• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.684-690
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• 2000

Background : The most common cause of treatment failure of pulmonary tuberculosis is early stoppage of treatment or irregular medication. The most important aspect of a retreatment is regular medication provided over a long period. Inadequate treatment may cause drug resistance and prolong the duration of chemotherapy. This study analyzed the risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis patients, who failed in retreatment, and to use the results as basic data in the management of intractable tuberculosis patients with improving the rate of retreatment success. Methods : We performed a retroactive study of 62 pulmonary tuberculosis patients in retreatment at National Mokpo Tuberculosis Hospital from Jan. 1994 to Dec. 1995. The patients were separated into two groups: group I was retreatment failure and group II was retreatrnent success. For the analysis of risk factors in retreatment failure, we compared the difference between the two groups and tested the confidence limit about results of the results by independent t-test, ${\chi}^2$ test and Fisher's exact test. Results : The treatment failure rate of retreatment patients was 13(21%), and treatment success 49(79%). No significant difference (p>0.05)in age, sex, number of treatment, irregular rate of treatment, extent of the disease & cavitary lesion on the chest X-ray, number of resistance drugs, number of used drugs to medication, number of sensitive bactericidal drugs to medication, rate of sensitive drugs to medication and resisiance to INH & RFP had not significant difference. was found. However, the number of treatment was $2.4{\pm}0.8$ in group I and $1.6{\pm}0.9$ in group II, and had showing a significant difference(p<0.05) between the two groups. Conclusion : The risk factor of retreatment failure was more irregular previous treatment the irregularity of the previous treatment. For reducing the retreatment failure of pulmonary tuberculosis, greater efforts are needed more need to be done to prevent failure of first treatment.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.626-631
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the physical characteristics (height, body lenght, chest depth, head type, ear type, body color, eye type and tail type) and genetic diversity using 15 microsatellite DNA markers (PEZ 1, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, FHC 2010, FHC 2054 and FHC 2079) in 44 random Miryang native dogs(6 months${\sim}$12 years old). The height, body lenght, and chest depth of Miryang native dogs were 43-55 cm(mean 49.5 cm), 45-60 cm(mean 54.3 cm), and 50-64 cm(mean 57.9 cm), respectively. Miryang native dog was medium sized. The head and eye type were reverse-triangle(100%), triangle (90.9%) and newborn moon(9.1%), respectively. Most of body color had white coat color(93.2%), light pink tongue color(100%), light black anal color(90,9%) and pink claw color(100%). The ear type showed erect ear(100%), and half-curled(56.8%), upward(34.1%), curled(9.1%) in tail type, respectively. Number of alleles observed at a single locus ranged from 2 (PEZ 21 and FHC 2010) to 14 (PEZ 13), with average number of alleles per locus of 6.13. The expected heterozygosities of 15 microsatellite loci were estimated based on gene frequencies. The highest expected heterozygosity, 0.863 was estimated in PEZ 13 locus and the lowest, 0.455 in PEZ 21 and FHC 2010 locus. And the mean expected heterozygosity of 15 microsatellite markers was calculated as 0.635. Polymorphic information content (PIC) values were ranged from 0.348 (PEZ 21 and FHC 2010) to 0.837 (PEZ 13), and the mean PIC value was calculated as 0.570. Of the 15 markers, PEZ 10, PEZ 13, PEZ 17 and FHC 2054 loci have relatively high PIC value (> 0.7) in Miryang native dog. In order to determine the efficieney of parentage control, exclusion probabilities (PE) were calculated for each allele. The highest PE 1 and PE 2 in PEZ 13 locus was caculated to 0.548 and 0.710, respectively. And the total exclusion power in PE 1 and PE 2 was calculated to 0.9895 and 0.9996, respectively. These results can give basic information for perservation and research in Miryang native dog, and phylogenetic relationships of the Korean native dog and Asian dog breeds.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to provide basic information for breeding cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L.) by investigating the crop characteristics of 245 accessions of cowpea collected in Korea and abroad. All specimens flowered within 41 to 50 days (51.5%) or 51 to 60 days (43.7%) of sowing and matured 21 to 30 days (53.9%) or 31 to 40 days (23.7%) from flowering. Thus, the total time from sowing to maturity was either 71 to 80 days (26.9%) or 81 to 90 days (23.4%) for all specimens. The accessions were classified into indeterminate type (72.7%), intermediate type (25.7%) and determinate type (1.6%) based on growth; prostrate type (78.8%) and erect type (21.2%) based on plant type; heart shape (98.4%) and lanceolate (1.6%) based on leaflet shape; and purple (85.2%), white (13.6%) and light green (1.2%) based on corolla color. The accessions were classified into brown (54.7%) and yellowish brown (37.6%) based on color at pod maturity; and downward (90.6%), middle (5.7%) and standing upright (3.7%) based on pod setting position. Seed coat color varied as 25.3% were brown, 23.3% were black, and 20.8% were white. Seed shape also varied as 66.9% were egg-shaped, 24.9% were rectangular and 8.2% were kidney-shaped. Pod lengths ranged from 10.1-20.0 cm and from 20.1-30.0 cm in 89.0% and 8.6% of specimens, respectively. There were 12.1-15.0, 9.1-12.0, and 15.1-18.0 seeds per pod in 62.0%, 25.7% and 9.1% of specimens, respectively. The weight of one hundred seeds ranged from 15.1-20.0 g (37.6%) and 10.1-15.0 g (28.6%). Seed yields per plant were 100.1-200.0 g (52.7%), less than 100 g (22.9%), and 200.1-300.0 g (15.9%). The starch content in the seeds of the seven selected resources ranged from 44.1 to 57.0% while the protein content ranged from 23.3 to 27.5% with significant differences. The sucrose content ranged from 1.46 to 2.03%, also with significant differences.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.5 s.85
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• pp.699-705
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• 2007

The present study was conducted to investigate the genetic characteristic and to establish the parentage verification system of the Korean native horse(KNH). A total number of 192 horses from six horse breeds including the KNH were genotyped using 17 microsatellite loci. This method consisted of multiplexing PCR procedure. The number of alleles per locus varied from 5 to 10 with a mean value of 7.35 in KNH. The expected heterozygosity and observed heterozygosity were ranged from 0.387 to 0.841(mean 0.702) and from 0.429 to 0.905(mean 0.703), respectively. The total exclusion probability of 17 microsatellite loci was 0.9999. Of the 17 markers, AHT4, AHT5, CA425, HMS2, HMS3, HTG10, LEX3 and VHL20 marker have relatively high PIC value(>0.7). This study found that there were specific alleles, P allele at AHT5, Q allele and R allele at ASB23, H allele at CA425, S allele at HMS3, J allele at HTG10 and J allele at LEX3 marker in KNH when compared with other horse populations. Also, the results showed two distinct clusters: the Korean native horse cluster(Korean native horse, Mongolian horse), and the European cluster(Jeju racing horse, Thoroughbred horse). These results present basic information for detecting the genetic markers of the KNH, and has high potential for parentage verification and individual identification of the KNH.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.6 s.73
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• pp.972-978
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• 2005

The present study was carried out to investigate the blood markers of Jeju horses. The redcell cypes (blood groups) and blood protein types (biochemical polymorphisms) were tested from 102 Jeju horses by serological and electrophoretc procedure, and their phenotypes and gene frequencies were estimated. The blood group and biochemical polymorphism phenotypes observed with high frequency were $A^{af}\;(27.45\%$), $C^{a}\;(99.02\%$), $K^{-}\;(97.06\%$), $U^{a}\;(62.75\%$), $P^{b}\;(36.27\%$), $Q^{c}\;(47.06\%$), $D^{cgm/dghm}\;(13.73\%$), $D^{adn/cgm}\;(9.80\%$), $D^{ad/cgm}$\;(8.82\%$), $D^{dghm/dghm}(7.84\%$), $D^{cgm/cgm}(7.84\%$), $AL^{B}\;(48.04\%$), $GC^{F}\;(99.02\%$), $AlB^{K}\;(97.06\%$), $ES^{FI}\;(36.27\%$), $TF^{F2}\;(25.49\%$), $HB^{B1}\;(45.10\%$), and $PGD^{F}\;(86.27\%$) in Jeju horses, respectively. Alleles observed with high gene frequency were $A^{af}$ (0.3726), $A^{C}$ (0.2647), $C^{-}$ (0.5050), $K^{-}$ (0.9853), $U^{-}$ (0.6863), $P^{b}$ (0.4657), $Q^{c}$ (0.5294), $D^{cgm}$ (0.3039), $HB^{B1}$(0.6863), $PGD^{F}$ (0.9265), $AL^{B}$ (0.6912), $ALB^{K}$ (0.9852), $GC^{F}$ (0.9950), $ES^{I}$ (0.5000) and $TF^{F2}$ (0.4950) in Jeju horses, and sfecific alleles, $D^{cgm(f)}$ (0.0196), $HB^{A}$ (0.0147), $HB^{A2}$ (0.0196), $ES^{G}$ (0.0441), $ES^{H}$ (0.0098), $TF^{E}$TF'(0.0246), $TF^{H2}$ (0.0049) and $PGD^{D}$ (0.0098) were detected in Jeju horses. These preliminary results present basic information for detecting the genetic markers in Jeju horse. and developing a system for parentage verification and individuals identification in jeju horses.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.569-579
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• 2019

In this study, the effect anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and liver protective activity was investigated via quick ultrasonic disintegration of pine pollen using a probe sonicator (PS) followed by the extraction with water, 70% ethanol, and 100% ethanol. The anti-inflammatory effect was studied by measuring the production of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine in RAW264.7 cells induced with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The cell toxicity was also checked with an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and the experiment was conducted using non-toxic $100{\mu}g/mL$. The NO inhibition rate was highest in the 70% ethanol PS group at $85.99{\pm}0.12%$. Also an excellent efficiency was obtained from the results of interlukin-1 beta ($IL-1{\beta}$) and tumor necrosis factor alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$), which is related to inflammation-related cytokine, with the respective inhibition rates of 63 and 22%. To examine liver protective activity, HepG2 cells were treated with Taclin, and the generation of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was measured in the culture solution. From GOT and LDH generation results, the inhibition rates in the 70% ethanol PS group were 28% and 13%, respectively, which was higher compared to that of using negative control group. Our results suggest that pine pollen extracted in 70% ethanol using PS may be used to develop food products that have anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and liver protective effects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.965-973
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• 2021

Since radiation therapy is irradiated with high-energy X-rays in a variety of at least 20 Gy to 80 Gy, a high dose is administered to the local area where the tumor is located, and various side effects of some normal tissues are expected. Currently, in clinical practice, lead, a representative material, is used as an effort to shield normal tissues, but lead is classified as a heavy metal harmful to the human body, and a large amount of skin contact can cause poisoning. Therefore, this study intends to manufacture a measurement sheet that can compensate for the limitations of lead using the materials Tungsten, Brass, and Copper of the 3D printer of the FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) method and to investigate the penetration performance. Tungsten mixed filament transmission measurement sheet size was 70 × 70 mm and thickness 1, 2, 4 mm using a 3D printer, and a linear accelerator (TrueBeam STx, S/N: 1187) was measured by irradiating 100 MU at SSD 100 cm and 5 cm in water using a water phantom, an ion chamber (FC-65G), and an elcetrometer (PTW UNIDOSE), and the permeability was evaluated. As a result of increasing the measurement sheet of each material by 1 mm, in the case of Tungsten sheet at 3.8 to 3.9 cm in 6 MV, the thickness of the lead shielding body was thinner than 6.5 cm, and in case of Tungsten sheet at 4.5 to 4.6 cm in 15 MV. The sheet was thinner than the existing lead shielding body thickness of 7 cm, and equivalent performance was confirmed. Through this study, the transmittance measurement sheet produced using Tungsten alloy filaments confirmed the possibility of transmission shielding in the high energy region. It has been confirmed that the usability as a substitute is also excellent. It is thought that it can be provided as basic data for the production of shielding agents with 3D printing technology in the future.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.116
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• pp.411-435
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• 2010

Ken Wilber(1949~) tries to approach integration of philosophy, emphasising the advent of the perennial philosophy in the exchange of scholarships at the present day. He suggests All Quadrant(四象限) for the first step to reach his integrated approach. In addition, his approach concretizes for AQAL(All Quadrant, All Level). His AQAL approach which can be divide into inside/outside, singular/plural, or interobjectivity/intersubjectivity is applied to a lot of fileds such as ecology, management, criminology, medical treatment and its boundary is getting bigger. The merits of Quadrant is that it can solve the problem of the plain(平原), which resolves the strength of subjective interior(cultural contexts) into the external existence(social system). From view of Dongmu Lee Je-ma(1837~1900), a former philosopher, Sa-Sang theory['Affairs-Mind-body-Objects(事心身物)', 'Heaven-Human-nature-Order(天人性命)] is in accord with Wilber in content. In Dongmu's writing, Quadrant(Affairs-Mind-body-Objects') called Sa-Sang theory(四象學) or Sasang Constitional Medicine(四象醫學) is basic component in order to explain the structure of all nature. 'Heaven-Human-nature-Order'; That is, 'Affairs-Mind-body-Objects' results in 'Heaven-Human-nature-Order' focused on human being(human body) in the universe. In other words, Sa-Sang theory is the same as the Wilver's inclusive perspectives from the universe and human being. Dongmu's Sa-Sang theory is compared with C. G. Jung(1875~1961)'s psychology and it helps both fields confirm the foundation and extend the province of application. Comparision of Dongmu's Quadrant with Wilber's is not just analogical reasoning. In comparison, Dongmu's Sa-Sang theory is more delicated and crystallized than Wilber's in medical prospective. Dongmu regards Quadrant not as diseases, but as origin of Physiology and Pathology. And he explains all of their courses as Quadrant.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.547-559
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• 2021

Purpose: This study compares the snacking pattern, diet, lifestyle, and food preference of children by evaluating the most frequently eaten snacks. Methods: The survey enrolled 435 students from three elementary schools in Gyeonggi. Based on the most frequently eaten snacks, the subjects were divided into 3 groups: fruits and milk/dairy products for natural snacks (NS, n = 114); noodles, snack foods and fast foods for meal-like snacks (MS, n = 74); cookies, beverages and bread as sweet snacks (SS, n = 247). Results: Compared to the MS group, preferences of the NS group were significantly higher for jabgokbap (cooked rice with multi-grains, p < 0.05) and saengchae (seasoned raw vegetables, p < 0.01), and significantly lower for gogitwigim (deep-fried meat, p < 0.05). Taste preference of the NS group was considered to be more desirable; the taste preference of more subjects was 'sweet taste' in the SS group, 'spicy taste' in the MS group, 'salty taste' in the MS and SS groups, and 'sour taste' and 'bland taste' in the NS group than the other groups. Compared to the MS and SS groups, the NS group was determined to exercise more frequently; exercising for more than 30 minutes/day was determined to be 76.3% in the NS group and 58.1% and 57.9% in the other groups (p < 0.01). Moreover, a higher proportion of subjects in the MS group tended to answer 'not hungry' as the reason for leaving school meals, as compared to other groups (p = 0.055), thereby suggesting that inappropriate snacking habits interfere with regular meals. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that healthy snacking habits, which include natural snacks such as milk/dairy products and fruits, are important for children during the elementary school years, since these habits are associated with healthier diet, lifestyle, and food and taste preferences. These results provide basic information for developing nutritional education materials for elementary school children.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.53-62
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• 2022

Objective : This study aimed to present basic data that could help in selecting or using evaluation tools in clinical settings. Methods : This study included 51 patients with stroke. The Cognitive Impairment Screening Test (CIST), Korean-Mini Mental State Examination, 2nd Edition (K-MMSE~2), and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) were used as evaluation tools. The correlation between evaluation tool scores was analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, and the comparison of total scores between the CIST and K-MMSE~2 according to global CDR scores was analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results : The correlation between the total CIST and K-MMSE~2 scores and global CDR scores was statistically significant (p<.01). The correlation between the sub-scores of the CIST and K-MMSE~2 showed a statistically significant correlation for all sub-scores (p<.01). The comparison of total scores between the CIST and K-MMSE~2 according to global CDR scores showed no statistically significant differences in all global CDR scores. Conclusion : This study showed that there was a correlation between CIST, K-MMSE~2, and CDR in patients with stroke. In the future, we hope that the results of this study will help to select or use cognitive function evaluation tools in clinical settings.