• Smart Media Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.156-164
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• 2024

The Metaverse as a combination of physical and digital space, provides many consumers with a different process of search, evaluation, consumption, and disposal than before, based on hyper-connected and hyper-realistic services. Therefore, it is necessary to examine what kind of sensory experiences customers feel when performing various activities in the Metaverse and how these experiences affect customers' behavioral responses. This study measured the temporal and emotional experience of the Metaverse service environment felt during the Metaverse experience journey of customers experiencing medical tourism services. The results of the study showed that the emotional experience through Metaverse had a more positive impact on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty as the intensity of the Metaverse experience deepened. In particular, it was confirmed that the emotional experience at the end of the Metaverse service had a positive influence on repurchase behavior. These results show that, just as in the real world, customer experience in the Metaverse can provide important insight into understanding customers' post purchase behavior and how service providers can develop and implement effective customer experience strategies in the Metaverse environment.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2024

Background: Different job strain formulations based on the Job Demand-Control model have been developed. This study evaluated longitudinal associations between job strain and psychological distress and whether associations were influenced by six formulations of job strain, including quadrant (original and simplified), subtraction, quotient, logarithm quotient, and quartile based on quotient, in randomly selected Japanese workers. Methods: Data were from waves I and II of the Survey of Midlife in Japan (MIDJA), with a 4-year followup period. The study sample consisted of 412 participants working at baseline and had complete data on variables of interest. Associations between job strain at baseline and psychological distress at follow-up were assessed via multivariable linear regression, and results were expressed as β coefficients and 95% confidence intervals including R² and Akaike information criterion (AIC) evaluation. Results: Crude models revealed that job strain formulations explained 6.93-10.30% of variance. The AIC ranged from 1475.87 to 1489.12. After accounting for sociodemographic and behavioral factors and psychological distress at baseline, fully-adjusted models indicated significant associations between all job strain formulations at baseline and psychological distress at follow-up: original quadrant (β: 1.16, 95% CI: 0.12, 2.21), simplified quadrant (β: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.18, 1.85), subtraction (β: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.70), quotient (β: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.67), logarithm quotient (β: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.72), and quartile based on quotient (β: 1.22, 95% CI: 0.36, 2.08). Conclusion: Six job strain formulations showed robust predictive power regarding psychological distress over 4 years among Japanese workers.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.237-246
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• 2024

In recent years, the frequent occurrence of fire accidents in university libraries has posed significant threats to the safety of students' lives and property, alongside negative social impacts. Accurately analyzing the factors affecting evacuation during library fires and proposing optimized measures for safe evacuation is thus crucial. This paper utilizes a specific university library as a case study, simulating fire evacuation scenarios using the Pathfinder software, to assess and validate evacuation strategies and propose relevant optimizations. Pathfinder, developed by Thunderhead Engineering in the United States, is an intuitive and straightforward personnel emergency evacuation assessment system, offering advanced visualization interfaces and 3D animation effects. This study aims to construct evacuation models and perform simulation analysis for the selected university library using Pathfinder. The library's structural layout, people flow characteristics, and the nature of fire and smoke spread are considered in the analysis. Additionally, evacuation scenarios involving different fire outbreak locations and the status of emergency exits are examined. The findings underscore the importance of effective evacuation in fire situations, highlighting how environmental conditions, individual characteristics, and behavioral patterns significantly influence evacuation efficiency. Through these investigations, the study enhances understanding and optimization of evacuation strategies in fire scenarios, thereby improving safety and efficiency. The research not only provides concrete and practical guidelines for building design, management, and emergency response planning in libraries but also offers valuable insights for the design and management of effective evacuation systems in buildings, crucial for ensuring occupant safety and minimizing loss of life in potential hazard situations

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.272-279
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• 2007

Purpose : We tried to find out the clinical parameters which predict the outcome of treatment in children with enuresis. Methods : Enuresis patients who visited our hospital during 2003-2007 were included. Parameters such as age, gender, height, weight, minimal voided volume, maximal voided volume, maximum functional bladder capacity, frequency of voiding, urine S,G. before and after sleep were measured and an enuresis diary was also recorded. The reduction in wetting frequencies were classified into three groups; none(<50%), partial(50-90%) and complete(90%) response groups. We also compared the 'initial responders' who showed improvement(${\ge}50%$) during the 2 weeks of evaluation and behavioral therapy to the 'initial non-responders'. Results : Parameters mentioned above showed no significant relation to the treatment out-come. The response rate during the 2 weeks of the evaluation period was 32%(49/151) [complete in 1.3% (2/151), partial in 29.6% (47/151)]. Two-months' treatment responses were complete in 14(40%), partial in 19(54.3%) and none in 2(5.9%) responders(n=35), while they were 10(13.5%), 46(62.2%) and 18(24.3%), respectively in the non-responders(n=73) (P<0.05). Conclusion : We suggest that initial 'responsiveness' can be used as a predictor for good treatment outcome in patients with enuresis.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.49-58
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• 2019

There have been studies on the satisfaction, preference, and post occupancy evaluation of urban parks in order to reflect users' preferences and activities, suggesting directions for future park planning and management. Despite using questionnaires that are proven to be affective to get users' opinions directly, there haven been limitations in understanding the latest changes in park use through questionnaires. This study seeks to address the possibility of utilizing the thirdgeneration SNS data, Instagram and Google, to compare behavior patterns and trends in park activities. Instagram keywords and photos representing user's feelings with a specific park name were collected. We also examined reviews, peak time, and popular time zones regarding selected parks through Google. This study tries to analyze users' behaviors, emerging activities, and satisfaction using SNS data. The findings are as follows. People using park near residential areas tend to enjoy programs being operated in indoor facilities and to like to use picnic places. In an adjacent park of commercial areas, eating in the park and extended areas beyond the park boundaries is found to be one of the popular park activities. Programs using open spaces and indoor facilities were active as well. Han River Park as a detached park type offers a popular venue for excercises and scenery appreciation. We also identified companionship characteristics of different park types from texts and photos, and extracted keywords of feelings and reviews about parks posted in $3^{rd}$ generation SNS. SNS data can provide basis to grasp behavioral patterns and satisfaction factors, and changes of park activities in real time. SNS data also can be used to set future directions in park planning and management in accordance with new technologies and policies.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.327-339
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• 2018

This study aimed to provide basic data for establishing the clinical basis for dental hygienist-led dental hygiene process of care by identifying multiple risk factors for self-support program participants in Gangneung city; we also compared oral health status and behavioral changes through customized oral health care. Four dental hygienists who were evaluated for degree of conformity provided dental hygiene process of care to eight self-support program participants who were selected as having an oral health risk among people in the self-support center. The clinical indicators measured during dental hygiene assessment and evaluation and behavioral changes due to dental hygiene intervention were compared and analyzed. With respect to clinical indicators, at the time of probe, the retention rate of patients with gingival bleeding decreased from 61.4% to 14.7% after intervention (p=0.004). Furthermore, the retention rate of patients with a periodontal pocket >4 mm decreased from 15.6% to 5.8% (p=0.001). The average modified O'Leary index of the patients improved from 23 to 40 (p=0.002). Previously, all eight subjects used the vertical or horizontal method of brushing; after dental hygiene care interventions regarding method and frequency of toothbrushing, use of oral care products, and individual interventions, they started using the rolling or Bass method of toothbrushing. Four of eight subjects reported using interdental toothbrushes after intervention. As a result of applying the change model to the transtheoretical behavior change of the subject, the result of strengthening the health behavior was confirmed. For promotion of oral health by the prevention-centered incremental oral health care system, dental hygienist-led dental hygiene management and maintenance is essential. It is thought that continuous research, such as for feasibility evaluation, cost benefit analysis, and preparation of legal systems, is needed to establish and activate dental hygiene management.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.33 no.2 s.95
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• pp.123-131
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• 2007

Many environmental contaminants including several metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and pharmaceuticals, have been identified to be phototoxic in the water environment. Concerns regarding photo-enhancement of toxicity of several environmental contaminants have been increasing because of the increased level of ultraviolet irradiation on the earth surface. However, there exist arguments that there might be certain defense mechanisms taking place in the aquatic ecosystem, which may include behavioral characteristics or genetic acclimation. This study was conducted to understand the potential responses of aquatic receptors to several phototoxic metals in the real environment, where long-term acclimation of such organisms to low dose UV-B may take place. For this purpose, water flea Daphnia magna was acclimated to environmentally relevant dose of UV-B (12 to $18uW/cm^2$) for >11 generations. The differences in developmental and life history characteristics, and toxicity responses were evaluated. Acclimation did not affect the daphnids' growth, longevity, and reproduction characteristics such as time to first brood, and brood size: After 21 d, survival of D. magna was not influenced by UV-B acclimation. When the number of young per female was compared. the daphnids acclimated for 11 generations tend to produce less number of neonates than the un-acclimated individuals but with no statistical significance (p>0.05). Four metals that were reported to be phototoxic elsewhere were employed in this evaluation, that include As, Cd. Cu, and Ni. UV-B level being applied in acclimation did increase the toxicity of Cd and Cu, significantly (p<0.05). However, the toxicities of As and Ni were not affected by irradiation of UV-B. Phototoxic responses were evaluated between the acclimated and the un-acclimated daphnids. For Cu, UV-B acclimation led to reduction of the photo-induced toxicity $(p\approx0.1)$ in daphnids. Non-acclimated Daphnia were affected by 50% at 4.18 ug/l Cu. but UV-B acclimated individuals exhibited $EC_{50}$ of 5.89 ug/l. With Cd, UV-B acclimation appeared to increase phototoxicity (p>0.05). With As and Ni, UV-B acclimation did not influence photo-induced toxicity. This observation may be in part explained by the type of reactive oxygen species that were generated by each metal. Similar to UV-B light, Cu is known to generate superoxide anion by acting as redox cycling toxicant. This is one of the first studies that employed_laboratory based UV-B acclimated test species for photoenhanced toxicity evaluation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.243-250
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• 2015

An extended end-plate connection displays different behavioral properties and energy dissipation capacity based on the thickness and length of the end-plate comprising the connection in the form of a beam-to-column moment connection, the number and diameter of the high strength bolt, the gauge distance of the high strength bolt, and the size and length of the welds. Such extended end-plate is applied to beam-to-column connections in various geometric forms in the US and European regions. Currently in Korea, however, the extended end-plate beam-to-column connection is not actively applied due to the lack of proper design formulas, the evaluation of the energy dissipation capacity, and the provision of construction guidelines. Accordingly, this study was conducted to provide the basic data for the proposal of a prediction model of energy dissipation capacity by evaluating the energy dissipation capacity of unstiffened extended end-plate connections with relatively thin end plate thicknesses. To achieve this, a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis has been conducted on unstiffened extended end-plate connections, with the thickness of the end plate as the set variable.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.2 s.70
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• pp.93-113
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• 2007

Objective : To research Trends of studies about anti-inflammation and pain relief, obesity, and safety of herbal acupuncture therapy by analyzing domestic theses, published since 2001, about herbal acupuncture therapy. Methods : Domestic theses, published since 2001, mentioning anti-inflammation or pain relief, obesity, or safety of herbal acupuncture therapy were reviewed and analyzed. These theses were then classified by university, year, and subject. Results : The following results were obtained in this study. 1. Among published theses related to anti-inflammation effects of herbal-acupuncture, studies about arthritis comprised the most part, 52. In theses relating to causes of arthritis, 16 were about adjuvant, which was the most, followed by Type II collagen, LPS and carrageenan. Blood test, reactions of inflammation and revelation of cytokine and immune cellswere methods for evaluating anti-inflammation effect. The tendency of experimental methods was to focus on molecular biologic method. 2. In theses related to pain relief, many clinical attempts with herbal injection were carried out, and Carthami Flos and Scolopendrawere used most. Observing reduction of pain inducing factor and checking behavioral change were methods for evaluating pain relief. 3. In theses related to obesity, research focused on effects in association with spots on the body suitable for acupuncture. There were also attempts comparing effectiveness between single injections and complex injections. Astraball Radix, Angelica Gigantis Radix, Coicis Semen and Taeumjowetang were used. Evaluation of anti-obesity effects were by weight loss, food efficiency, blood lipid profile and evaluation of liver function. 4. In theses related to safety of herbal-acupuncture, Herba Chelidonii Chaenonelis Fructus, Clematis Florida Thunb, Corydalidis Tuber, Paeoniae Radix, and Carthami Flos which marked 2 theses each were most studied. Methods of evaluating safety were mostly by observing liver and kidney functions based on blood test, and by applying herbal injections to clinical treatment. Conclusion : Herbal acupuncture is being used in various ways associating with its anti-inflammation, pain relief and anti-obesity effect. Studies on efficacy and mechanism of herbal acupuncture are being conducted even at the molecular biology level.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 2013

Aim : The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that treatment with self-checking behavior management program was valuable in the management of temporomandibular disorders compared with a existing method treatment group. Methods : All participants who are diagnosed with temporomandibular disorders were treated with medication and physical therapy. They came into the clinic at intervals of two weeks, three times. The signs and symptoms were assessed investigating Pain NRS(Numerical Rating Scale), MCO(Maximum comfortable opening), Noise NRS, LOM(Limitation of Mouth opening) NRS at every visit. Experimental group received instructions repeatedly by using self evaluation questionnaire. Control group was educated once at the beginning of treatment. The difference Pain NRS, MCO, Noise NRS, LOM NRS between first and second visits, first and third visits were estimated.. Result :Experimental group showed greater improvement on MCO difference after stopping medication(p=0.001). This improvements were prominent in the male(p=0.001) and the first or second decade of the patients(p=0.004). Conclusion : The present study showed that there was better result when educating repeatedly with using self evaluation questionnaire than educating once at the beginning of the treatment.