• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.555-560
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• 2007

This paper shows some achievements at bending of extruded aluminum profiles during the extrusion process. The conventional process for the production of bent profiles involves a successive extrusion, stretching, and bending of the profiles. Conventional bending methods can not meet demands far precision and cost-effective production in some cases, due to cross sectional deformation, irregular decrease of tube wall thickness and a complication of the process design. An estimation of spring-back required for precision of the bending radius can not always be achieved by the over bending of the profile. Since the profile is hot during the bending process, the spring-back phenomenon can be avoided. This means that an additional bending process is not necessary. Consequently, flexible bending can be achieved with cost reduction and quality improvement. Experimental tests were completed to study the relationship between curvature radius of profile and position of guide on the extrusion for vehicle bumper. A7108 is applied as a billet material in order to increase strength. The overall correlation between the experimental and numerical results is good. It is therefore concluded that the present method provides an efficient means for the constant curvature extrusion process.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.398-400
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• 2008

In this work, an air-bending test using magnesium alloy ZK60 sheet was carried out at the various temperatures from room temperature to $300^{\circ}C$ in order to investigate the effect of grain size on the spring-back characteristic. It was found out from experiments that the amount of spring-back was nearly zero at all temperature range when the specimens with grain sizes of 14.66 and $60.71{\mu}m$ were bent by $90^{\circ}$. On the other hand, the spring-back amount dramatically increased at room temperature and phenomenon of spring-go was observed at high temperature when the specimen with submicro grain size of $0.98{\mu}m$ was bent by $90^{\circ}$. From this kind of different spring-back characteristics according to the grain size, it was confirmed that the grain size of material is one of the important factors which have an effect on the spring-back.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.55-62
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• 2013

An analytical procedure to determine a proper profile of the spring rail that generates intended contact pressure distribution in the flat wiper blade is introduced. The flat wiper blade is one piece blade and subjected to pressing force at a center point. In this type of blade, contact pressure distribution in the tip of rubber strip is determined by the pressing force, the initial profile of the blade before contact and bending stiffness of the blade. Experimentally obtained bending stiffness of the blade assembly is almost identical to that of the spring rail. Principle of reciprocity has been used to define the initial profile of spring rail from the deformed profile that is assumed to be identical to the windshield glass profile. The procedure has been verified experimentally by measuring the contact pressure of the blade assembled with the spring rail designed by the procedure proposed here. Measured contact pressure distributions of the blades show good agreements with intended distributions over the entire blade span. Consequently, it can be concluded that proposed procedure has relatively good accuracy in developing the spring rail for flat blade having a specific contact pressure distribution.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1997.04a
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• pp.513-517
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• 1997

Glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite materials have considerable promise for increased use in low cost high volum applications because of the potential for processing by solid phase forming. However, the forming characteristics of these materials have not been well known. The primary focus of this research is the investigation of the bendability of these composites and spring-back phenomena in pure bending. The materials tested contained 10, 35, and 40 percent by weight of randomly oriented glass fiber in a polypropylene matrix. The bending tests were performed at temperatures ranging form 75 ".deg. c" to 150 ".deg. c" and at punch speeds of 2.54 mm/sec and 0.0254 mm/sec. The measured bendability and spring back angle in pure bending werw compared with the predictions based on the simple analyical models. Goog agreement between experimental and analytical results was observed.esults was observed.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.168-174
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• 2012

This paper presents a bending propagating actuation using SMA (Shape Memory Alloy) spring for an effective shape transition of a flytrap-inspired soft morphing structure. The flytrap-inspired soft morphing structure is made from unsymmetric CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Prepreg) structure which shows bi-stability and snap-through phenomenon. For a thin and large curved bistable CFRP structure, SMA spring is more acceptable than SMA wire and piezoelectric actuator which used in previous investigations. A bending propagating actuation is proposed which can induce snap-through of the bi-stable CFRP structure effectively. From this research, effective shape transition of soft morphing structure is possible.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.1071-1074
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• 1995

This paper proposes two directional bending actator using three link, two shape memory alloys(SMA) of coil-type springs and two guide wires. By the heating of two SMA springs sequentially, the bending and stretching of the actuator is possible. Bending angle, force and repeated bending motion of actuator were measured and characterized. The performance of the actuator has been characterized for the possible application for catheter.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.75-82
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• 2008

Flame bending has been extensively used in the shipbuilding industry for hull plate forming In flame bending it is difficult to obtain the desired shape because the residual deformation dependson the complex temperature distribution and the thermal plastic strain. Mechanical bending such as reconfigurable press forming multi-point press forming or die-less forming has been found to improve the automation of hull plateforming because it can more accurately control the desired shape than line heating. Multi-point forming is a process in which external forces are used to form metal work-pieces. Therefore it can be a flexible and efficient forming technique. This paper presents an optimal approach to determining the press-stroke for multi-point press forming of curved shapes. An integrated configuration of Finite element analysis (FEA) and spring-back compensation algorithm is developed to calculate the strokes of the multi-point press. Not only spring-back is modeled by elastic plastic shell elements but also an iterative algorithm to compensate the spring-back is applied to adjust the amount of pressing stroke. An iterative displacement adjustment (IDA) method is applied by integration of the FEA procedure and the spring-back compensation work. Shape deviation between the desired surface and deform￡d plate is minimized by the IDA algorithm.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1997.11a
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• pp.615-617
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• 1997

This paper reports experimental results on the fabrication and analysis of millimeter-sized bending actuators for active catheter by use of the shape memory alloy spring and the flexible beam. The major components of micro actuator are shape memory alloy spring, stainless steel strip and two acryl links. The micro actuator with the diameter of 2.0 mm and the length of 25 mm has been fabricated and characterized for the possible application to the micro active catheters. The measured maximum angle is $60^{\circ}$ and the response time is 5 sec.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 2006

This paper presents an efficient dynamic modeling method for multi-stepped rotor system using effective spring elements to take into account the structural weakening effect due to the steps. This paper demonstrates that the Timoshenko shaft model give rise to a significant error in the case of multi-stepped rotors. An effective bending spring model is introduced to represent the structural weakening effect in the presence of steps. The proposed modeling method is validated through a series of simulations and experiments. Finally, a spindle is dealt with as an analysis example.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.740-745
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• 2001

The plastic deformation behavior of formed CICC fur the superconducting Tokamac fusion device was examined and appropriate manufacturing information was provided. A relation between travel of the bending roller and spring back displacement was obtained via virtual manufacturing. The radius of CICC after forming was expressed as a function of the bend-roll travel. The maximum von Mises stress after spring back was also monitored fur the SAGBO prediction. Next, the variation of the CICC cross-sectional area was examined during the first turn and during conduit bending with the largest curvature. Finally, the coil radius was measured and compared with the data generated from the virtual manufacturing. The measured data showed similar pattern as predicted one. Using the mapping function found to match with the real data, the data from the virtual manufacturing may facilitate accurate manufacturing.