• Title/Summary/Keyword: Benzene emissions

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A Study on the VOCs Emission Characteristics of RV and MPV (RV차량 및 소형승합차량의 휘발성유기화합물 배출특성 연구)

  • Mun, Sunhee;Hong, Heekyoung;Kim, Sunmoon;Seo, Seokjun;Jung, Sungwoon;Chung, Taekho;Hong, Youdeog;Kim, Jounghwa
    • Journal of ILASS-Korea
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    • v.23 no.2
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    • pp.66-73
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    • 2018
  • Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are well known as ozone precursors from photochemical reactions and contribute to the formation of photochemical smog which pose health hazards. Also, some of these compounds directly affect the human health due to their toxicity such as benzene. In this study, NMVOCs composition in exhaust gas from recreational vehicle (RV) and (MPV) were characterized using a chassis dynamometer. The results for NMVOCs have reported that alkanes emission was higher than alkenes, aromatics and cycloalkanes due to reactive of diesel oxidation catalysts. The NMVOCs composition according to carbon number was highly distributed between C3 and C6~C8. During the engine cold start condition, NMVOCs emission was higher compared to the engine hot start condition due to the increased catalytic activity. The NMVOCs emission with DPF increased compared to that without DPF. The results of this study will be provide to calculate VOCs emissions from mobile source.

Characteristics of Atmospheric Concentrations of Toxic Volatile Organic Compounds in Korea (II) - Seasonal and Locational Variations (국내 대기 중 독성 휘발성 유기화합물의 오염 특성(II) -계절 및 지역적 변동)

  • 백성옥;김배갑;박상곤
    • Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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    • v.17 no.3
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    • pp.207-217
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    • 2002
  • This study was designed to investigate the characteristics of atmospheric concentrations of toxic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Korea. Target compounds included 1,3-butadiene, aromatics such as BTEX, and a number of carbonyl compounds. In this paper, as the second part of the study, the seasonal and locational concentrations of atmospheric VOCs were evaluated. Sampling was conducted seasonally at seven sampling sites. each of them representing a large urban area (commercial and residential), a small urban area (commercial and residential), an industrial area (a site within the complex and a residential), and a background place in Korea. In general, higher concentrations were found in the petro-chemical industrial site than other sites, while VOCs measured in commercial (heavy -traffic) sites were higher than residential sites. Seasonality of VOCs concentrations were not so much clear as other combustion related pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, indicating that the VOCs are emitted from a variety of sources, not only vehicle exhaust and point sources but fugitive emissions. Except the industrial site, the concentrations of VOCs measured in this study do not reveal any serious pollution status, since the levels did not exceed any existing ambient standards in the U.K. and/or Japan. However, the increasing number of petrol -powered vehicles and the rapid industrialization in Korea may result in the increased levels of VOCs concentrations in many large urban areas in the near future, if there is no appropriate programme implemented for the control of these compounds.

Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs) Concentrations in Jinju (진주시 대기중 휘발성 유기화합물의 농도특성 기초조사)

  • Park, Jeong-Ho;Park, Hyung-Gun;Suh, Jeong-Min
    • Journal of Environmental Science International
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.91-98
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    • 2013
  • In order to study the seasonal patterns and possible origins of air concentrations of volatile organic compounds(VOC), measurements were taken with GC-MS at 3 sampling sites in Jinju for 12 months from Mar. 2010 to Feb. 2011. Atmospheric VOC are sampled on tubes containing solid adsorbents(Tenax TA) with a time resolution of 2hrs. Composition and concentration of VOC are analysed with a GC system equipped with thermal desorption apparatus(ATD). The most abundant compound appeared to be Toluene, Ethylbenzene and m,p-Xylene. The mean concentrations of Benzene were 0.20 ppb at GN site, 0.18 ppb at DA site, and 0.25 ppb at SP site, respectively. VOC concentration showed a strong seasonal variation, with higher concentrations during the spring and lower concentrations during the summer. The results showed that monthly fluctuations in measured VOC concentrations depended on variations in the strength of sources, as well as on photochemical activity and meteorological conditions. In Jinju, the total VOC emissions for 2009 were estimated to be 4,407 ton/year by Clean Air Policy Support System(CAPSS). It is shown that solvent use 57.5%(2,534 ton/yr), waste treatment and disposal 23.3%(1,025 ton/yr), and mobil source-road traffic 12.2%(537 ton/yr) are the most significant anthropogenic source.

Characterization of Air Quality in Various Types of Indoor Environments in Urban Areas - Focusing on Homes, Offices, and Restaurants - (도시지역 실내환경 유형별 공기질 특성 평가 -가정, 사무실 및 식당을 중심으로-)

  • 백성옥;김윤신
    • Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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    • v.14 no.4
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    • pp.343-360
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    • 1998
  • In this study, comprehensive air quality monitoring was undertaken with a variety of objectives to collect data on the levels of various indoor and ambient air quality parameters in the urban areas of Seoul and Taegu. The sampling sites were comprised of six offices, six residences and six restaurants in each city. The ambient air adjacent to the indoor sites was also simultaneously sampled for the same constituents. The sampling was conducted in two phases: summer of 1994 and winter of 1994/95. A range of air quality parameters were measured simultaneously, which include RSP, CO, COB, NOB, a range of VOC, airborne microbials, temperature, and relative humidity. The indoor and ambient levels of the pollutants measured in this study varied widely between the three types of environments studied. Comparison of median values for the three groups revealed that restaurants had higher indoor levels of most pollutants than homes or offices. There was also a clear pattern of the indoor levels of target pollutants being higher than those outdoors, particularly in restaurants. Concentrations of CO and most of the VOC were found to be significantly higher in the commercial districts, indicating the influence of vehicle exhaust emissions. A very wide range of VOC levels was documented in this study. Although median indoorloutdoor ratios indicated a generally increasing level of VOC indoors when compared to those outdoors, no statistically significant differences were found between indoor and outdoor VOC levels in homes and offices, implying the importance of ambient air quality in determining the quality of indoor air for homes and offices in urban areas. In addition, there was a general pattern of increasing concentrations from summer to winter, and similarly from outdoor to indoor air for nearly all target compounds. The seasonal differences in median levels were very clearly seen for fuel combustion related pollutants such as RSP, CO and VOC, this being attributed to the effects of increased fuel consumption during the cold season and to meteorological factors.

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The implementation of liquefaction equipment monitoring system based on Android (안드로이드 기반의 유증기 액화장치 모니터링 시스템 구현)

  • Park, Man-Kyu;Tack, Han-Ho;Kim, Gwan-Hyung
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.583-589
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    • 2016
  • Volatile organic compounds(VOCs) are regarded as a harmful cause substance not only causing air pollutions but also causing global warming phenomenon. For this reason, VOCs are managed politically to reduce emissions by each country. In particular, the vapor from the gas station contains VOCs which is harmful to the human body such as carcinogens benzene and pollute the atmosphere, the Ministry of Environment defined every gas station must install vapor recovery equipment to recover volatile organic compounds. Recently, there are many accidents caused by existing vapor treatment methods, the liquefaction recovery technology is getting the spotlight to cool the vapor at the field. However, because the liquefaction recovery technology have risks of fire or explosion in accordance with temperature, the real time monitoring is critical factor. In this paper, we implement an Android-based monitoring application for liquified vapor recovery device which attached sensor module for temperature and power to monitoring real time information.

Ecotoxicity Estimation of Hazardous Air Pollutants Emitted from Semiconductor Manufacturing Processes Utilizing QSAR

  • Park, Hyung-Geun;Yeo, Min-Kyeong
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.34 no.12
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    • pp.3755-3761
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    • 2013
  • This study aims to assess the ecological risk of the hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) emitted in the semiconductor manufacturing processes in Korea by using Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR, EPA, US, EPI $Suite^{TM}$ 4.1). Owing to the absence of environmental standards of hazardous air pollutants in the semiconductor manufacturing processes in Korea, 18 HAPs in the semiconductor field included in both the US EPA NESHAPs and the hazardous air pollutant list of Ministry of Environment in Korea were selected. As a results 8 chemicals (44.4%) of the selected 18 HAPs were VOCs. Cyanides (cyanides) and ethylene oxides (epoxy resins), and tetrachloro-ethylene (aliphatic compounds, halides) showed long half-lives. Cyanide HAPs especially had the highest half-life with the estimated value of 356.533 days. Nickel compounds (heavy metal compounds) possessed the highest water solubility followed by acetaldehyde (aldehyde compounds), ethylene oxides, and 1,4-dioxanes. The halides, including tetrachloro-ethylenes, carbon tetra-chlorides, benzene (aromatic compounds), and lead (heavy metals), are estimated to take the longest time for biodegradation. Tetrachloroethylene, with the acute toxicity end point of 3.685-7.033 mg/L, was assessed to be the most highly toxic substance among the 18 HAPs. However, considering the absence of the HAPs in the common category of log $K_{ow}{\geq}4$and $BCF{\geq}500$, which indicates the standard of bioconcentration potentials, potentials of the bioconcentration are considered to be low.

Comparative Analysis of Offensive Odorants in Urine Samples in Relation to Sample Treatment Conditions (Urine 시료 중 지정악취성분에 대한 분석연구: 시료의 보관방법과 채취조건의 연계성 연구)

  • Lee, Min-Hee;Kim, Yong-Hyun;Jo, Sang-Hee;Choi, Si-On;Sa, Inyoung;Kim, Ki-Hyun
    • Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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    • v.30 no.5
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    • pp.492-503
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    • 2014
  • In this study, emission characteristics of volatile odorant species released from urine samples were investigated in relation to two key variables: [1] storage conditions before sampling and [2] incubation conditions during sampling. To this end, 20 offensive odorants were quantified by four different analytical systems and then sorted according to seven functional groups. It is indicated that benzene (B), styrene (S), isobutyl alcohol (i-BuAl), butyl acetate (BuAc), butyraldehyde (BA), isovaleraldehyde (IA), and valeraldehyde (VA) did not contribute to urine odor because their concentration levels were measured below detection limits in all samples. On the other hand, emission concentrations of toluene (T), methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), methyl mercaptan ($CH_3SH$), carbon disulfide ($CS_2$), and ammonia ($NH_3$) were generally higher than other compounds. In terms of odor intensity (OI), $CH_3SH$ and $NH_3$ showed the largest OI values in the range of 2~4. According to t-test (storage approach and urine temperature), the results of T, $CS_2$, and $NH_3$ were statistically distinguished from each other in terms of differences in sampling temperature. Likewise, the emissions of certain odorants from urine samples were affected by changes in sample treatment conditions to a degree.

The Formaldehyde/VOCs Emission of Particleboard with Cross-linked Vinyl Resin (변성 비닐계 접착제를 이용한 파티클보드의 포름알데히드/VOCs 방산특성)

  • Kim, Ki-Wook;Lee, Se Na;Baek, Bong-San;Lee, Byong-Ho;Kim, Hyun-Joong;Choi, Younmee;Jang, Seong Wook
    • Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.28-34
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    • 2008
  • This study was used particleboard with urea-formaldehyde resin and cross linking vinyl resin. Manufactured particleboard had high cross linking vinyl resin content that internal bonding strength was low value but flexural strength was increased. For emission test of particleboard using VOC Analyzer, it was confirmed that more cross linking vinyl resin had reduced 4 volatile organic compounds (Toluene, Ethylbenzen, Xylene, Styrene) but also TVOC (Total VOC), 5 VOCs (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzen, Xylene, Styrene) and formaldehyde emissions from manufactured particleboard were also lower emission factor than particleboard with only urea formaldehyde resin.

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Fabrication and Characterization of High Luminance WOLED Using Single Host and Three Color Dopants (단일 호스트와 3색 도펀트를 이용한 고휘도 백색 유기발광다이오드 제작과 특성 평가)

  • Kim, Min Young;Lee, Jun Ho;Jang, Ji Geun
    • Korean Journal of Materials Research
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    • v.26 no.3
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    • pp.117-122
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    • 2016
  • White organic light-emitting diodes with a structure of indium-tin-oxide [ITO]/N,N-diphenyl-N,N-bis-[4-(phenylm-tolvlamino)-phenyl]-biphenyl-4,4-diamine [DNTPD]/[2,3-f:2, 2-h]quinoxaline-2,3,6,7,10,11-hexacarbonitrile [HATCN]/1,1-bis(di-4-poly-aminophenyl) cyclo -hexane [TAPC]/emission layers doped with three color dopants/4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline [Bphen]/$Cs_2CO_3$/Al were fabricated and evaluated. In the emission layer [EML], N,N-dicarbazolyl-3,5-benzene [mCP] was used as a single host and bis(2-phenyl quinolinato)-acetylacetonate iridium(III) [Ir(pq)2acac]/fac-tris(2-phenylpyridinato) iridium(III) $[Ir(ppy)_3]$/iridium(III) bis[(4,6-di-fluoropheny)-pyridinato-N,C2] picolinate [FIrpic] were used as red/green/blue dopants, respectively. The fabricated devices were divided into five types (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) according to the structure of the emission layer. The electroluminescence spectra showed three peak emissions at the wavelengths of blue (472~473 nm), green (495~500 nm), and red (589~595 nm). Among the fabricated devices, the device of D1 doped in a mixed fashion with a single emission layer showed the highest values of luminance and quantum efficiency at the given voltage. However, the emission color of D1 was not pure white but orange, with Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage [CIE] coordinates of (x = 0.41~0.45, y = 0.41) depending on the applied voltages. On the other hand, device D5, with a double emission layer of $mCP:[Ir(pq)_2acac(3%)+Ir(ppy)_3(0.5%)]$/mCP:[FIrpic(10%)], showed a nearly pure white color with CIE coordinates of (x = 0.34~0.35, y = 0.35~0.37) under applied voltage in the range of 6~10 V. The luminance and quantum efficiency of D5 were $17,160cd/m^2$ and 3.8% at 10 V, respectively.

Health Risk Assessment with Source Apportionment of Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds in Seoul by Positive Matrix Factorization (수용체 모델(PMF)를 이용한 서울시 대기 중 VOCs의 배출원에 따른 위해성평가)

  • Kwon, Seung-Mi;Choi, Yu-Ri;Park, Myoung-Kyu;Lee, Ho-Joon;Kim, Gwang-Rae;Yoo, Seung-Sung;Cho, Seog-Ju;Shin, Jin-Ho;Shin, Yong-Seung;Lee, Cheolmin
    • Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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    • v.47 no.5
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    • pp.384-397
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    • 2021
  • Background: With volatile organic compounds (VOCs) containing aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and xylene that can adversely affect the respiratory and cardiovascular systems when a certain concentration is reached, it is important to accurately evaluate the source and the corresponding health risk effects. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to provide scientific evidence for the city of Seoul's VOC reduction measures by confirming the risk of each VOC emission source. Methods: In 2020, 56 VOCs were measured and analyzed at one-hour intervals using an online flame ionization detector system (GC-FID) at two measuring stations in Seoul (Gangseo: GS, Bukhansan: BHS). The dominant emission source was identified using the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model, and health risk assessment was performed on the main components of VOCs related to the emission source. Results: Gasoline vapor and vehicle combustion gas are the main sources of emissions in GS, a residential area in the city center, and the main sources are solvent usage and aged VOCs in BHS, a greenbelt area. The risk index ranged from 0.01 to 0.02, which is lower than the standard of 1 for both GS and BHS, and was an acceptable level of 5.71×10-7 to 2.58×10-6 for carcinogenic risk. Conclusions: In order to reduce the level of carcinogenic risk to an acceptable safe level, it is necessary to improve and reduce the emission sources of vehicle combustion and solvent usage, and eco-car policies are judged to contribute to the reduction of combustion gas as well as providing a response to climate change.