• Korean Journal of School Psychology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.165-180
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• 2020

As a tiered system of supports, School-Wide Positive Behavior Support (SWPBS) is an evidence-based practice in the educational system of Korea. An important aspect of SWPBS is the ongoing progress monitoring and evaluation of implementation fidelity. This study aimed to develop and validate the Korean Tier 3 School-Wide Positive Behavior Support Implementation Fidelity Checklist (KT3-FC). The preliminary KT3-FC consisted of a 37-item, 6-factor checklist. In the first phase of the study, 10 experts reported that the range of content validity of the KT3-FC was adequate. In the second phase of the study, 185 teachers (52 men and 133 women) who implemented SWPBS completed the KT3-FC, Individualized Supports Questionnaire, School Climate Questionnaire, School Discipline Practice Scale, and PBS Effectiveness Scale. An exploratory factor analysis resulted in a 5-factor structure, with 20 items, instead of 37 items, consisting of: (a) progress monitoring and evaluation of the individualized supports, (b) provision of supports by aligning and integrating mental health and SWPBS, (c) crisis management planning, (d) problem behavior assessment, and (e) establishment of individualized support team. The internal consistency of the KT3-FC was good (full scale α = .950, sub-factor α = .888 ~ .954). In addition, the KT3-FC showed good convergent validity, having statistically significant correlations with the Individualized Support Questionnaire, School Climate Questionnaire, School Discipline Practice Scale, and the PBS Effectiveness Scale. Finally, the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the 5-factor model of the KT3-FC had some good model fits, indicating that the newly developed fidelity measure could be a reliable and valid tool to assess the implementation of Tier 3 supports in Korean schools. Accordingly, the KT3-FC could contribute to implement SWPBS as an evidence-based behavioral intervention for Korean students.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.49-62
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• 2022

The hollow modular concrete block reinforced foundation method is one of the ground reinforcement foundation methods that uses hexagonal honeycomb-shaped concrete blocks with mixed crushed rock to reinforce soft grounds. It then forms an artificial layered ground that increases bearing capacity and reduces settlement. The hollow modular honeycomb-shaped concrete block is a geometrically economical, stable structure that distributes forces in a balanced way. However, the behavioral characteristics of hollow modular concrete block reinforced foundations are not yet fully understood. In this study, a bearing capacity test is performed to analyze the reinforcement effectiveness of the hollow modular concrete block through the laboratory model tests. From the load-settlement curve, punching shear failure occurs under the unfilled sand condition (A-1-N). However, the filled sand condition (A-1-F) shows a linear curve without yielding, confirming the reinforcement effect is three times higher than that of unreinforced ground. The bearing capacity equation is proposed for the parts that have contact pressure under concrete, vertical stress of hollow blocks, and the inner skin friction force from horizontal stress by confining effect based on the schematic diagram of confining effect inside a hollow modular concrete block. As a result of calculating the bearing capacity, the percentage of load distribution for contact force on the area of concrete is about 65%, vertical force on the area of hollow is 16.5% and inner skin friction force of area of the inner wall is about 18.5%. When the surcharge load is applied to the concrete part, the vertical stress occurs on the area of the hollow part by confining effect first. Then, in the filled sand in the hollow where the horizontal direction is constrained, the inner skin friction force occurs by the horizontal stress on the inner wall of the hollow modular concrete block. The inner skin friction force suppresses the punching of the concrete part and reduces contact pressure.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.117-133
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• 2010

A hybrid system of soil-nailing and compression anchor is proposed in this paper; the system is composed of an anchor bar (installed at the tip) with two PC strands and a steel bar. After drilling a hole, installing proposed hybrid systems, and filling the hole with grouting material, prestress is applied to the anchor bar to restrict the deformation at the head and/or to prevent shallow slope failures. However, since the elongation rate of PC strand is much larger than that of steel bar, yield at the steel bar will occur much earlier than at the PC strand. It means that the yield load of the hybrid system will be overestimated if we simply add yield loads of the two - anchor bar and PC strands. It might be needed to try to match the yielding time of the two materials by applying the prestress to the anchor bar. It means that the main purpose of applying prestress to the anchor bar should be two-fold: to restrict the deformation at the nail head; and more importantly, to maximize the design load of the hybrid system by utilizing load transfer mechanism that transfers the prestress applied at the tip to the head through anchor bar. In order to study the load transfer mechanism in a systematic way, in-situ pullout tests were performed with the following conditions: soil-nailing only; hybrid system with the variation of prestress stresses from 0 kN to 196 kN. It was found that the prestress applied to the anchor system will induce the compressive stress to the steel bar; it will result in decrease in the slope of load-displacement curve of the steel bar. Then, the elongation at which the steel bar will reach yield stress might become similar to that of PC strands. By taking advantage of prestress to match elongations at yield, the pullout design load of the hybrid system can be increased up to twice that of the soil-nailing system.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.5-16
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• 2009

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities have been shown to be potential factors that can improve corporate image and increase the ability of corporations to compete. However, most previous studies related to CSR activities investigated how these activities influence product and corporate evaluation, as well as corporate image. In addition, some researchers treated consumers' perceptions of corporate motives as moderator variables in evaluating the relationship between corporate social responsibilities and consumer response. However, motive-based theories have some weaknesses. Corporate social responsibility activities cause two motives(egoistic vs. altruistic) for consumers, but recently, Vlachos et al. (2008) argued that these motives should be segmented. Thus, it is possible to transform the original theory into a modified theory model (persuasion knowledge model, PKM). Vlachos et al. (2008) segmented corporate social responsibility motives into four types and compared the effects of these motives on customer loyalty. Prior studies have proved that CSR activities with positive motives have positive influences on customer loyalty. However, the psychological reasons underlying this finding have not been determined empirically. Thus, the objectives of this research are twofold. First, we attempt to determine why most customers favor companies that they feel have positive motives for their corporate social responsibility activities. Second, we attempt to measure the effects of consumers' reciprocity when society benefits from corporate social responsibility activities. The following research hypotheses are constructed. H1: Values-driven motives for corporate social responsibility activities have a positive influence on the perceived reciprocity. H2: Stakeholder-driven motives for corporate social responsibility activities have a negative influence on the perceived reciprocity. H3: Egoistic-driven motives for corporate social responsibility activities have a negative influence on perceived reciprocity. H4: Strategic-driven motives for corporate social responsibility activities have a negative influence on perceived reciprocity. H5: Perceived reciprocity for corporate social responsibility activities has a positive influence on consumer loyalty. A single company is selected as a research subject to understand how the motives behind corporate social responsibility influence consumers' perceived reciprocity and customer loyalty. A total sample of 200 respondents was selected for a pilot test. In addition, to ensure a consistent response, we ensured that the respondents were older than 20 years of age. The surveys of 172 respondents (males-82, females-90) were analyzed after 28 invalid questionnaires were excluded. Based on our cutoff criteria, the model fit the data reasonably well. Values-driven motives for corporate social responsibility activities had a positive effect on perceived reciprocity (t = 6.75, p < .001), supporting H1. Morales (2005) also found that consumers appreciate a company's social responsibility efforts and the benefits provided by these efforts to society. Stakeholder-driven motives for corporate social responsibility activities did not affect perceived reciprocity (t = -.049, p > .05). Thus, H2 was rejected. Egoistic-driven motives (t = .3.11, p < .05) and strategic-driven (t = -4.65, p < .05) motives had a negative influence on perceived reciprocity, supporting H3 and H4, respectively. Furthermore, perceived reciprocity had a positive influence on consumer loyalty (t = 4.24, p < .05), supporting H5. Thus, compared with the general public, undergraduate students appear to be more influenced by egoistic-driven motives. We draw the following conclusions from our research findings. First, value-driven attributions have a positive influence on perceived reciprocity. However, stakeholder-driven attributions have no significant effects on perceived reciprocity. Moreover, both egoistic-driven attributions and strategic-driven attributions have a negative influence on perceived reciprocity. Second, when corporate social responsibility activities align with consumers' reciprocity, the efforts directed towards social responsibility activities have a positive influence on customer loyalty. In this study, we examine whether the type of motivation affects consumer responses to CSR, and in particular, we evaluate how CSR motives can influence a key internal factor (perceived reciprocity) and behavioral consumer outcome (customer loyalty). We demonstrate that perceived reciprocity plays a mediating role in the relationship between CSR motivation and customer loyalty. Our study extends the research on consumer CSR-inferred motivations, positing them as a direct indicator of consumer responses. Furthermore, we convincingly identify perceived reciprocity as a sub-process mediating the effect of CSR attributions on customer loyalty. Future research investigating the ultimate behavior and financial impact of CSR should consider that the impacts of CSR also stem from perceived reciprocity. The results of this study also have important managerial implications. First, the central role that reciprocity plays indicates that managers should routinely measure how much their socially responsible actions create perceived reciprocity. Second, understanding how consumers' perceptions of CSR corporate motives relate to perceived reciprocity and customer loyalty can help managers to monitor and enhance these consumer outcomes through marketing initiatives and management of CSR-induced attribution processes. The results of this study will help corporations to understand the relative importance of the four different motivations types in influencing perceived reciprocity.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.101-123
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• 2012

Currently, Social Media, it has widely a renown keyword and its related social trends and businesses have been fastly applied into various contexts. Social media has become an important research area for scholars interested in online technologies and cyber space and their social impacts. Social media is not only including web-based services but also mobile-based application services that allow people to share various style information and knowledge through online connection. Social media users have tendency to common identity- and bond-attachment through interactions such as 'thumbs up', 'reply note', 'forwarding', which may have driven from various factors and may result in delivering information, sharing knowledge, and specific experiences et al. Even further, almost of all social media sites provide and connect unknown strangers depending on shared interests, political views, or enjoyable activities, and other stuffs incorporating the creation of contents, which provides benefits to users. As fast developing digital devices including smartphone, tablet PC, internet based blogging, and photo and video clips, scholars desperately have began to study regarding diverse issues connecting human beings' motivations and the behavioral results which may be articulated by the format of antecedents as well as consequences related to contents that people create via social media. Social media such as Facebook, Twitter, or Cyworld users are more and more getting close each other and build up their relationships by a different style. In this sense, people use social media as tools for maintain pre-existing network, creating new people socially, and at the same time, explicitly find some business opportunities using personal and unlimited public networks. In terms of theory in explaining this phenomenon, social capital is a concept that describes the benefits one receives from one's relationship with others. Thereby, social media use is closely related to the form and connected of people, which is a bridge that can be able to achieve informational benefits of a heterogeneous network of people and common identity- and bonding-attachment which emphasizes emotional benefits from community members or friend group. Social capital would be resources accumulated through the relationships among people, which can be considered as an investment in social relations with expected returns and may achieve benefits from the greater access to and use of resources embedded in social networks. Social media using for their social capital has vastly been adopted in a cyber world, however, there has been little explaining the phenomenon theoretically how people may take advantages or opportunities through interaction among people, why people may interactively give willingness to help or their answers. The individual consciously express themselves in an online space, so called, common identity- or bonding-attachments. Common-identity attachment is the focus of the weak ties, which are loose connections between individuals who may provide useful information or new perspectives for one another but typically not emotional support, whereas common-bonding attachment is explained that between individuals in tightly-knit, emotionally close relationship such as family and close friends. The common identify- and bonding-attachment are mainly studying on-offline setting, which individual convey an impression to others that are expressed to own interest to others. Thus, individuals expect to meet other people and are trying to behave self-presentation engaging in opposite partners accordingly. As developing social media, individuals are motivated to disclose self-disclosures of open and honest using diverse cues such as verbal and nonverbal and pictorial and video files to their friends as well as passing strangers. Social media context, common identity- and bond-attachment for self-presentation seems different compared with face-to-face context. In the realm of social media, social users look for self-impression by posting text messages, pictures, video files. Under the digital environments, people interact to work, shop, learn, entertain, and be played. Social media provides increasingly the kinds of intention and behavior in online. Typically, identity and bond social capital through self-presentation is the intentional and tangible component of identity. At social media, people try to engage in others via a desired impression, which can maintain through performing coherent and complementary communications including displaying signs, symbols, brands made of digital stuffs(information, interest, pictures, etc,). In marketing area, consumers traditionally show common-identity as they select clothes, hairstyles, automobiles, logos, and so on, to impress others in any given context in a shopping mall or opera. To examine these social capital and attachment, we combined a social capital theory with an attachment theory into our research model. Our research model focuses on the common identity- and bond-attachment how they are formulated through social capitals: cognitive capital, structural capital, relational capital, and individual characteristics. Thus, we examined that individual online kindness, self-rated expertise, and social relation influence to build common identity- and bond-attachment, and the attachment effects make an impact on both the willingness to help, however, common bond seems not to show directly impact on information sharing. As a result, we discover that the social capital and attachment theories are mainly applicable to the context of social media and usage in the individual networks. We collected sample data of 256 who are using social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and Cyworld and analyzed the suggested hypotheses through the Structural Equation Model by AMOS. This study analyzes the direct and indirect relationship between the social network service usage and outcomes. Antecedents of kindness, confidence of knowledge, social relations are significantly affected to the mediators common identity-and bond attachments, however, interestingly, network externality does not impact, which we assumed that a size of network was a negative because group members would not significantly contribute if the members do not intend to actively interact with each other. The mediating variables had a positive effect on toward willingness to help. Further, common identity attachment has stronger significant on shared information.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.37-56
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• 2001

This study was conducted to analyze the degree of changes in knowledge and attitude toward smoking and to examine the factors affecting knowledge and attitude for smoking after providing a smoking prevention program based on social influence model for a year to middle school students. Study population consists of 665 subjects of middle school students(aged 14 years) in Gumi city in Kyeongsangbukdo Province. Among them three-hundred sixty-seven students(intervention group) were educated to a smoking prevention program for 1 year from April 1999 to April 2000. School-based four-class program to prevent smoking was developed. The program provides instruction about short and long-term negative physiologic and social consequences of smoking and also discussed the health hazards of smoking, social pressure to smoke, peer norms regarding tobacco use, and refusal skill. A 45-item self-administered structured questionnaire was designed to evaluate the change of knowledge, attitude, smoking rate and the amount of smoking. The instrument was comprised of 11 knowledge items, thirteen attitude item and demographic items. Each scales were created by summing responses to each items within each scales and high scores on the knowledge, attitude, and smoking behavioral intention scales indicated positive responses. Based on the changes before and after the implementation of smoking prevention program between intervention and control group, the change of scores on knowledge were significantly different between the control group and the intervention group(p<0.05) and the change of scores on the attitude toward smoking was significantly different between intervention and control group. The change of smoking rate were not showing a significant difference between two groups but the amount of smoking were significantly reduced in intervention group than control group. In multiple regression analysis on changes of knowledge about smoking, the variables of smoking prevention program education, previous knowledge on smoking and students' school performance were selected the significant variables. In multiple regression to analysis of the factors influencing changes in attitude toward smoking, the variables of smoking prevention program education, previous knowledge on smoking were shown to be significant. The smoking prevention program was effective on change of knowledge and attitude of middle school students. In considering that the policy should be needed to extent of implementation of school-based health education curricula based on social influence model and it would contribute to reduce smoking of students.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.193-221
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• 2017

Grouping episodes into semantically related categories is necessary for better mnemonic structure. However, the effect of grouping on memory of subordinate details was not clearly understood. In an fMRI study, we tested whether attending superordinate during semantic association disrupts or enhances subordinate episodic details. In each cycle of the experiment, five cue words were presented sequentially with two related detail words placed underneath for each cue. Participants were asked whether they could imagine a category that includes the previously shown cue words in each cycle, and their confidence on retrieval was rated. Participants were asked to perform cued recall tests on presented detail words after the session. Behavioral data showed that reaction times for categorization tasks decreased and confidence levels increased in the third trial of each cycle, thus this trial was considered to be an important insight where a semantic category was believed to be successfully established. Critically, the accuracy of recalling detail words presented immediately prior to third trials was lower than those of followed trials, indicating that subordinate details were disrupted during categorization. General linear model analysis of the trial immediately prior to the completion of categorization, specifically the second trial, revealed significant activation in the temporal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus, areas of semantic memory networks. Representative Similarity Analysis revealed that the activation patterns of the third trials were more consistent than those of the second trials in the temporal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, and hippocampus. Our research demonstrates that semantic grouping can cause memories of subordinate details to fade, suggesting that semantic retrieval during categorization affects the quality of related episodic memory.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.47-62
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• 1981

d-amphetamine이 사람에서 paranoid schizophrenia와 아주 유사한 model psychosis를 일으키며 또한 사람과 실험동물에서 실제 정신분열증에서 뚜렷이 관찰되는 behavioral perservation을 일으킬 수 있음이 관찰되었다. 이에 많은 학자들은 이러한 양상의 행동변화가 정신분열증의 원인 추구에 중요한 의미를 주는 뇌변화를 반영할지도 모른다는 생각에 많은 연구를 거듭하여 왔다. 지금까지는 주로 catecholamine기전에 대하여 집중적 연구가 수행되어져 왔으나 최근에는 d-amphetamine의 약리기전의 일부는 5-HT기전이 차지하고 있으며, 여러 행동변화에는 catecholaimin 보다 5-HT 가 더 중요하게 관계하고 있다는 주장이 나오고 있다. 또한 d-amphetamine은 시험관내에서 MAO 특히 신경전달물질 분해요소인 A type를 가역적으로 억제할 수 있음이 보고되어 많은 흥미를 끌어왔으나 생체내에서의 억제여부는 직접적으로 확인이 되고 있지 않다. 그러나 최근에 Braestrup(1977)과 El Hait(1978)등은 간접적인 방법으로 생체내에서도 억제시킬 수 있음을 보고하고 있다. 이에 저자는 d-amphetamine에 의해 야기되는 행동변화와 그 밑바탕을 이루는 생화학적 기전에 5-HT가 차지하는 역할을 알아보기 위해서 다음의 실험을 시행하였다. 첫째, d-amphetamine의 급성, 만성 투여가 5-HT의 5-HIAA 로의 turnover와 MAO활성도에 어떤 영향을 미치며, 더 나아가서 이 양자사이에 어느 정도 상관관계가 있는지를 알아보기 위해서 d-amphetamine을 투여한 후 시간 경과에 따라서 뇌내 5-HT, 5-HIAA, 5-HT turnover rate와 MAO 활성도를 측정하였다. 둘째, d-amphetamine, 5-HT 합성을 증가시키는 약물과 합성을 억제시키는 약물을 투여하고, 위의 생화학적 실험과 행동관찰을 병합 실시하여 비교분석하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) d-amphetamine (6 mg/kg)을 급성투여시, 뇌내 5-HT함량이 투여 1시간 후에 최고로(대조치의 123%, p<0.001) 증가되다가 이후 감소하며, 5-HIAA 함량은 처음 15분부터 감소하기 시작하다가 30분에 최저로 떨어지며(대조치의 78%, p<0.005) 이후 증가하여 24시간째는 약간 대조치 이상으로 회복되었다. 미토콘드리아 MAO활성도는 1시간째에 최저로 떨어지다가(대조치의 89%, p<0.05)이후 회복하기 시작하여 24시간째에 약간 대조치 이상으로 회복되었다. 5-HT의 turnover rate는 MAO활성도 변화와 거의 같은 변화를 보였다. 2) 만성투여시 (하루 2번, 14일간 투여)는 5-HT 함량, 5-HIAA 함량, MAO 활성도 및 5-HT turnover rate 모두가 중등도로 감소되었다. (각각 대조치의 87%, 69%, 80%, 79%). 3) MAO 활성도와 5-HT turnover rate 사이에는 높은 상관관계가 있었다. (r=0.866, p<0.001, N=94). 4) MAO 활성도의 역동학 실험에서는 대조치에 비해 투여군에서 Km 값은 의미가 있는 증가가 있었으나 $V_{max}$값은 큰 변동이 없었다. 5) d-amphetamine을 급성 투여할때는 sleeping과 lying components는 상당한 감소를 보인 반면, locomotor activity 는 1시간까지는 상당한 증가를 보였으며 용량이 적을수록 더 큰 증가가 있었다. 반면 stereotypy는 1시간까지 용량이 증가할수록 더 큰 증가가 나타나서 locomotor activity에서 stereotypy 의 증가로 이행을 나타내었다. 만성 투여시는 locomotor activity는 점차적인 감소를 보였으나 stereotypy는 점차적인 증가가 나타나서 14일쯤에는 평형에 도달하였다. 6) PCPA 단독 투여군(400 mg/kg, 3번)에 있어서는 5-HT와 5-HIAA 함량의 상당한 감소가 나타났으나 MAO 활성도와 행동에는 큰 변화를 나타내지 않았다. PCPA전 처치군에 있어서도 5-HT와 5-HIAA 함량은 마찬가지로 상당한 감소를 나타내었으나 gnawing, sniffing과 locomotor activity는 더 증가를, stereotyped head weaving, forepaw treading과 hindlimb abduction은 상당한 감소를 나타내었다. 7) L-tryptophan(100 mg/kg)단독 투여시는 5-HT 함량은 약간 증가를 나타내었으나 5-HIAA 함량은 상당한 증가를 보였다. MAO활성도나 행동은 큰 변화없었다. L-tryptophan 전처치군에 있어서는 5-HT 함량은 더 큰 증가를 보였으나, 5-HIaa 함량은 MAO 활성도는 별 변화없었으며 stereotypedlateral head waving, forepaw treading 과 hindlimb abduction은 증가를, locomotor activity, gnawing과 sniffing components는 감소를 나타내었다. 8) d-amphetamine 단독투여, 혹은 L-tryptophan 전처치, PCPA 전처치후 측정한 5-HT 함량과 stereotyped head weaving, forepaw treading, hinilimb abduction components 사이에는 높은 상관관계가 있었다(r=0.789, p<0.001). 반면 5-HT 함량과 locomotor activity, stereotyped gnawing과 sniffing components 사이에는 약한 음성의 상관관계가 있었다. (r=0.554, p <0.005). 이상의 결과로 미루어 볼때 5-HT의 5-HIAA 로의 turnover rate 는 주로 MAO 활성도에 의해서 조절되며 5-HT 기전이 d-amphetamine에 의해서 야기된 여러 행동변화 중 상당한 부분에서 중요한 역할을 하리라고 생각된다.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2017

This study was conducted to develop an agent-based computing platform enabling simulation of on-farm produce contamination by enteric foodborne pathogens, which is herein called PPMCS (Preharvest Produce Microbial Contamination Simulator). Also, fecal contamination of preharvest produce was simulated using PPMCS. Although Agent-based Modeling and Simulation, the tool applied in this study, is rather popular in where socio-economical human behaviors or ecological fate of animals in their niche are to be predicted, the incidence of on-farm produce contamination which are thought to be sporadic has never been simulated using this tool. The agents in PPMCS including crop, animal as a source of fecal contamination, and fly as a vector spreading the fecal contamination are given their intrinsic behaviors that are set to be executed at certain probability. Once all these agents are on-set following the intrinsic behavioral rules, consequences as the sum of all the behaviors in the system can be monitored real-time. When fecal contamination of preharvest produce was simulated in PPMCS as numbers of animals, flies, and initially contaminated plants change, the number of animals intruding cropping area affected most on the number of contaminated plants at harvest. For further application, the behaviors and variables of the agents are adjustable depending on user's own scenario of interest. This feature allows PPMCS to be utilized in where different simulating conditions are tested.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.424-429
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate whether peripheral or central administration of triptolide is involved in pain modulation in inflammatory orofacial pain. The inflammatory orofacial pain was induced by the injection of 5% formalin into right vibrissa pad of rats. The pain behavioral response was measured the number of grooming or scratching on the orofacial area for 9 successive 5 minutes intervals. Triptolide was administrated into the identified vibrissa pad (12.5, 25, $50{\mu}g/50{\mu}l$) or intracisternal space (0.01, 0.1, $1{\mu}g/10{\mu}l$) 10 min before formalin injection. The nociceptive responses were reduced in the 2nd phase (11~45 minutes), particularly 20, 30 minutes after fomalin injection following administration of triptolide into vibrissa pad (25, $50{\mu}g/50{\mu}l$). Intracisternal ($1{\mu}g/10{\mu}l$) administration of triptolide alleviated the formalin-induced pain behaviors in the 2nd phase, especially 25~40 minutes after formalin injection. Triptolide could be a promising analgesic agent in the treatment of inflammatory orofacial pain.