• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2010년도 추계 학술발표회
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• pp.1264-1273
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• 2010

Soil-bentonite cutoff walls are widely recognized to be the effective barrier for containment of wastes and groundwater. Bentonite cake is usually found remaining on the trench surface due to the use of bentonite slurry during the excavation for the cutoff wall construction. Defects also inevitably take place due to the inappropriate construction procedures or improperly mixed soil-bentonite backfill. The defects include insufficient keys and windows in the soilbentonite cutoff wall. In this study, the performance of the soil-bentonite cutoff wall is evaluated based on the flow rates through the wall. Three-dimensional numerical models were applied to simulate the groundwater flow through the soil-bentonite cutoff walls of typical geometries with consideration of the defects and bentonite cake. Results of the simulations showed that the bentonite cake has no effect in the insufficient key cases. In the keyed wall cases, the bentonite cake with very low hydraulic conductivity significantly impedes the flow of groundwater through the wall. The presence of the bentonite cake not only compromises the window defect but also renders the wall construction more effective in blocking the groundwater flow. These findings show the significance of the bentonite cake in a soil-bentonite cutoff wall construction.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.5-17
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• 2013

순간변위시험(slug test)은 현장의 지반 상태를 반영할 수 있어 연직차수벽 뒷채움재의 투수계수를 결정하는데 적용할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 연직차수벽과 주변 지반 사이에 형성되는 벤토나이트 케익을 고려하여 순간변위시험을 모사할 수 있는 3차원 모델이 개발되었다. 연직차수벽의 폭(즉, 경계 조건과의 근접 정도), 우물의 편심, 우물에 지하수가 유입되는 수직 위치, 뒷채움재의 압축성 등의 영향변수들이 모델에 고려되었다. 수치해석 결과를 이용하여 연직차수벽 시공 중에 존재할 수 있는 벤토나이트 케익이 순간변위시험 결과에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 이를 통해, 수정 Line-fitting법은 벤토나이트 케익을 고려한 연직차수벽의 순간변위시험 해석에서 다른 경계조건에 대해 제시된 보정계수 없이 직접 적용될 수 있음을 밝혔다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 현장 사례를 벤토나이트 케익을 고려하여 재분석하여 벤토나이트 케익이 존재하지 않는 경우(일정 수두 경계 조건)와 보수적인 경계조건(불투수 경계 조건)으로 가정했던 기존의 사례분석 결과들과 비교하였다. 결론적으로 연직차수벽 뒷채움재의 투수계수 평가시 벤토나이트 케익의 영향 및 수정 Line-fitting법의 유효성을 확인하였다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2008년도 추계 학술발표회
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• pp.498-507
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• 2008

The mixture of bentonite powder and water is generally used to maintain the stability of excavation surface during the construction of vertical cutoff walls. The filter cake on the sidewall surface is the result of filtration of slurry into the adjacent soil formation. The filter cake is believed to have a very low hydraulic conductivity compared to that of the cutoff wall. This paper evaluates hydraulic conductivities of bentonite filter cakes set up with three types of bentonites under various pressure levels. A modified fluid loss test was employed in this experiment. Theory of filtration process was reviewed to explain the procedure in the present experiment. Hydraulic conductivity of the filter cakes with consideration of the filter medium resistance was evaluated. The results of the experiment with two calculation methods and discussion are presented to show the efficiency of the modified fluid loss test.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2008년도 추계 학술발표회
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• pp.1502-1511
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• 2008

The mixture of bentonite powder and water is generally used to maintain the stability of excavation surface during the construction of vertical cutoff walls. The filter cake on the sidewall surface is the result of filtration of slurry into the adjacent soil formation. The filter cake is believed to have a very low hydraulic conductivity compared to that of the cutoff wall. This paper evaluates hydraulic conductivities of bentonite filter cakes set up with three types of bentonites under various pressure levels. A modified fluid loss test was employed in this experiment. Theory of filtration process was reviewed to explain the procedure in the present experiment. Hydraulic conductivity of the filter cakes with consideration of the filter medium resistance was evaluated. The results of the experiment with two calculation methods and discussion are presented to show the efficiency of the modified fluid loss test.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2011

연직 차수벽 시공 시, 벤토나이트 슬러리는 토양층으로 여과되면서 차수벽의 측벽 표면에 필터케익 층을 형성하고 이렇게 형성된 필터케익은 차수벽의 자체 투수계수보다 매우 낮은 값을 갖는다. 본 연구에서는 수정 fluid loss 시험을 수행하여 다양한 작용압력 하에서 슬러리월 시공현장에서 주로 사용되는 세 가지 종류의 벤토나이트로 형성된 필터케익의 투수계수를 평가하였다. 수정 fluid loss 시험에서는 일반적인 연직 차수벽 시공 조건을 반영하기 위해 중량비 4, 6, 8% 농도의 벤토나이트 슬러리를 적용하였다. 벤토나이트 필터케익의 투수계수를 예측하기 위해 수정 fluid loss 시험 결과를 기존에 제안된 두 가지 방법을 이용하여 해석하였다. 본 연구결과로부터 평가된 세 가지 벤토나이트 필터케익의 투수계수는 $2.15{\times}10^{-11}m/s$와 $2.88{\times}10^{-10}m/s$ 범위로 이는 일반적인 연직차수벽 뒤채움재의 설계값 보다 10-1000배 가량 작음을 알 수 있다. 또한, 필터케익 내 응력분포와 필터케익의 두께가 각 조건에 대해 비교되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.249-254
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• 1995

The effects of bentonite (B) on rumen protozoal population and rumen fluid characteristics of sheep fed palm kernel cake (PKC) were studied for a period of 21 days. Two groups, each comprising two sheep were fed either PKC or PKC + B ad libitum A third group was left at pasture. Rumen fluid was sampled through a rumen cannula three times daily from all animals. Palm kernel cake contained 16% crude protein, 1 % crude fat and high amounts of copper, zinc, iron and manganese. Protozoal population in the rumen fluid decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after the onset of feeding PKC or PKC + B. However, sheep given bentonite supplementation at 2% of the dietary dry matter, maintained higher protozoal densities ($15{\times}10^4/ml$) when compared to animals fed only PKC ($8{\times}10^4/ml$). With both diets, the protozoa were mainly of the small entodinia species. Animals at pasture had higher protozoal population ($47{\times}10^4/ml$) with varying species of entodiniomorphids and holotrichs. Rumen fluid pH and ammonia concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in animals at pasture compared to animals fed PKC or PKC + B. Volatile fatty acid concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in animals fed PKC when compared to animals at pasture. There was a shift in fermentation pattern in animals fed PKC or PKC + B towards a lower acetate; and higher propionate, isovalerate and valerate. Studies in vitro also showed the positive effect of bentonite on protozoal numbers.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.239-248
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• 2002

안정액(bentonite slurry)을 이용한 지하연속벽의 건설은 굴착된 trench 내에서 안정액이 침투케익과 표면케익을 포함한 불투수막을 형성함으로서 trench 의 안정성을 유지할 수가 있다. 그러므로 구조용 지하연속벽 건설이나 폐기물 매립장의 차수용 연속벽 건설시 지반조건 및 주변여건의 변화에 의하여 여러 가지 문제가 발생 될 수 있다. 본 논문은 안정액 유출과 불투수케익 형성과정을 대형실험으로 모델링하여 그 결과가 slurry trench 안정성에 미치는 영향을 평가하고, 현장조건에 적합한 설계절차를 제시하였다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2008년도 추계 학술발표회
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• pp.407-426
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• 2008

The bentonite slurry has been used as the stabilize suspension for wet process bored pile construction in Thailand. The bentonite suspension has benefit on filtration in the sand layer, but it creates thick cake film along pile shaft and loose sedimentation at pile toe. The base grouting technique was widely used to rectify the soft base or loose sedimentation problem of bored pile. The base grouting technique was not increased only end bearing capacity, but was also more increase in skin friction capacity of the bored piles. The comprehensive researches on base grouting was carried out by installing PVC casing inside the shaft to allow the drilling through the pile base in order to collect the soil sample below the pile tip. The polymer based slurry recently was used to replace the bentonite slurry to overcome the thick cake film along pile shaft as well as loose sedimentation at pile toe. The extent research on polymer slurry by physical model was performed to verify the real behavior of polymer. The appropriate mixing ratio of polymer was proposed. The design skin friction coefficient, $\beta$ and end bearing coefficient, Nq, for sand layer base on fully instrumented tested pile were proposed. The application on remedial of the lose capacity bored pile with large displacement in Bangladesh was proposed and discussed.

• 멤브레인
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.53-64
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• 2008

벤토나이트 현탁액에 의한 폴리에틸렌 정밀여과 모세관 막의 오염특성에 대하여 검토하였다. 막오염의 윈인은 막표면 위에서 생성되는 케익층의 성장과 입자들이 세공을 막는 표준 및 완전세공막힘 때문이었으며, 막오염은 이들 세 가지 오염형태가 동시에 발생하지만 케익여과오염에 의해 크게 지배를 받는다. 운전압력 $1.0kg/cm^2$에서 총 막오염에 대한 성분오염의 비율은 표준세공막힘 3.36%, 완전세공막힘 3.18% 그리고 케익여과오염 93.46%이었다. 현탁액의 농도가 1000 ppm인 경우에는 완전세공막힘 1.71%, 표준세공막힘 1.90% 그리고 케익여과오염이 96.39%이었으며, 운전초기에 총 오염의 96.14%가 발생했다. 총 오염에 대한 케익여과의 영향은 세공이 $0.34{\mu}m$막에서 컸다. 순환흐름속도의 증가로 인해 성분오염은 약 10.20% 감소하였고, 총 오염에 대한 세공막힘의 비율은 높았다.

• KCI Concrete Journal
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.151-159
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• 2002

This study investigates experimentally the optimum mix proportion and design factors of the stabilizing liquid used for excavation of the massive and deep slurry wall in LNG in-ground tank before pouring concrete. Considering those site conditions, the stabilizing liquid used for excavation of slurry wall has to be satisfied with some requirements including specific gravity, fluid loss, cake thickness, funnel viscosity and sand content in order to construct the safe and qualified slurry wall. For this purpose, we select materials including bentonite, polymer and dispersion agent. After performing many tests for materials and mix design process, we propose the optimum mix proportion that the upper limit ratio of bentonite is $2.0\%$, polymer is $0.1\%$ considering the funnel viscosity and dispersion agent is $0.05\%$considering the fluid loss of the stabilizing liquid. Also, we select all materials which are consisted of GTC4 as bentonite, KSTP as polymer and Bentocryl 86 as dispersion agent. Based on the results of this study, the optimum mix proportion of the stabilizing liquid is applicable to excavate the deep and massive slurry wall in LNG in-ground tank successfully.