• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.35-46
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• 2002

Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer has been one of the most highly recognized medicinal herbs in the Orient. Previous experiments have demonstrated that $Rg_3,\;and\;Rg_5$ statistically significantly decreased the incidence of benzo(a)pyrene-induced mouse lung tumor, $Rh_2$ showed tendency of decrease and $Rh_1$ showed no effect. It was, therefore, concluded that $Rg_3,\;Rg_5\;and\;Rh_2$ are active cancer chemopreventive components in red ginseng and they either singularly or synergistically act in the prevention of cancer. This study was undertaken to compare the cancer chemopreventive effects of $Rg_3,\;Rg_5\;and\;Rh_2$(purity: more than $60\%$) isolated from fermented ginseng extract and BST fermented ginseng with fortified ginsenoside $Rg_3\;and\;Rh_2$. The cancer chemopreventive effects were investigated in experimental groups treated with benzo(a)pyrene(BP) with ginsenoside $Rg_3,\;Rg_5\;Rh_2\;or\;BST$ at three doses of $50^{\circ}C/ml,\;100^{\circ}C/ml\;and\;200^{\circ}C/ml$ When mice given with $50^{\circ}C/ml$ concentration of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ combined with BP for 6 weeks after BP administration, $Rg_3\;showed\;60\%$ of lung tumor incidence, where as $100^{\circ}C/ml\;and\;200^{\circ}C/ml\;of\;Rg_3$ combined with BP groups had significant decrease of incidence $(40.0\%)$ respectively, with the inhibition rate being $35.5\%.$ While the tumor incidence was not decreased in the group treated with BP and 50 of $Rg_5,$ the incidence was $34.0\%\;and\;32.0\%$ in the group treated with BP and 100 and 200 of $Rg_5$, respectively. These incidences were significantly less than the group treated with BP alone, with the inhibition rate being $45.2\%\;and\;48.4\%,$ respectively. On the other hand, in the group treated with BP and 50 of ginsenoside $Rh_2,$ the tumor incidence was not decreased. However, the incidence was $40.0\%\;and\;38.8\%$ in the experimental treated with BP and 100 and 200 of $Rh_2,$ respectively, with the inhibition rate being $45.2\%\;and\;48.4\%,$ respectively. In addition, the incidence showed the tendency to decrease in the experimental group treated with BP and 50 of BST which contained $16.2\%\;of\;Rh_2,\;15.4\%\;of\;Rg_3\;and\;2.5%\;of\;Rg_5.$ The tumor incidence was $54.0\%$ in this group. In the group treated with 100 and 200 of EST, the incidence was $34.0\%\;and\;30.0\%,$ respectively, the incidences significantly being lower than the group treated with BP alone, with the inhibiting rate being $45.2\%\;and\;51.6\%,$ respectively. The results of this study strongly suggested that ginsenoside $Rg_3,\;Rg_5\;and\;Rh_2$ are the active components of red ginseng having a cancer chemopreventive activity and $Rg_5$ is the strongest cancer chempopreventive among them. On the other hand, the results demonstrating that the incidence of lung tumor was more markedly reduced by BST fermented ginseng with fortified ginsenoside $Rh_2\;or\;Rg_3$ compared to the single component alone, suggest that the combination of these components may remarkablely improve the cancer preventive effect

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.107-111
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• 2001

Fresh Panax gineng C.A. cultivated in Korea(Korean red ginseng) was found to be ineffective as anticarcinogenic or cancer preventive in experimental animal model or in human case-control and cohort study. However, when treated with heat, the fresh ginseng, white ginseng were highly effective cancer preventives. Four compounds including 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh$_1$(Rh$_1$), 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh$_2$(Rh$_2$), 20(S)0-siwenoside Rg$_3$(Rg$_3$) and sinsenoside Rg$\sub$5/ were consequently purified from Korean red ginseng, and they were tested by Yun\`s 9 week medium-term anticarcinogenicity test model. Rg$_3$ and Rg$\sub$5/ statistically significantlydecreased the incidence of benzo(a)pyrene-induced mouse lung tumor, Rh$_2$showed tendency of decrease, and Rh1 showed no effect. It is, therefore, concluded that Rg$_3$ and Rg$\sub$5/ are active anticarcinogenic components in res ginseng and they either singularly or synergistically act in the prevention of cancer.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.703-710
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• 2014

The following is the study result of herbal tea roasted at different temperatures between $80{\sim}140^{\circ}C$. Depending on treatment temperature the water content decreased, some carbonization occurred and crude ash content relatively increased. Also crude protein and crude fat decreased little. Solid elution rate of herbal tea showed 0.15~0.32%(w/w) and the rate of solid elution decreased with higher roasting temperature. There was no big change in $80{\sim}110^{\circ}C$ treatment section but the solid elution decreased rapidly in $110{\sim}140^{\circ}C$ section. The reason for decreasing solid elution rate at higher treatment temperature is because the compact inner tissue makes elution difficult. Benzopyrene content (0.29~0.51ppb) showed a tendency to increase with higher treating temperature. From this result, the $B({\alpha})P$ content differed depending on the treatment temperature and raw materials. In case of roasting, the actual inside temperature is around $200^{\circ}C$ but since the surface temperature of the roaster reaches around $2000^{\circ}C$ some portion of $B({\alpha})P$ content was presumed to be produced from the area that came in contact with this surface. When the processing which is a main component of food carbohydrate, protein, fat reason despite serve heat treatment as a whole is to be detected even though the $B({\alpha})P$ in this way is considered to be.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.203-208
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• 1998

The study was carried out to screen mutagenicity of smoking materials for the determination of optimum smoking temperature for meat products. Wood materials employed for smoking were oak and apple trees. Temperatures of the generator for manufacturing of smoke flavoring were set to 250$^{\circ}C$, 400$^{\circ}C$ and 500$^{\circ}C$, respectively. Mutagenic activities of smoke flavoring were assayed according to Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA 100. In oak wood smoke flavoring, Salmonella typhimurium TA98 without S-9 mix showed strong mutagenic activities at the concentration of 6$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(250$^{\circ}C$), 4$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(400$^{circ}C$) and 6$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(500$^{\circ}C$). Salmonella typhimurium TA100 with S-9 mix showed strong mutagenic activities at the concentration of 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(250$^{\circ}C$), 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(400$^{\circ}C$) and 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(500$^{\circ}C$). Salmonella typhimurium TA98 with S-9 mix showed strong mutagenic activities at the concentration of 30$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(250$^{\circ}C$), 40$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(400$^{\circ}C$) and 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(500$^{\circ}C$). Salmonella typhimurium TA100 with S-9 mix showed strong mutagenic activities at the concentration of 30$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(250$^{\circ}C$), 50$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(400$^{\circ}C$) and 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(500$^{\circ}C$). Salmonella typhimurium TA100 without S-9 mix showed strong mutagenic activities at the concentration of 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(250$^{\circ}C$), 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(400$^{\circ}C$) and 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(500$^{\circ}C$). Salmonella typhimurium TA98 with S-9 mix showed strong mutagenic activities at the concentration of 30$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(250$^{\circ}C$), 40$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(400$^{\circ}C$) and30$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(500$^{\circ}C$). Salmonella typhimurium TA100 with S-9 mix showed strong mutagenic activities at the concentrations 30$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(500$^{\circ}C$). Salmonella typhimurium TA100 with S-9 mix showed strong mutagenic activities at the concentration of 30$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(250$^{\circ}C$), 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(400$^{\circ}C$) and 30$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(500$^{\circ}C$). From these results, it could be concluded that optimum smoking temperature for meat products should be set below 400$^{\circ}C$, that the compounds like benzo[a]pyrene etc. contain a variety of mutagenic potentials, which could be generated at the higher smoking temperature.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.228-234
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to predict environmental distribution of anthracene, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene, 1-methylphenanthrene and phenanthrene in a four phase biopile system - air, water, soil and non aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) phase using level I fugacity model. Soil samples used for this study were collected from three sites in the United Kingdom which were historically contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. The level I fugacities (f) for the five contaminants were markedly different, however, the fugacities of each contaminant in three soil samples did not show significant difference. NAPL and soil were the dominant phases for all five contaminants. Results of this study indicated that difference in percentage of organic carbon strongly influenced the partitioning behavior of the cntaminants. The presence of benzene calls for an urgent need for risk-based management of air and water phase. Whereas insignificant amount of chemicals leached in the water phase for other organic contaminants showing greatly reduced potential of groundwater contamination. Furthermore, this study helped us to confirm the association of risk critical contaminants with the residual saturation in treated soils. They also can be used to emphasize the importance of accounting for the partitioning behavior of both NAPL and soil phases in the process of the risk assessment of the sites contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.21 no.1 s.52
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• pp.45-56
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate seasonal distributions of fine particles ($PM_{2.5}$) and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at three cities. $PM_{2.5}$ samples were collected on glass fiber filters at urban (Chuncheon), metropolitan (Seoul), and industrial complex sites (Ulsan) from September, 2002 to February, 2004 using the Andersen FH 95 Particulate Sampler. About five 24-hour samples were collected from each site per season. The filters were analyzed for mass and six selected PAHs concentrations. $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were the highest either in winter or spring, which could be attributed to the increase of fossil fuel combustion in winter or the transport of yellow sand to the Korean peninsula from China in spring, respectively. Regional $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were higher in the order of Seoul>Chuncheon>Ulsan without statistical difference among cities. The filters were extracted using dichloromethane in an ultrasonicator and analyzed for six PAHs (anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, and benzo[a]pyrene) with HPLC. Total PAHs concentrations were statistically different among seasons in each site, and the highest concentrations were observed in winter at each sampling site. For total samples collected, the median total PAHs concentrations in Chuncheon ($4.6ng/m^3$) and Seoul ($4.4ng/m^3$) were approximately two times higher than that in Ulsan ($2.1ng/m^3$). Chrysene was a component found in the highest proportion among total PAHs at each site. Carcinogenic risks calculated based on the BaP toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) over the whole sampling period were higher in the order of Chuncheon>Seoul>Ulsan. This study suggests that the atmosphere of Chuncheon is contaminated with particulate matter and PAHs at the levels equivalent to those of Seoul and that an appropriate measure needs to be taken to mitigate human health risks from inhalation exposure to airborne fine particles.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2009

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH) contents were evaluated in sesame oils from sesame seeds of different origins and in commercial samples using HPLC with fluorescence detection. The sesame seeds, which had been harvested from India, China, and Korea, were roasted at $250^{\circ}C$ for 25 min, and the commercial sesame oils were purchased from a local market. The recoveries for eight PAHs spiked into the sesame oils ranged from 80.2 to 99.2%. The mean levels of total PAHs in the sesame oils harvested from China, Korea, and India were 3.97, 1.57, and 1.20 ${\mu}g$/kg, respectively. The PAH contents in the commercial sesame oils ranged from 0.79 to 2.15 ${\mu}g$/kg.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1843-1856
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• 2018

Tea is one of the most frequently consumed drinks due to its favourite taste and the health benefit. Tea is produced by several processes and drying is very important step to develop the flavour and destroys the enzymes in tea. However, during drying tea, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons some of which are carcinogen and genotoxin are naturally produced. The risk of PAHs by drinking tea was characterized by determining contents of 4 PAHs in tea. 4 PAHs including Benz(a)anthracene (BaA), Chrysene (CHR), Benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF) and Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) were investigated by GC-MS in total 468 tea products, which were contaminated up to $4.63ng\;g^{-1}$. Mate tea was the most highly contaminated by BaA, CHR, BbF and BaP and followed by Solomon's seal and Chrysanthemum. The Margin of Exposures calculated by the concentration of BaA, CHR, BbF and BaP and consumption amount of tea were higher than 10,000, and the risk of PAHs in tea were low concern to public health.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.43-62
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of different sampling methods on the measured concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) both in the vapor and particulate phases, and to evaluate the effects of ambient temperature and sampling duration on the losses of PAH associated with particle samples due to volatilization. The experimental protocol of this study is consisted of two parts. The first part is related to the comparison of PAH concentrations measured by 4 different sampling systems, each of which involves different sampling principles for comparison purposes, including a medium-volume sampler with XAD-2 adsorbent, a high-volume sampler with polyurethane foam (PUF), two identical low-volume samplers: one with XAD-2 and the other with PUF, respectively. The second part of this study is to quantitatively estimate the losses of particulate PAH samples by volatilization during sampling, using two identical low-volume samplers: one was used for changing the filters every 3 hrs, 6 hrs, 12 hrs, and 24 hrs sampling, while the other was maintained for continuous 48 hours sampling without changing the filter. The concentrations of volatile PAH including 2-3 rings appeared to be significantly affected by the type of adsorbent. Measured levels of these lower-molecular weight PAH by XAD-2 adsorbent were much higher than those by PUF for both high-volume and low-volume sampling. PUF was found to give rise to unknown components that interfered with the PAH analysis, even after extensive clean-up. In addition, the retention efficiency of PUF for lower molecular weight PAH was subject to a large variation, being significantly influenced by sampling conditions such as ambient temperature. However, the effect of sampling methods with different adsorbents on the measured levels of semi-volatile compounds including 4 rings PAH such as fluoranthene, pyrene, BaA and chrysene, was not so much significant as more volatile PAH compounds. It was also clear from this study that volatilization losses of the semi-volatile PAH collected on the filters were inevitably occurred during prolonged sampling, and hence the results obtained from conventional sampling methods may not be expected to yield an accurate distribution of PAH between the vapor and particulate phases.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.159-159
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• 2003

Comet assay is a potential monitoring tool because DNA strand breakage may be produced by a wide range of agents. The comet assay, also called the single-cell gell electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, is rapid and sensitive method for the detection of DNA damage in cells. This study was performed for the identification of DNA damage in the cells from flounders and clams exposed to PAHs. As a control experiments, flounder and clam cells were exposed to $H_2O$$_2$. The cells exposed to $H_2O$$_2$ were displayed a typical nuclei movement DNA damage of cells were significantly increased when the isolated cells from the blood of flounders and the tissue of clams were in vitro exposed to the different concentrations (5, 10, 50, 100 ppb) of five kinds of PAHs (benzo[a]pyrene, pyrene, fluoranthene, anthrancene, and phenanthrene). For the in vivo test, flounders and clams were exposed to the different concentrations of BaP for 4 days. The results showed that DNA strand breakage was effected by the concentration of BaP and the duration of exposure. In high concentration of BaP, the mean tail lengths of nuclei was longer than it In low concentration, while the mean size of head DNA decreased. In this research, both in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity of PAHs could be biomonitored by the comet assay. Especially, clams and flounders seem to be useful as materials for monitoring genotoxic damage by comet assay.