• Title/Summary/Keyword: Bath Composition

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Composition and microstructure of Silver-Tin alloy deposits from prophosphate bath (피로인산염욕을 사용한 은-주석 합금도금층의 조성 및 현미경 조직)

  • 예길촌;김용웅;김진수
    • Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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    • v.26 no.3
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    • pp.143-148
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    • 1993
  • Composition and microstructures of Silver-Tin alloy deposits from a pyrophosphate bath were studied under the D.C. electrolysis conditions. Cathode current efficiency and throwing power of alloy deposits de-creased with increasing current density. Tin content of Ag-Sn alloy deposits decreased noticeably with the cur-rent density and with decreasing pH. The preferred orientation of the deposits tended to change in sequence of (110)longrightarrow(111)longrightarrow(100) texture with increasing the cathode overpotential. The surface structure of alloy deposits showed the smooth surface structure with fine crystallites.

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Effects of Surfactants on Electroless Copper Planting Bath for PCB (PCB제조용 무전해 동도금액에 대한 계면활성제의 영향)

  • 이홍기;심미자;김상욱;여운관;이주성
    • Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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    • v.26 no.5
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    • pp.263-270
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    • 1993
  • The effects of surfactants on electorless copper plating bath for PCB was studied. Basic bath composition was cuplic sulfate 10g/l, EDTA.2Na 40 g/l, formalin$ 3m\ell$/l and sodium hydroxide solution for pH adjust. After addition of accelerators, stabilizers and surfactants, the polarization curves in plating bath were carried out for presumption of the plating rate. From the plating rate in bath with the various concentration of additives, the optimum condition for manufacturing the electroless copper plating bath was confirmed. It was found that the addition of $\alpha$.$\alpha$'-dipyridyl, pyridine and polyxyethylene octylphenylether was good as stabilizer, accelerator and surfactants, respectively. With this additives, the maximum plating rate of $12\mu\textrm{m}$/h at $65^{\circ}C$ and $2\mu\textrm{m}$/h at $25^{\circ}C$ was obtained.

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Evaluation of Morphology and Water Flux for Polysulfone Flat Sheet Membrane with Conditions of Coagulation Bath and Dope Solution (응고조와 도프조성에 따른 폴리술폰 평막의 모폴로지 및 수투과도 평가)

  • Woo, Seung Moon;Chung, Youn Suk;Nam, Sang Yong
    • Membrane Journal
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    • v.22 no.4
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    • pp.258-264
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    • 2012
  • In this study, to research effect of coagulation bath and composition of dope solution, polysulfone flat sheet membrane was fabricated by phase inversion method. PEG and PVP were used as additive. Concentration of polymer and additive, composition of coagulation bath was controlled to prepare flat sheet membrane. And then the morphology and water flux of prepared membrane were measured by FE-SEM and water flux testing apparatus. The highest value of water flux was measured at the membrane prepared under a 15 wt% PSF, 25 wt% PEG conditions, and water as coagulation bath. The pure water flux of the membrane composed of PSf/PEG was drastically decreased with increasing amount of DMAc. We confirmed that change of amount in additive and composition in coagulation bath influence the morphology and water flux performance of the membrane.

Reduction of floating Dross in the Zinc Bath (도금욕 부유드로스의 감소)

  • Chang, Seky
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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    • 1999.05a
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    • pp.97-97
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    • 1999
  • Dross formation in the zinc bath is inevitable under any condition as long as coating process on steel strip continues. Thus, bath aluminum and temperature are precisely managed to suppress the increase of dross. Also, excessive dross for normal coating process is generally eliminated physically by bubbling and skimming. Total amount of dross in the bath can be sometimes high enough to cause coating defect. On the other hand, local concentration of dross can make coating defect even with satisfactory level of total amount of dross. Reduction of dross in the bath was attempted by using ceramic foam filter made of mainly alumina. Dross in molten zinc was almost reduced to the levels of solubility of iron and aluminum in molten zinc at $450~460^{\circ}C$. Their solubility levels were confirmed by thermodynamic calculations or DEAL program. Two kinds of filters were tested for dross reduction. One was #20 ppi, porous per inch, and the other #30 ppi filter. Both were effective in reducing the bath dross to the solubility levels at the static state. Bath iron was reduced by 24 wt% and 19 wt% with #20 filter, and by 35 wt% and 29 wt% with #30 filter for GI and GA pot, respectively. Also, ceramic foam filter did not make any harm to the zinc bath composition after filtering test.

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Depositing Rate of Electroless Nickel Plating Bath Contained Triethanolamine as a Complexing Agent (트리에탄올아민을 錯化劑로 사용한 無電解니켈鍍金浴의 析出速度에 관한 硏究)

  • Yeo, Woon-Kwan
    • Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.153-163
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    • 1985
  • In the electroless nickel plating bath which contained nickel sulfate, sodium hypophosphite, boric acid and triethanolamine, effect of their concentration on the rate of deposition was tested by gravimetric method and polarization method. The polarization method that polarize small range of voltage anodicaly and cathodicaly at the mixed potential in the electroless plating bath can calculate mixed current (depositing rate) from $i_{mp}=\frac {i}{\eta}\;\frac{RT}{nF}\;or\;i_{mp}=\frac{i}{\eta}\;\frac{1}{2.3}(\frac{b_a\;\;b_c}{b_c+b_a})$ Where $i_{mp}$ is the depositing current, i is the polarized current, ${\eta}$ is the polarized voltage, $b_a\;and\;b_c$ are the Tafel slop of anodic and cathodic polarization curves respectively. The calculated mixed current ($i_{mp}$) is proportional to the depositing rate obtained by gravimetric method and corresponded mostly to the real depositing rate by multifying supplementary constant. The polarization method can be used for founding inclination of reaction on various concentration of each composition. Decreasing or increasing concentration of triethanolaminc as a complexing agent , the depositing rate is decreased and when the bath contained 25-50mL/L of triethanoloamine, the depositing rate is increased. The depositing rate is increased with increasing the concentration of boric acid, and when the bath contained 0.5M of boric acid, the depositing rate is increased abruptly. The optimum composition of the electroless nickel bath was estimated 0.1M of nickel sulfate, 0.25M of sodium hypophosphite, 0.5M of boric acid, and 25-50mL/L of triethanalamine.

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Effect of Bath Compositions and Plating Conditions for Decorative Properties of Chromium Deposits using Oxalic Acid (수산을 사용한 크롬도금의 광택성에 미치는 도금액의 조성과 도금조건의 영향)

  • Oh, I.S.;Park, J.D.
    • Journal of Power System Engineering
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    • v.5 no.3
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    • pp.80-87
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    • 2001
  • Decorative properties of chromium depositions from oxalic acid bath containing chromium oxide and ammonium sulfate have been examined over a wide range of bath compositions and plating conditions. The obtained results from this experiment are summarized as follow: The followings were determined as a optimum conditions, bath compositions; $CrO_3\;200{\sim}250\;g/{\ell},\;H_2C_2O_4{\cdot}2H_2O\;500{\sim}700\;g/{\ell},\;(NH_4)_2SO_4\;40{\sim}120\;g/{\ell}$, and operation conditions; pH $2.0{\sim}2.5$, current density $15{\sim}250\;A/dm^2$ at bath temperature range of $30{\sim}80^{\circ}C$. Bright chromium deposits were obtained over a wide range of ammonium sulfate concentration and bath temperature. Decorative property for chromium deposition was adopted to apply stoichiometric ratio of $CrO_3$ concentration and $H_2C_2O_4{\cdot}2H_2O$.

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Effect of Plating Condition and Surface on Electroless Co-Cu-P Alloy Plating Rate (무전해 Co-Cu-P 도금속도에 미치는 도금 조건과 표면상태의 영향)

  • Oh, L.S.
    • Journal of Power System Engineering
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    • v.4 no.2
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    • pp.31-39
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    • 2000
  • Relationships between the plating condition and the plating rate of the deposition film for the electroless plating of Co-Cu-P alloy were discussed in this report. The result obtained from this experiment were summarized as follow ; The optimum bath composition was consisted of 0.8 ppm thiourea as a stabilizing agent. Composition of the deposit was found to be uniform after two hours of electroless plating. Plating rates of nickel-catalytic surface and zincate-catalytic surface were found to be very closely equal, but the plating time of nickel-catalytic surface took longer than that of the zincated-catalytic surface.

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A Study of the Electroless Ni-W-B Depsition on Alumina Ceramics (Alumina Ceramics상의 무전해 Ni-W-B 도금에 관한 연구)

  • 유능희;강성군
    • Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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    • v.22 no.4
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    • pp.161-167
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    • 1989
  • Effects of bath composition on electroless deposition of Ni-W-B from sulphate solution were invesrigated in terms of deposition kinetics, electro resistivity and composition of deposit film. The microstruigated and crystataine structure of the films were also studied using a scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffractometer. The deposition rate increased linearly with increasing the concentration of nickel sulphate in bath solution, wheras the rate decreasing with sodium citrate. The rate was also affected by sodium tungstate, which was maaximum at the concentration of 0.06 M/1 in sodium tungstate, The content of W in the deposit increased with increased with increasing the sodium citrate had on opposite effect on the composition of W and B in the deposit. The crystal change film from armorphous to cryatallicne nature by heat treatments was proved by the reduction of specific resistance and X-ray diffration.

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A Study on the Characteristics of he Space Composition of the Medium Large Size Apartments' Unit Plan in Gyeongnam (경남지역 중대형 아파트의 단위세대 평면구성 특성에 관한 연구)

  • Han, Min-Jeong
    • Journal of the Korean housing association
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    • v.19 no.5
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    • pp.1-10
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    • 2008
  • This study attempts to analyze the characteristics of the space composition of the apartments and the general principles of apartments unit plans in Gyeongnam. Literature review and content analysis method were used in his research. The data of 108 unit plans were collected from e-catalogue and model houses of housing construction firms. The results of this study were as follows; 1) The general principle of Gyeongnam apartment unit plans, the tendency of 4LDk+2BATH type, 4bay, central type living room were showed. 2) In the point LDK and couple's bed room, LDK area become large and open type and couple's bed room were showed bed room+dress+powder+bath type as Maser's zone. 3) The entrance has a intermediate space as a balcony or a former space and the privacy of LDK space was protected from the entrance. 4) In the case of support space, generally support kitchen and laundry space were offered and several balconies were utilized. In fact, he differences of apartment plan composition between central cities and Gyeongnam were no showed. Therefore, these tendencies on plan composition of apartment in Gyeongnam were followed the general principles of Korean unit plans.

Astudy on the chromium plating from low concentrate bath (저농도 크롬도금에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Kyung-Jin;Park, Kwang-Ja;Lee, Sung-Joo;Lee, Jong-Yong
    • Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.1-18
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    • 1977
  • In decorative chromium plating, highly concentrated conventionl baths ($CrO_3$ 150~400g/l) have been used. Because of the problems of heavy metal pollution and the saving of raw materials, chromium plating from dilute bath has been developed recently. The present study was performed to determine the effects of all the variables in the low concentrated chromium plating bath, such as brightness, appearence, current efficiency, and plating rate with regard to the bath composition and plating conditions.

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