• 약학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.18-29
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• 1993

This study was initiated to investigate the effective action and mechanism of GE-132 (Carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide)on benzo(a)pyrene, which have strong carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. To confirm desmutagenic effect (inhibition of metabolic processes of benzo(a)pyrene with S9 Mix or inactivation of the mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene metabolites) and antimutagenic effect (inhibition of gene-expression of reverted genes) of GE-132 against benzo(a)pyrene using with Salmonella typhimuyium TA98 Ames test was performed. The revertants in desmutagenicity test were decreased significantly in the combined groups of benzo(a)pyrene and GE-132 than benzo(a)pyrene only, without inhibition the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by S9 Mix. The ideal combined groups of benzo(a)pyrene and GE-132 were 10 $\mu{M}$ and 10mg, 20 $\mu{M}$ and 20mg, 100 $\mu{M}$ and 30 mg, respectively. Then, the revertants in antimutagenicity test, which was studied the direct action of GE-132 on the induction of revertant cells by Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and activated benzo(a)pyrene were decreased significantly in the treated groups of GE-132 than no treated groups. The number of revertants of Salmonella typhimurium TA98 were reduced with increasing amounts of GE-132. From the above results, it was found that GE-132 inactivated the mutagenic metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene without inhibition of the enzyme action in the S9 Mix, and GE132 showed antimutagenic effect which have inhibitory action of reverted gene expression.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.210-216
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• 1992

The effect of saponin extracted from Panax grneng CA Meyer on DNA repair and replicative DNA synthesis were examined in CHO-Kl cells cotreated with benzo(a)pyrene and rat liver S-15 fraction. The DNA strand breaks inititated by benzo(a)pyrene metabolites were measured by alkaline election technique. The addition of ginseng saponin to the culture media resulted in decrease of benzo(a)pyrene-induced DNA strand breaks, and restored the suppressed-semiconservative-DNA-synthesis by the carcinogen. DNA repair synthesis in the damaged cells was also elevated by the ginseng treatment when the repairing activites were measured for the (3H)-thymidine incorporation into the carcinogen damaged cellular DNk Comparative analysis of DNA-adduces of benzo(a)pyrene metabortes in microsomes suggested that ginseng saponin treatment in rats reduced the formation of electrophilic metabolites of benzo (a)-pyrene in the rat liver microsomes.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.12-20
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• 1989

Distribution of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in Seoul surface soils was investigated with a simple micro-analytical method consisting of ultrasonic extraction, one-dimensional dual band thin-layer chromatographic separation (TLC) and spectrofluorometric determination. The TLC was done in the following condition: thin-layer plate; Kieselguhr G/Acetylated cellulose, Developer; 1st; ether, 2nd; methanol-ether-water (4:4:1, V/V). The results thus obtained were as follows; 1. All the samples collected from various areas were contained detectable amount of benzo(a)pyrene. The range and average of benzo(a)pyrene contents in Seoul areas are 0.20 $\sim$5.90ppm and 1.01 ppm, respectively. 2. Benzo(a)pyrene contents in soils obtained from commercial areas were much higher than those in industrial and residential areas. The contents range in commercial, industrial, and residential areas are 0.31 $\sim$ 5.90 ppm, 0.36 $\sim$ 1.22 ppm and 0.20 $\sim$ 0.67 ppm, respectively. 3. Benzo(a)pyrene contents in soils from major roads were far higher than those from side or park roads. The ranges of benzo(a)pyrene contents in major, park and side road are 0.40 $\sim$ 5.9 ppm, 0.20 $\sim$ 0.70 ppm, 0.31 $\sim$ 1.30 ppm, respectively. These findings suggest strongly that surface soils in Seoul city are polluted by benzo(a)pyrene probably emitted automobiles.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 2005

PAH 위해성 평가의 생체지표 개발을 위하여, benzo[a]pyrene을 인체 간암 세포주인 HepG2세포에 처리하여 암 억제 단백질인 p53 및 관련 단백질의 발현 양상에 대하여 연구하였다. HepG2 세포의 생존력은 benzo[a]pyrene을 노출시킨 군에서 농도가 증가할수록 감소하였다. p53과 인산화 p53의 발현 양상은 benzo[a]pyrene 농도 의존적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 반면에 아세틸화 p53은 benzo[a]pyrene의 농도가 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 세포 주기 조절에 관련된 p21 단백질은 화학 물질 처리에 의해서 p53과 마찬가지로 증가하였으나, CdK4와 Rb 단백질의 발현에는 변화가 없었다. 상관분석 결과 Benzo[a]pyrene 노출, 세포 생존력, p53, 인산화 p53, p21이 서로 높은 상관성을 보였다. 본 연구의 결과는 p53 단백질의 축적이 benzo[a]pyrene 독성에 있어 매우 중요한 현상이며, 이는 선택적인 지표와 함께 p53 이 benzo[a]pyrene과 같은 PAH 계열의 물질의 위해성 평가를 위한 민감한 생체 지표로써 개발될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.199-204
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• 2009

For the purpose of developing a safe & hygienic manufacturing method to acquire low levels of benzo(a)pyrene in black and red ginseng products, this study investigated the effects of steam- and dry-processing temperatures on benzo(a)pyrene production in ginseng. By the red ginseng with a fix dry-process temperature of $50^{\circ}C$ and setting the steam-process temperature between $80{\sim}120^{\circ}C$, an extremely small amount(0.1 ppb) of benzo(a)pyrene was produced, indicating there was no relationship between the steam-temperature and benzo(a)pyrene production. On the other hand, when the red and black ginseng were steamed at the fixed temperature of $100^{\circ}C$ and dried at various temperatures between $50{\sim}120^{\circ}C$, the amount of benzo(a)pyrene produced was closely connected with the dry-temperature, and increased with higher drying temperatures. Upon repeating the steam and dry process nine times, in which the steam-temperature was set at $100^{\circ}C$ and the dry-temperature at $50^{\circ}C$, higher amount of benzo(a)pyrene were produced in red and black ginseng, respectively, with increasing steam- and dry-processing time. However, the level of benzo(a)pyrene still remained extremely small(below 0.12 ppb), showing a maximum amount in the black ginseng that was steamed and dried nine times. This suggests that the fine root of ginseng may be carbonized by increasing the number of times it is steam- and dry-processed. From the above results, this study determined that the optimum temperatures for manufacturing red and black ginseng products with safe levels of benzo(a)pyrene would be a temperature between 80 and $120^{\circ}C$ for steaming and a temperature less than $50^{\circ}C$ for drying.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.960-965
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• 2011

훈제식육식품을 통한 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)의 대표독성물질인 benzo[a]pyrene의 위해도를 판단하기위해 시중에 유통되는 69개의 훈제식육식품을 통한 위해성을 평가하였다. 사용된 훈제식육식품은 훈제 치킨, 오리, 칠면조, 돼지 등이며 benzo[a]pyrene의 검출범위는 불검출-2.87 ${\mu}g$/kg이었고 평균 농도는 0.42 ${\mu}g$/kg로 나타났다. 2005 국민건강영양조사를 참고하여 만성1일인체노출량을 평가한 결과 훈제식육식품을 통한 노출량은 총 0.187 ng/kg B.W./d로 나타났다. 위해도 산출을 위하여 benzo[a]pyrene의 위상부암에 대한 BMDL값인 0.31-0.74 mg/kg B.W./d와 만성1일인체노출량을 이용하여 MOE를 구한결과 MOE는 1,657,754-3,957,219 수준으로 나타났다. Benzo[a]pyrene의 오염도는 식품의약품안전청에서 제시하는 기준규격인 5 ${\mu}g$/kg 이하로 나타나 훈제식육식품을 통한 benzo[a]pyrene의 노출정도는 안전한것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.337-344
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• 2003

The photodegradation of pyrene, chrysene and benzo［a］pyrene, that were similar in structure among poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAMs), were investigated in water irradiated with a low-pressure mercury lamp (wavelength of 253.7 nm and UV output of 1.35 ${\times}$ 10$\^$-3/J/s). The effects of several factors (t-BuOH, HCO$_3$$\^$-/ and pH) on photodegradation of above three PAHs were also examined. The photodegradation rates of PAHs decreased with increasing the concentration of t-BuOH, but decreased little with increasing the concentration of HCO$_3$$\^$-/ under the concentrations used in this study. The photodegradation rates of PAHs decreased with increasing pH, but their change were greater in case of pH increase from acid to neutral and were little in case of pH increase from neutral to base. The photodegradation rates of PAMs fitted a first-order kinetic model and their photodegradation rates decreased in the following sequences: pyrene>chrysene>benzo[a]pyrene among the PAHs used.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.11-17
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• 1987

Atmospheric particulate matter (A.P.M.) was collected on quartz fiber filters from March 1985 to February 1986 at Chung-Ang University according to particle size using Andersen high-volume air smapler, and benzo (a) pyrene concentration in these particulates were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The annual arithmetic mean concentration of A.P.M. was 115.50$\mug/m^3$. The annual arithmetic mean concentrations of coarse particles and fine particles in A.P.M. were 52.54$\mum/m^3$ and 62.96$\mum/m^3$ respectively. THe annual arithmetic mean concentration of benzo(a)pyrene in A.P.M. was 1.44$ng/m^3$. THe annual arithmetic mean concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene in coarse particles and fine particles were 0.05 $ng/m^3$ and 1.39 $ng/m^3$ respectively. Thus, the concentration of benzo(a)pyrene showed maldistribution of 96.53% in fine particle. A.P.M. showed wide fluctuation according to the season. The concentration of A.P.M. was lowest in summer and high in spring and winter. Coarse and fine particle concentrations in A.P.M. were highest in spring and winter, respectively. The concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene was highest in winter and lowest in summer. The concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene in fine and coarse particles were highest in winter and spring, respectively.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.564-569
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• 2014

Benzo(a)pyrene 함량이 4.1 ppb가 되도록 첨가한 참기름에 흡착제인 활성탄을 첨가하였을 때 첨가량, 교반시간, 교반온도가 증가함에 따라 benzo(a)pyrene 함량이 줄어들었다. 참기름에 활성탄을 0.5%(w/w) 투입하고, 30분간 $70^{\circ}C$에서 교반하였을 때 볶은 참기름에 존재하고 있는 benzo(a)pyrene의 함량은 0.91 ppb까지 낮아져 식품공전규격인 2.0 ppb 이하의 적합 수준의 참기름을 얻을 수 있었다. 경기권 재래시장에서 판매되고 있는 재래식 압착 참기름 30건의 benzo(a)pyrene의 함량은 0.19 ppb부터 4.11 ppb로 나타났다. 경기권 재래시장에서 구입한 참기름 중 benzo(a)pyrene 함량이 가장 높은 3가지 시료(2.14~4.11 ppb)를 위와 같은 최적의 흡착조건으로 처리하였을 때 benzo(a)pyrene의 함량은 0.43~0.86 ppb로 매우 효과적으로 감소하였다. 본 연구는 활성탄 첨가 후 교반처리만으로 볶음공정을 반드시 거치는 참기름에서 규격 이상의 벤조피렌이 검출되는 것을 저감화 하는 방법을 제시함으로써 참기름이 안전하게 생산, 유통될 수 있는 데에 응용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.44-49
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: Benzo(a)pyrene is a highly toxic substance which has been listed as a Group I carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. There have been numerous studies by researchers worldwide on benzo(a)pyrene. Soxhlet, ultrasound-assisted, and liquid-liquid extractions have been widely used for the analysis of benzo(a)pyrene. However these extraction methods have significant drawbacks, such as long extraction time and large amount of solvent usage. To overcome these disadvantages, we aimed to establish a rapid residual analysis of benzo(a)pyrene content in agricultural products and soil samples. METHODS AND RESULTS: A Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) method was used as the pretreatment procedure. For rapid residual analysis of benzo(a)pyrene, a modified QuEChERS method were used, and the best codition was demonstrated after various performing instrument analysis. The extraction efficiency of this method was also compared with Soxhlet extraction, the current benzo(a)pyrene extracting method. Although both methods showed high recovery rates, the rapid residual analysis method markedly reduced both the measurement time and solvent usage by approximately 97% and 96%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, we suggest the rapid residual analysis method established through this study, faster and more efficient analysis of residual benzo(a)pyrene in major agricultural products such as rice, green and red chili peppers and also soil samples.