• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.395-400
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• 2012

In this study, we have investigated the surface morphology of hydroxyapatite (HA) coated Ti alloy surface using pulsed laser plating. The HA (tooth ash) films were grown by pulsed KrF excimer laser, film surfaces were analyzed for topology, chemical composition, crystal structure and electrochemical behavior. The Ti-6Al-4V alloy showed ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ phase, Cp-Ti showed ${\alpha}$ phase and the HA coated surface showed HA and Ti alloy peaks. The HA coating layer was formed with $1-2{\mu}m$ droplets and grain-like particles, particles which were smaller than the HA target particle, and the composition of the HA coatings were composed of Ca and P. From the electrochemical test, the pitting potential (1580 mV) of HA coated Ti-6Al-4V alloy was higher than those of Cp-Ti (1060 mV) and HA coated Cp-Ti (1350 mV). The HA coated samples showed a lower current density than non-HA coated samples, whereas, the polarization resistance of HA coated samples showed a high value compared to non-HA coated samples.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.138-144
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• 2016

티타늄은 표면에 형성되는 보호성 부동태 피막 때문에 일반부식과 해수에서 내식성이 강하지만 염산, 황산, 인산 등의 산에서는 보호성 산화물 피막이 파괴된다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 Ti에 Al 및 V등을 첨가한 ${\alpha}+{\beta}$계에 대하여 $1066^{\circ}C$와 $966^{\circ}C$에서 5시간 용체화 열처리를 실시하고, 이 시편을 $550^{\circ}C$, $600^{\circ}C$, 및 $650^{\circ}C$에서 각각 1시간, 4시간, 8시간 및 16시간 시효열처리한 후 마이크로비커스 경도를 측정하고, 이 시편을 1N $H_2SO_4$ 용액에서 전기화학적 분극법으로 부식을 계측하였으며, 분극을 마친 시편의 표면을 현미경 조직사진으로 부식상태를 검토하였다. 시험 결과 용체화열처리한 시편이 모재와 시효열처리한 시편보다 높은 내식성을 나타내며. 용체화 온도가 높고 시간이 길어질수록 내식성은 증가하였다.

• Biomaterials and Biomechanics in Bioengineering
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.117-130
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• 2014

This paper presents a study on the influence of different thermo-mechanical processing (TMP) parameters on some required properties such as micro-hardness and Young's modulus of a novel near ${\beta}$ alloy Ti-20.6Nb-13.6Zr-0.5V (TNZV). The TMP scheme comprises of hot working above and below ${\beta}$ phase, solutionizing treatment above and below ${\beta}$ phase coupled with different cooling rates. Factorial design of experiment is used to systematically collect data for micro-hardness and Young's modulus. Validity of assumptions related to the collected data is checked through several diagnostic tests. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to determine the significance of the main and interaction effects. Finally, optimization of the TMP process parameters is also done to achieve optimum values of the micro-hardness and Young's modulus.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.263-269
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• 2019

The mechanism of microstructure and hardness changes during mill annealing of Ti-6Al-4V alloy was investigated. The annealing heat treatments were performed at $675{\sim}795^{\circ}C$ in vacuum for 2 hours, followed by air cooling. The microstructure was observed by using an optical microscope and X-ray diffraction, and hardness was measured by using a Rockwell hardness tester and micro Vickers hardness tester. The average grain size becomes smaller at $675^{\circ}C$ to $735^{\circ}C$ due to the formation of new grains rather than grain growth, but becomes larger at $735^{\circ}C$ to $795^{\circ}C$ due to growth of the already-formed grains rather than formation of new grains. The mill annealing temperature becomes higher, the ${\beta}$ phase fraction decreases and ${\alpha}$ phase fraction increases at room temperature. This is because the higher annealing temperature, the smaller amount of V present in the ${\beta}$ phase, and thus the ${\beta}$ to ${\alpha}$ transformation occurs more easily when cooled to room temperature. As the mill annealing temperature increases, the hardness value tends to decrease, mainly due to resolution of defects such as dislocations from $675^{\circ}C$ to $735^{\circ}C$ and due to grain growth from $735^{\circ}C$ to $795^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.161-168
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• 2009

Effects of TiN/Ti multilayer coating on the Ti-30Ta-xZr alloy surface were studied by using various experiments. The Ti-30Ta containing Zr (5, 10 and 15 wt%) were melted 10 times to improve chemical homogeneity by using a vacuum furnace. And then samples were homogenized for 24 hrs at $1000^{\circ}C$. The specimens were prepared for TiN/Ti coating by cutting and polishing. The prepared specimens were coated with TiN/Ti multilayers by using DC magnetron sputtering method. The analyses of coated surface and coated layer were carried out by field emission scanning electron microscope(FE-SEM), EDX, and X-ray diffractometer(XRD). From the microstructure and XRD analysis of Ti-30Ta-xZr alloys, The equiaxed structure was changed to needle-like structure with increasing Zr content. And $\alpha$-peak and elastic modulus increased as Zr content increased. The $\alpha$ and $\beta$ phase predominantly were found in the specimen containing high Zr content. According to the analysis of TiN/Ti coating layer, the surface defects and structures of Ti-30Ta-xZr were covered with TiN/Ti coating layer and surface roughness decreased.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.340-345
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• 2018

Additive manufacturing by electron beam melting is an affordable process for fabricating near net shaped parts of titanium and its alloys. 3D additive-manufactured parts have various kinds of voids, lack of fusion, etc., and they may affect crack initiation and propagation. Post process is necessary to eliminate or minimize these defects. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is the main method, which is expensive. The objective of this paper is to achieve an optimum and simple post heat treatment process without the HIP process. Various post heat treatments are conducted for the 3D-printed Ti-6Al-4V specimen below and above the beta transus temperature ($996^{\circ}C$). The as-fabricated EBM Ti-6Al-4V alloy has an ${\alpha}^{\prime}$-martensite structure and transforms into the ${\alpha}+{\beta}$ duplex phase during the post heat treatment. The fatigue strength of the as-fabricated specimen is 400 MPa. The post heat treatment at $1000^{\circ}C/30min/AC$ increases the fatigue strength to 420 MPa. By post heat treatment, the interior pore size and the pore volume fraction are reduced and this can increase the fatigue limit.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.394-408
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• 2002

Nanostructured high strength metastable Al-, Mg- and Ti-based alloys containing different amorphous, quasicrystalline and nanocrystalline phases are synthesized by non-equilibrium processing techniques. Such alloys can be prepared by quenching from the melt or by powder metallurgy techniques. This paper focuses on one hand on mechanically alloyed and ball milled powders containing different volume fractions of amorphous or nano-(quasi)crystalline phases, consolidated bulk specimens and, on the other hand. on cast specimens containing different constituent phases with different length-scale. As one example. $Mg_{55}Y_{15}Cu_{30}$- based metallic glass matrix composites are produced by mechanical alloying of elemental powder mixtures containing up to 30 vol.% $Y_2O_3$ particles. The comparison with the particle-free metallic glass reveals that the nanosized second phase oxide particles do not significantly affect the glass-forming ability upon mechanical alloying despite some limited particle dissolution. A supercooled liquid region with an extension of about 50 K can be maintained in the presence of the oxides. The distinct viscosity decrease in the supercooled liquid regime allows to consolidate the powders into bulk samples by uniaxial hot pressing. The $Y_2O_3$ additions increase the mechanical strength of the composites compared to the $Mg_{55}Y_{15}Cu_{30}$ metallic glass. The second example deals with Al-Mn-Ce and Al-Cu-Fe composites with quasicrystalline particles as reinforcements, which are prepared by quenching from the melt and by powder metallurgy. $Al_{98-x}Mn_xCe_2$ (x =5,6,7) melt-spun ribbons containing a major quasicrystalline phase coexisting with an Al-matrix on a nanometer scale are pulverized by ball milling. The powders are consolidated by hot extrusion. Grain growth during consolidation causes the formation of a micrometer-scale microstructure. Mechanical alloying of $Al_{63}Cu_{25}Fe_{12}$ leads to single-phase quasicrystalline powders. which are blended with different volume fractions of pure Al-powder and hot extruded forming $Al_{100-x}$$(Al_{0.63}Cu_{0.25}Fe_{0.12})_x$ (x = 40,50,60,80) micrometer-scale composites. Compression test data reveal a high yield strength of ${\sigma}_y{\geq}$700 MPa and a ductility of ${\varepsilon}_{pl}{\geq}$5% for than the Al-Mn-Ce bulk samples. The strength level of the Al-Cu-Fe alloys is ${\sigma}_y{\leq}$550 MPa significantly lower. By the addition of different amounts of aluminum, the mechanical properties can be tuned to a wide range. Finally, a bulk metallic glass-forming Ti-Cu-Ni-Sn alloy with in situ formed composite microstructure prepared by both centrifugal and injection casting presents more than 6% plastic strain under compressive stress at room temperature. The in situ formed composite contains dendritic hcp Ti solid solution precipitates and a few $Ti_3Sn,\;{\beta}$-(Cu, Sn) grains dispersed in a glassy matrix. The composite micro- structure can avoid the development of the highly localized shear bands typical for the room temperature defor-mation of monolithic glasses. Instead, widely developed shear bands with evident protuberance are observed. resulting in significant yielding and homogeneous plastic deformation over the entire sample.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.76-82
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• 2019

This study aims to find the shapes of an end-mill with low cutting temperature during the end-mill process of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Such ${\alpha}-{\beta}$ titanium alloys are increasingly more used for their high tensile strength and high corrosion resistance. The cutting characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V alloy were studied using an analytical method validated by comparing the estimated cutting resistance with that from experiments. The end-mill shape was analyzed using an experimental method. The end-mill shape with low cutting resistance and low cutting temperature was confirmed by analyzing the signal-to-noise ratios for various conditions. Then, the factors with significance factor of 95% or more were determined in the variance analysis. Finally, an end-mill shape that can ensure a low cutting temperature was proposed.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.126-130
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• 2016

Ti-합금은 낮은 밀도, 낮은 탄성계수, 우수한 고온강도, 내산화성 및 인체적합성으로 자동차와 항공산업 및 바이오 산업에서 구조용 재료로 널리 연구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 Ti-합금 중 대표적인 조성인 Ti-64(6 wt% Al, 4 wt% V) 합금에 대한 결정학적 특성과 미세조직에 대해서 알아보고자 하였다. XRD 분석을 통하여 Ti-64 샘플의 주요 결정상을 분석하였고, FE-SEM 및 EDX 분석을 통하여 Ti-64 합금 샘플의 미세구조를 화학조성의 차이에 의해 고찰하였다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.619-627
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• 2004

Statement of problem. Mechanisms of tissue-implant interaction and the effect of the implant surface on the behavior of cells has not yet been clarified. Purpose. This study was performed to investigate the tissue reaction to the titanium alloy submerged into rat peritoneum in vivo. Materials and methods. Titanium alloys (titanium-13Zirconium-6Niobium) were inserted inside the peritoneal cavity of Sprague Dawley rats. After 3 months, the tissue formed around the inserted titanium alloys were examined with a light-microscope. Tissue reaction around the material was analyzed by confocal microscopy to evaluate their biocompatibility in a living body. Results. In in vivo study, foreign body type multinucleated giant cells were found in the fibrous tissue formed as a reaction to the foreign material (4 in 20 cases), but the inflammatory reaction was very weak. After experiment, the contaminants of biomaterials was removed from living tissue. In confocal microscopy, we observed that the staining of vinculin and actin showed mixed appearance. In a few cases, we found that the staining of vinculin and beta-catenin showed the prominent appearance. Conclusion. We found that titanium-13Zirconium-6Niobium alloy was an excellent biomaterial.