• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.22-28
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• 2014

To enhance productivity and provide high quality production material in a GMA welding process, weld quality, productivity and cost reduction affects the number of process variables. In addition, a reliable welding process and conditions must be implemented to reduce weld structure failure. In various industries the welding process mathematical model is not fully formulated for the process parameter and on the welding conditions, therefore only partial variables can be predicted. The research investigates the interaction between the welding parameters (welding speed, distance between electrodes, and flow rate of shielding gas) and bead geometry for predicting the weld bead geometry (bead width, bead height). Taguchi techniques are applied to bead shape to develope curve equation for predicting the optimized process parameters and quality characteristics by analyzing the S/N ratio. The experimental results and measured error is within the range of 10% presenting satisfactory accuracy. The curve equation was developed in such a way that you can predict the bead geometry of constructed machinery that can be used for making tandem welding process.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.737-744
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• 2005

This study was aimed to provide the measurement data and shape classification of the head of the Korean male children for the headwear sizing systems. Five hundred twenty male children, aged nine to twelve years, participated f3r this study. The 17 regions on the head and height, weight of the subjects were directly measured by the expert experimenters. Factor analysis, cluster analysis, GLM analysis and Tukey HSD test were performed using these data. Through factor analysis, low factors were extracted upon factor scores and those factors comprised $69.76\%$ for the total variances. Three clusters as their head shape were categorized using four factor scores by cluster analysis. Type 1 was characterized by the widest width and Bitragion arc, shortest head length. Type 2 had the longest head length and the widest side width and the highest head length and head circumference. Type 3 was characterized by the smallest head circumstance, head width and side width, and medium head length.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.209-217
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• 2015

Generally welding is one of the most important processes to have a strong influence on the quality and productivity from a manufacture-based industry such as shipbuilding, automotive and machinery. The GMA(Gas Metal Arc) welding process involves large number of interdependent welding parameters which may affect product quality, productivity and cost effectiveness. To solve such problems, mathematical models are required to select the welding parameters for GMA welding process. In this study, the GMA welding process was studied using the information generated during the welding. The statistical analysis of a generalized regression approach was conducted by the following three methods: Firstly using the mathematical model (linear regression, 2nd regression); Secondly GA(Genetic Algorithm) with intelligent models; And finally using response surface analysis of models to develop the relationships between welding parameters and bead width as welding quality.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.51-57
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• 2013

Residual stress caused in the weldments with high restraint force are often observed during welding in the weldments of Inner and outdoor materials or radial tanks. The reason is that quantitative analysis about thermal stresses during laser welding is lacking for this weldments. To verify Finite Elements Method (FEM) theory, the temperature was measured with thermocouple in a real time in this paper. Also analysis of the thermal stress for welding condition is performed by Comsol program package on various welding condition in SCP1-S butt welding. The principal stress in laser welding process is seen through the width direction. Also, it was confirmed that a change in base metal by thermal expansion made the stress in width direction stronger. Base metal close to the weld bead as the process progresses to the tensile stress in the compressive stress was varied. It was shown that the change of stress was quantitative from the bead at a certain distance.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.64-71
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• 2007

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of welding parameters on the weld shape in seal-welding of STS304L capsule for manufacturing a radioisotope source which is widely used in nondestructive testing of metal structures using gamma ray. Pulsed gas tungsten arc (Pulsed GTA) welding is performed for thin cross sectional area of the capsule. Seven welding parameters including current waveform parameters and arc length etc. are selected as main process parameters using design of experiment. The weld shape such as bead width, penetration depth, weld area, aspect ratio and area rate is investigated to assess the effects of welding parameters. As results, the combination of pulse duty/welding speed largely affects on bead width, penetration depth, area and aspect ratio. Finally, it is concluded that the key parameters are the combination of pulse duty/welding speed, base current and arc length, and their optimal conditions are 50%/1.77mm/s, 6.4A and 1 mm.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.535-541
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 아연도금강관 용접에 용접 전류, 전압과 보호가스가 용접 비드 형상과 미세조직과 경도에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 전압, 전류과 보호가스 종류 및 조성의 변화가 용접 비드의 높이와 너비, 용입깊이에 영향을 미침을 확인하였다. 비드높이에는 보호가스 Ar 가스, 용입에는 $CO_2$ 가스, 그리고 비드너비에는 Ar+$O_2$ 가스가 가장 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 용접부의 경도에서는 Ar+10% $O_2$ 와 Ar+20% $CO_2$ 가스 사용 시 결정립계 페라이트와 다각형 페라이트가 생성되어 낮았으며, Ar+2% $O_2$ 가스를 사용했을 때는 아시큘러 페라이트와 베이나이트적 페라이트와 사이드플레이트 페라이트가 생성되어 경도가 높았다.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.88-98
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• 1997

Welding defects, such as porosity and spike, have sometimes occurred in deep penetration electron beam welds. These defects are known to be one of the serious problem in electron beam welds. So, effects of active parameters ($a_b$) on bead shape and occurrence of defects in electron beam welds of heavy section 9%Ni steel plates were investigated. Partial penetration welding in flat position, and deep penetration welding of 10 ~ 28mm depth were investigated in this study. It is desirable to select low accelerating voltage and above the surface focus position $a_b$$\geq$1.2 at which a wine-cup shaped bead is obtained to avoid the welding defects such as spike and root porosity. When the accelerating voltage of electron beam was low (90kV), active parameter ($a_b$) did not influence on the bead width, penetration depth and weld defects significantly. However, in case of high voltage ($\geq$120kV), active parameter ($a_b$) was sensitively associated with penetraton depth and weld defects, i.e. when the active parameter (($a_b$) was in the range of 0.6 to 1.0, the depth of penetration was always over the target (23mm), while the depth of penetration was dramatically decreased with further increase of active parameter ($a_b$). The weld defects were decreased with the increase of active parameter $a_b$ resulting in the decrease of energy density of the focused beam in the root part of fusion zone.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.47-54
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• 1999

It is well known that solidification cracking often occurs in welds of root pass for one-side welding under the conditions of high welding currents and speeds. In this study, the solidification in 590MPa class steel for pressure vessels SPPV490 was investigated by using flux-cored arc welding(FCAW) with 4 types of welding wires and welding conditions of 200∼280A and 2.8∼ 4.2mm/sec. In order to compared the result of cracking in SPPV490, 0.2%C steel for welded structure of SWS400 and 0.45%C steel for machine structural SM45C were also used as base metals. As the results, all the cracks formed in some welding conditions were observed near the center of weld bead. The solidification cracks were generally initiated near the upper surface of bead and propagated toward the inner part. The solidification cracking generally increased with welding current and welding speed in the same base metal and welding material. In cracking susceptibility, SPPV490 showed higher cracking susceptibility than SWS400 in all welding conditions and welding materials. It was considered that cracking susceptibility could not be evaluated with the hardness of weld metals. The cracking ratio increased with decreasing of a/b(a and b; the width of the upper surface and the back surface of the bead) as shape factor of bead. The cracking tendency with shape factor of bead was extended under the condition of higher welding currents.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.999-1008
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• 2012

ISB(Intelligent Silicon Bead)는 기존 CMOS 칩과 달리 CMOS SoC의 전원을 포함한 외부와의 인터페이스(interface)를 모두 빛을 이용하여 칩의 초소형화 및 단가를 낮추고 광통신, 메모리 기능을 탑재한 신개념 바이오 실험용 칩이다. 본 논문에서는 외부리더기로부터 비드칩에 인가된 하나의 광신호를 통해 전력과 신호를 동시에 전달하기 위한 저전력, 저면적특성의 광수신단 설계와 입력프로토콜에 대해서 소개하고 이를 시뮬레이션 및 측정을 통해 검증한다. 또한 칩의 ID를 기록/저장하기 위한 저전력 PROM을 설계하여 광신호 입력에 따른 출력 결과 값을 얻는데 성공한다. 본 연구를 통하여 기존 RFID에서 발생한 칩면적 소형화의 한계와 높은 단가 등의 문제점을 해결하여 새로운 유형의 바이오용 칩 개발을 기대할 수 있다.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.19-24
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• 2004

The laser welding and its analysis of thin-sheet carbon steels were carried out with high power $CO_{2}$ laser. The main factor of weld quality of laser welding is gap and edge quality. This work was preformed to focus on the gap tolerance problem during laser welding. First, bead on plate welding of thin sheet was examined to investigate the effect of laser welding variables, and to obtain optimum welding condition. Butt welding was also carried out to show the effect of gap on the laser weldability of thin sheet. In order to investigate the effect of gap on formability of welded thin sheet, LDH test was caried out. At high welding speed, the partial penetration was obtained by low heat input. Otherwise, porosity was formed in the bead at low weld speed because of too much heat input. The optimum welding condition of welding was derived from bead width, penetration and hardness property. The maximum gap tolerance on laser welding was observed to be about 0.2mm. This gap size has good relationship with beam size of laser spot(about 0.3mm). The formability of welded sheet was about $80{\%}$ value of base metal and the gap size has not affected on the formability, although weld quality is dependent on the gap size.