• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.188-195
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• 2019

Among 6 fungicides, fluazinam, which had an excellent inhibitory effect on mycelial growth and spore germination, was also effective in controlling jujube anthracnose in the field. While EC₅₀ values of metconazole and tebuconazole ranged from 0.2 to 0.9 ㎍/ml and from 0.4 to 1.1 ㎍/ml against the mycelial growth, respectively, each inhibitory effect on spore germination was low by 7.4% and 11.1% at 50.0 ㎍/ml. In the field test, they showed the control value of 80.5% and 77.0%, respectively. The protective fungicides, as mancozeb and folpet, which had a low inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth, but had a high inhibitory effect of spore germination, showed excellent disease control activities by 87.6% and 92.0% in the field. Showing a result of resistance monitoring conducted with the isolates of Colletotricum gloeosporioides, the resistance against carbendazim was already generated in the field, but it was thought that there was no resistance to pyraclostrobin, fluazinam and tebuconazole. However, if the resistance factor value of the population of C. gloeosporioides isolates to pyraclostrobin was high by 160.4, the diversity of the response to the fungicide in the population was high, so it should be taken more attention to the resistance management.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.08a
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• pp.1174-1177
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• 2006

A bottom contact organic thin film transistor (OTFT) is fabricated with an organic double-layered gate insulator (GI) and pentacene. The PMMA and MNB layers are treated on gate insulator and source/drain (S/D, Au) before depositing pentacene to investigate device properties and pentacene growth. The sequence of surface treatment affects a device performance seriously. The ultra-thin PMMA (below 50A) was deposited on organic gate insulator and S/D metal by spin coating method, which showed no deterioration of on-state current (Ion) although bottom contact structure was exploited. We proposed that the reason of no contact resistance (Rc) increase may be due to a wettability difference in between PMMA / Au and PMMA / organic GI. As a result, the device treated by $PMMA\;{\rightarrow}\;MNB$ showed much better Ion behavior than those fabricated by $MNB\;{\rightarrow}\;PMMA$. We will report the important physical and electrical performance difference associated with surface treatment sequence.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.149-153
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• 2001

A total of 2109 isolates of Botrytis cinerea were collected from infected plants fo strawberry, tomato, and cucumber in Korea from 1994 to 1996. Based on in virtotests for mycelial growth on potato-dextrose agar containing fungicides, the esolates were classified into six phenotypic groups : SSR, SRR, RSS, RRS, RSR, and RRR, representing sensitivity (S) or resistance (R) to carbendazim, procymidone, and diethofencarb. In that order the isolation frequencies of the SSR, SRR, RSS, RRS, RSR, and RRR phenotypes were 28.7, 1.1, 28.8, 39.4, 1.0, and 0.9%, respectively. Three isolates from each SSR, SRR, RSS, RRS, and RSR and an isolate of RRR phenotype were selected and evaluated for their fitness-related characteristics such as pathogenic aggressiveness, mycelial growth rate, sporulation, and sclerotial formation. Competitive abilities of the SSR, SRR, RSS, RRS, and RSR phenotypes were also compared by inculating mixtures of conidial suspensions of two phenotypes to cucumber plant, and then determining re-isolation frequencies from lesions. In general, significant differences in fitness-related characteristics, except pathogenic aggressiveness, were found not only between but also within phenotype groups. In the competitiveness tests, carbendazim-sinsitive phenotypes (SSR and SRR) were found to be more competitive than the resistant ones (RSS and RSR), whereas, the procymidone-resistant phenotypes (SRR and RRS) appeared to be more competitive than the sensitive ones (SSR, RSS, and RSR). There was no consistent dominance in competitiveness between the diethofencarb-resistant and sensitive phenotypes. The RSR phenotype was the least competitive among the five phenotypes.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.189-225
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• 2021

The use of albendazole and mebendazole, i.e., benzimidazole broad-spectrum anthelmintics, in treatment of parasitic infections, as well as cancers, is briefly reviewed. These drugs are known to block the microtubule systems of parasites and mammalian cells leading to inhibition of glucose uptake and transport and finally cell death. Eventually they exhibit ovicidal, larvicidal, and vermicidal effects on parasites, and tumoricidal effects on hosts. Albendazole and mebendazole are most frequently prescribed for treatment of intestinal nematode infections (ascariasis, hookworm infections, trichuriasis, strongyloidiasis, and enterobiasis) and can also be used for intestinal tapeworm infections (taeniases and hymenolepiasis). However, these drugs also exhibit considerable therapeutic effects against tissue nematode/cestode infections (visceral, ocular, neural, and cutaneous larva migrans, anisakiasis, trichinosis, hepatic and intestinal capillariasis, angiostrongyliasis, gnathostomiasis, gongylonemiasis, thelaziasis, dracunculiasis, cerebral and subcutaneous cysticercosis, and echinococcosis). Albendazole is also used for treatment of filarial infections (lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, loiasis, mansonellosis, and dirofilariasis) alone or in combination with other drugs, such as ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine. Albendazole was tried even for treatment of trematode (fascioliasis, clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, and intestinal fluke infections) and protozoan infections (giardiasis, vaginal trichomoniasis, cryptosporidiosis, and microsporidiosis). These drugs are generally safe with few side effects; however, when they are used for prolonged time (>14-28 days) or even only 1 time, liver toxicity and other side reactions may occur. In hookworms, Trichuris trichiura, possibly Ascaris lumbricoides, Wuchereria bancrofti, and Giardia sp., there are emerging issues of drug resistance. It is of particular note that albendazole and mebendazole have been repositioned as promising anti-cancer drugs. These drugs have been shown to be active in vitro and in vivo (animals) against liver, lung, ovary, prostate, colorectal, breast, head and neck cancers, and melanoma. Two clinical reports for albendazole and 2 case reports for mebendazole have revealed promising effects of these drugs in human patients having variable types of cancers. However, because of the toxicity of albendazole, for example, neutropenia due to myelosuppression, if high doses are used for a prolonged time, mebendazole is currently more popularly used than albendazole in anti-cancer clinical trials.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 2009

In 2008, a number of 110 isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were obtained from infected twigs of persimmon (Diospyros kaki) collected at Sangju and four fungicides (carbendazim, thiophanate-methyl, mancozeb, and propineb) were evaluated to determine their growth effect on fungicide-medium. Among them, the mycelial growth of 68.2 and 35.5% of isolates was inhibited over 91% in response to carbendazim ($415{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) and thiophanate-methyl ($750{\mu}g/m{\ell}$), respectively, compared to untreated control and the correlation between the two benzimidazole fungicides was higher ($r^2=0.7886$). Moreover, in responses to mancozeb ($1,500{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) and propineb ($1,500{\mu}g/m{\ell}$), the inhibition of mycelial growth of 90% and 53.6% of isolates was inhibited over 91%, respectively. But correlation between theses two fungicides was lower ($r^2=0.0174$). There is no cross-resistance response between benzimidazole funficides and mancozeb / propineb.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.32-39
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• 2006

This study has been conducted to investigate the responses of various isolates of four Colletotrichum species such as C. gloeosporioides, C acutatum, C. coccodes, and C. dematium isolated from infected tissues of several crops to fungicides such as carbendazim, carbendazim+diethofencarb, four protective fungicides, and three ergosterol biosynthesis-inhibiting (EBI) fungicides. All the isolates of C. acutatum showed $EC_{50}$ values in a range of 0.001-3.040 ${\mu}g/ml$ against carbandazim, a benzimidazole fungicide. As for the response to carbendazim, the isolates of C. gloeosporioides obtained from pepper, apple, and strawberry were clearly divided into two groups, resistant or sensitive isolates. All the resistant isolates showed $EC_{50}$ values above 1000 ${\mu}g/ml$, whereas the sensitive isolates had lower $EC_{50}$ values than 0.550 ${\mu}g/ml$. The isolates of C. gloeosporioides exhibited a negative cross resistance between carbendazim and diethofencarb (a N-phenylcarbamate fungicide), but isolates of C. acutatum did not. Toward carbendazim, C. coccodes and C. dematium isolates showed a similar response to C. acutatum isolates and the sensitive isolates of C. gioeosporioides, respectively. As for response of Protective fungicides, all the isolates of C. acutatum showed a more resistant reaction than all the isolates of C. gloeosporioides. However, there was no difference among 4 species of Colletotrichum against EBI fungicides.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2013

Forty eight isolates of Botrytis elliptica and 23 isolates of B. cinerea from several locations in Korea were tested for resistance to fungicides used in the farmer's fields. Isolation frequency of B. elliptica having $EC_{50}$ (effective concentration of 50%) value $500-1000{\mu}g/ml$ to benomyl and mancozeb appeared highly, suggesting that the two fungicides are not effective in controlling leaf blight of lily in the field. The isolates were tested for resistance to fungicides procymidone and iprodione which were most commonly used in the farmer's fields. The rates of $EC_{50}$ value $5-50{\mu}g/ml$ to procymidome and iprodione were 93.7% and 100%, respectively, and those of $0-0.1{\mu}g/ml$ to diethofencarb+carbendazim and fludioxonil were 98.0% and 93.8%, respectively. In the rain-protected cultivation, control of leaf blight of lily was the most effective when iprodine, diethofencarb+carbendazim, and fludioxonil were sprayed alternately four times during the growing season.