{\pm}1.5{\;}kGy$ for confirming main factor of kochujang fermentation. Nonirradiated (control) and irradiated samples kochujang were fermented at $25^{\circ}C$ and analyzed biochemical properties including enzyme activities and viable cell count during fermentation for 60 days. The total viable count in irradiated kochujang decreased to $10^4{\;}CFU/g$ which was $10^8{\;}CFU/g$ in the control. Because of a little changing enzyme activities of ${\alpha}{\cdot}{\beta}{\;}amylase$ and acid neutral protease by irradiation at the above level, amino type nitrogen which is the main quality reference of kochujang was comparable to the control. By irradiation, gas production was completely stopped which is one of biggest problems during distribution of kochujang. Total volume of gas produced at $25^{\circ}C$ from the control kochujang was 453 mL/100 g which was composed of over 90% of $CO_2$. The odor of irradiated kochujang was inferior to the control which seemed to be related to reduced microbial populations.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.379-386
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• 1994

Reactions of 1',2-bis(diphenylphosphino)-l-(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)ferrocene (FcNPP) with $M(CO)_6$ (M=Cr, Mo, W) in the presence of TMNO (Trimethylamine oxide) in a stoichiometric ratio of 1 : 1.5 : 3.5 produced a series of Gp 6 metal carbonyl derivatives with a variety of coordination modes: M(CO)$_4({\eta}^2$-FcNPP-P,P) (M=Cr, Mo, W), $M(CO)_5({\eta}^1-FcNPP-P) (M=Mo, W)\;,\; M_2(CO)_9({\eta}^1\;,\;{\eta}^2-FcNPP-P,P,N) (M=Cr, Mo)\;,\;M_2(CO)_{10}({\eta}^1\;,\;{\eta}^1-FcNPP-P,P) (M=Cr, Mo, W)\;, and\;W(CO)_4({\eta}^2-FcNPP(O)-P,N)$. All these complexes were characterized by microanalytical and spectroscopic techniques. In one case, the structure of W(CO)$_4({\eta}^2$-FcNPP(O)-P,N) was determined by X-ray crystallography. Crystals are monocinic, space group P$2_{1/C}$, with a=10.147(2), b=19.902(3), c=19.821(4) ${\AA},\;{\beta}=96.88(2)^{\circ},\;V=3974(l){\AA}^3$, Z=4, and $D_{calc}=1.64 g cm^{-3}$. The geometry around the central tungsten metal is a distorted octahedron, with the nitrogen and phosphorus atoms being cis to each other. Some of these complexes exhibited catalytic activities in the allylic oxidation and epoxidation of cholesterly acetate. Other oxidation products were also formed with the different chemical yields and product distribution depending upon the ligand and the central metal.