• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.61-67
• /
• 1995

The extract of Ginkgo bibloba (EGb) is a complex mixture of natural products from the Ginkgo leaves and clinically used for the treatment of cerebral and peripheral circulatory disturbances due to its combined activity of several vasoactive principles. In this study we investigated the action of EGb and its mechanism in isolated rabbit corporal smooth muscle to evaluate the possibility of using this material as a pharmacoerecting agent. Strips of rabbit corpus cavernosum were mounted in organ chambers to measure isometric tension. EGb began to exert an relaxing effect at 1 mg/ml in the submaximally precontracted muscle strips with phenylephrine $(PHE,\;5{\times}10^{-6}\;M)$; causing concentration-dependent relaxation with maximal effect at $3{\sim}5\;mg/ml$. That relaxation was partially inhibited by removal of the smooth muscle endothelium or by pretreatment with a NO scavenger, pyrogallol $(10^{-4}\;M)$ or the guanylate cyclase inhibitor, methylene blue $(10^{-4}\;M)$. Pretreatment with EGb (3 mg/ml) inhibited PHE- $(5{\times}10^{-6}\;M)$ or KCI- (20 and 40 mM) induced contraction of muscle strip. In calcium-free high potassium solution EGb depressed the basal tone of the depolarized muscle strip and inhibited calcium-induced contraction when $CaCl_2$ $(10^{-4}\;M)$ was added. These results suggest that EGb relaxes rabbit corpus cavernosal smooth muscle through multiple action mechanisms that include increasing the release of nitric oxide from the corporal sinusoidal endothelium, sequestration of intracytosolic calcium, and maybe a hyperpolarizing action.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제2권3호
• /
• pp.361-368
• /
• 1998

The spontaneous contractions of gastric smooth muscles are regulated by slow waves, which are modulated by both nervous system and humoral agents. This study was designed to examine the effects of prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) on the contractile and electrical activities of antral smooth muscles in guinea-pig stomach, using an intracellular recording technique. To elucidate the underlying mechanism for its effect on contractility, ionic currents were also measured using a whole-cell patch clamp method. The basal tone by $PGE_2$ was variable, whereas the magnitude of phasic contractions was reduced ($19.0{\pm}2.1%$, n=19). The resting membrane potentials were hyperpolarized ($-4.4{\pm}0.5%$ mV, n=10), and plateau potentials were lowered ($-2.9{\pm}0.5%$ mV, n=10). In most cases, however, the initial peak potentials of slow waves were depolarized more by $PGE_2$ than those of control. The frequency of the slows wave was increased from $5.7{\pm}0.2$ cycles/min to $6.5{\pm}0.2$ (n=22). Voltage-operated $Ca^{2+}$ currents were decreased by $PGE_2$ (n=5). Voltage-operated $K^+$ currents, both Ca-dependent and Ca-independent, were increased (n=5). These results suggest that $PGE_2$ plays an important role in the modulation of gastric smooth muscle activities, and its inhibitory effects on the contractility and activities of slow waves are resulted from both decrease of $Ca^{2+}$ currents and increase of $K^+$ currents.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제15권5호
• /
• pp.267-272
• /
• 2011

A number of studies have demonstrated that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) can induce muscle contraction or relaxation response and enhance secretion in the gastrointestinal tract via a multiplicity of 5-HT receptor subtypes. In the present study, we investigated the pharmacological characterization of the 5-HT-induced contractile response in longitudinal smooth muscle isolated from the feline ileum. Addition of 5-HT into muscle chambers enhanced the basal tone and spontaneous activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The neurotoxin tetrodotoxin did not alter the 5-HT-induced contraction of the longitudinal muscles. Neither atropine nor guanethidine affected the contraction. The 5-HT agonists, 5-methylserotonin hydrochloride and mosapride, also evoked concentration-dependent contractions. The 5-HT-induced contraction was enhanced by the $5HT_2$ receptor antagonist ketanserin and the $5-HT_3$ receptor antagonist ondansetron but was inhibited by the 5-$HT_1$ receptor antagonist methysergide and 5-$HT_4$ receptor antagonist GR113808. These results indicate that 5-$HT_1$ and 5-$HT_4$ receptors may mediate the contraction of the 5-HT-induced response and 5-$HT_2$ and 5-$HT_3$ receptors may mediate 5-HT-induced relaxation in feline ileal longitudinal smooth muscles.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• 제41권4호
• /
• pp.379-388
• /
• 1994

연구배경 : 수면 무호흡증후군은 수면시 반복적인 무호흡이 발생하여 일련의 심폐계통의 변화가 초래되는 질환으로 이중 동맥혈 산소포화도(arterial oxygen saturation, 이하 $SaO_2$)의 감소와 심부정맥의 발생이 임상적으로 중요한 소견이다. 무호흡시 $SaO_2$의 감소양상은 환자마다 다양하며 이는 호흡정지 기간, 호흡정지시의 산소공급원인 폐용량 및 개체의 산소소모율에 따라 결정될 것으로 예상된다. 방법 : 호흡정지와 재개시에 수반되는 $SaO_2$ 및 심박수(heart rate, 이하 HR)의 변동양상을 관찰하고, 그 변동에 관련되는 생리학적 인자들을 알아보고자 정상 남자 8명 및 정상 여자 9명 등 총 17명을 대상을 폐용량 측정, 동맥혈 가스분석을 시행하고 Harris-Benedict 식에 의거한 기초대사율을 산출한 뒤 총폐용량(total lung capacity, 이하 TLC), 기능적 잔기량(functional residual capacity, 이하 FRC) 및 잔기량(residual volume, 이하 RV) 상태에서 호흡정지를 시킨 후, $SaO_2$의 변동과 심전도를 측정기록하였다. 결과 : 호흡정지시 $SaO_2$가 기저치로부터 2% 감소하는데 걸린 시간(T2%)은 TLC, FRC 및 RV 에서 각각 $70.1{\pm}14.2$초 $44.0{\pm}11.6$초 및 $33.2{\pm}11.1$초로 TLC보다는 FRC 에서(p<0.05), FRC보다는 RV에서(p<0.05) 유의하게 단축되었다. T2%까지 호흡정지한 뒤 호흡재개시 $SaO_2$의 추가 감소는 RV에서 $4.3{\pm}2.1%$로서, TLC의 $1.4{\pm}1.0%$나 FRC의 $1.9{\pm}1.4%$ 보다 감소량이 컸고(각각 p<0.05), 최저 $SaO_2$치에서 기저치로의 회복에 걸린 시간은 TLC, FRC 및 RV에서 유의한 차이가 없었다. T2%는 각각의 폐용량 혹은 기초대사율과 유의한 상관관계는 없었으나, TLC/BMR(r=0.693, p<0.001) 및 FRC/BMR(r=0.615, p<0.025)과는 각각 유의한 상관관계를 보였고, RV/BMR(r=0.027, p>0.05)과는 유의한 상관관계가 없었다. 호흡정지와 재개의 전 과정에서 생긴 최대심박수와 최초심박수의 차이는 TLC에서 $27.5{\pm}9.2$회/분, FRC 에서 $19.1{\pm}6.0$회/분, RV에서 $26.4{\pm}14.0$회/분으로 FRC에서의 심박수 변화량이 TLC나 RV에서의 변화량보다 유의하게 적었고(각각 p<0.05), 기록상 호흡재개 시점을 전후한 5개씩의 p-p간격의 평균치는 TLC에서 $0.84{\pm}0.10$초와 $0.72{\pm}0.09$초(p<0.025), FRC에서 $0.82{\pm}0.11$초와 $0.73{\pm}0.09$초(p<0.025), RV에서 $0.77{\pm}0.09$초와 $0.72{\pm}0.09$초(p<0.05)로 모두 유의한 차이가 있었다. 결론 : 정상인에서 FRC이상에서 호흡정지시 $SaO_2$의 감소속도는 폐용량/기초대사율과 밀접한 상관관계를 보이고, 호흡정지-재개의 과정에서 생기는 동성부정맥은 FRC상태가 제일 작고 미주신경활성도의 변화가 관여하는 것으로 추정되며, RV에서의 실험결과로 미루어 수면 무호흡증후군 환자들에서 체위, 혹은 복부비만에 기인하는 기능적 잔기량의 감소가 저산소혈증의 정도나 심부정맥의 발생에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구가 필요하고, 수면시의 기능적잔기량을 증가시키는 것이 치료적 유용성이 있는지에 대한 검증도 필요하리라고 사료된다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제1권6호
• /
• pp.769-774
• /
• 1997

Non-neuronal high affinity binding sites for benzodiazepines have been found in many peripheral tissues including cardiac muscle and vascular smooth muscle, and have been designated as 'peripheral benzodiazepine receptor'. Benzodiazepines have been shown to induce relaxation of the ileal, vesical, and uterine smooth muscles. However, it is still unclear about possible involvement of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor on the contractility of trachealis muscle. This study was performed to investigate the role of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor on the contractility of canine trachealis muscle. Canine trachealis muscle strips of 15 mm long were suspended in an isolated organ bath containing 1 ml of physiological salt solution maintained at $37^{\circ}C$, and aerated with $95%\;O_2/5%\;CO_2$. Isometric myography was performed, and the results of the experiments were as follows: Ro5-4684, FGIN-1-27 and clonazepam reduced a basal tone of isolated canine trachealis muscle strip concentration dependently, relaxant actions of RoS-4684 and FGIN-1-27 were antagonized by PK11195, a peripheral benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Flumazenil, a central type antagonist, did not antagonize the relaxant action of Peripheral type agonists. Saturation binding assay of [3H]Ro5-4864 showed a high affinity$(Kd=5.33{\pm}1.27nM,\;Bmax=\;867.3{\pm}147.2\;fmol/mg\;protein)$ binding site on the canine trachealis muscle. Ro 5-4684 suppressed the bethanechol-, 5-hydroxyoyptamine- and histamine- induced contractions. Platelet activating factor (PAF) exerted strong and prolonged contraction in trachealis muscle strip. Strong tonic contraction by PAE was attenuated by Ro 5-4684, but not by WEB 2086, a PAF antagonist. Based on these results, it is concluded that the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor mediates the inhibitory regulation of contractilty of canine trachealis muscle.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.13-22
• /
• 1989

Benzodiazepine 계통의 약물들은 진정, 최면제로 진정, 최면, 불안의 감소와 함께 횡문근 이완과 항 경련 작용을 가진다는 것은 이미 잘 알려진 바이나 이러한 약리 작용의 기전에 대해서는 아직 확실하게 밝혀진 바가 없다. 최근 이러한 약리 작용과 연관성을 지니는 것으로 알려진 뇌내의 benzodiazepine의 수용체(receptor)를 통한 자극 전달 기전에 calcium 이온의 역할이 큰 비중을 차지할 수 있음이 대두되었다. 또 뇌 이외의 다수의 말초 조직에서도 benzodiazepine의 수용체가 있으며, 이들도 calcium 이온과 상호 작용 할 것이라고 보고된 바가 있으나 이들의 약리 작용과 그 작용 기전에 대해서는 아직 확실히 밝혀진 바가 없다. 이에 저자는 benzodiazepine 계통 약물 중 대표적이라 할 수 있는 diazepam을 사용하여 diazepam이 장관 평활근의 수축성에 미치는 영향을 calcium 이온과 연관시켜 검색하기 위하여 흰쥐 회장 평활근에서 적출한 종주근 절편을 적출 근편 실험조내에서 diazepam 처치 전후의 carbachol, histamine 및 calcium 유발 수축성의 변화를 등척성 장력 측정기를 사용하여 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. Diazepam은 흰쥐 회장 절편의 기본 장력을 농도 의존적으로 감소시켰다. 2. Diazepam은 흰쥐 회장 절편의 carbachol-유발 수축 작용을 고농도에서는 억제시켰으며 저농도에서는 오히려 증강시키는 이중 효과를 나타내었다. 3. Diazepam 존재하에서 흰쥐 회장 절편의 histamine-유발 수축 작용은 억제되었으며, diazepam의 농도가 증가함에 따라 그 억제도는 증가하였다. 4. 칼슘 배제 용액에서 칼슘 재 투여로 인한 회장 절편의 장력의 회복율은 diazepam 전처치에 의해 억제되었으며, diazepam의 농도가 증가함에 따라 그 억제도는 증가하였다. 이상의 실험 결과로 미루어 diazepam은 흰쥐 회장 종주근의 수축성을 억제시키며 이 작용은 diazepam이 평활근 세포내로의 calcium의 유입을 억제함으로써 나타나는 것으로 사료된다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제13권6호
• /
• pp.503-510
• /
• 2009

To elucidate the mechanism of cyclic nucleotides, such as adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP), in the regulation of human gastric motility, we examined the effects of forskolin (FSK), isoproterenol (ISO) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on the spontaneous, high $K^+$ and acetylcholine (ACh)-induced contractions of corporal circular smooth muscle in human stomach. Gastric circular smooth muscle showed regular spontaneous contraction, and FSK, ISO and SNP inhibited its phasic contraction and basal tone in a concentration-dependent manner. High $K^+$ (50 mM) produced sustained tonic contraction, and ACh $(10\;{\mu}M)$ produced initial transient contraction followed by later sustained tonic contraction with superimposed phasic contractions. FSK, ISO and SNP inhibited high $K^+$-induced tonic contraction and also ACh-induced phasic and tonic contraction in a reversible manner. Nifedipine $(1\;{\mu}M)$, inhibitor of voltage-dependent L-type calcium current $(VDCC_L)$, almost abolished ACh-induced phasic contractions. These findings suggest that FSK, ISO and SNP, which are known cyclic nucleotide stimulators, inhibit smooth muscle contraction in human stomach partly via inhibition of $VDCC_L$.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제46권4호
• /
• pp.323-326
• /
• 2006

Suaeda (S.) asparagoides $M_{IQ}$, one of the halophyte groups, has been used as a folk remedy for digestive disturbances in Korea. However, its pharmacological activity on gastrointestinal motility has not been reported yet. In this study, the effects of this halophyte extracts with various solvent fractions (ethanol, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water) on mice ileal spontaneous motility was examined. All solvent fractions at the concentration of $100{\mu}g/ml$ showed inhibitory actions on spontaneous motility of ileum with the potency order of water > 70% ethanol > hexane ${\gg}$ chloroform ${\geq}$ butanol ${\geq}$ ethyl acetate, respectively. In addition, the water fraction of extracts from S. asparagoides $M_{IQ}$ (WFSA) dose-dependently ($1-100{\mu}g/ml$) inhibited the amplitude of spontaneous phasic contraction and area under the contractile curve (AUC). The inhibitory effect of water fraction at the concentration of $10{\mu}g/ml$ was not affected by tetrodotoxin (TTX), $Na^+$ channel blocker ($1{\mu}M$), and $N^w$-nitro-L-arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME), nitric oxide synthase inhibitor ($100{\mu}M$). However, cyclopiazonic acid (CPA, $10{\mu}M$), inhibitor of sarcoplasmic reticulum $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase, almost blocked the inhibitory effects of WFSA ($10{\mu}g/ml$) on the spontaneous phasic contraction of mouse ileum. But, CPA did not inhibit the lowering basal tone effects of WFSA. The result of this study showed that various extracts of S. asparagoides $M_{IQ}$ induce inhibitory effects on spontaneous contraction of mice ileal segments. More over, the polar solvent fractions were shown to be more potent than non-polar solvent fractions. The effects of S. asparagoides $M_{IQ}$ extracts are not mediated by nerve or nitric oxide. The inhibitory effects of WFSA at least partially mediated by sarcoplasmic reticulum $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase. However, further study is required to determine the exact pharmacological mechanisms of this halophyte on its gastrointestinal motility inhibitory effects.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.66-93
• /
• 1979

Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, which has been known for more than EWO years. occupies a Particular prince in folk medicine as so called tonic remedy. The pharmacolgical investigations of ginseng, based on the scientific concepts and methodology, have been performed by many researchers through the past 50∼60 years at different parts of the world. The pharmacological action of Panax ginseng compiled from the numerous reports can be summarized as follows: 1. On central nervous system, the effect of Panax ginseng is timulatory in smaller doses and somewhat depressive in larger doses. From the psychopharmacological aspect, ginseng seems to increase the mental efficiency of man. 2. Ginseng has the effect tending to Protect organism from various physical and chemical stresses. 3. The growth and basal metabolic rates of experimental animals are stimulated by ginseng. Ginseng also prolongs the survival time of animals under adverse influences. 4. Increasing the physical and mental efficiency, ginseng postpones the onset of fatigue and increases the working capacities. 5. In the case of the intravenous administration of ginseng, a transitory and slight hypotensive effect is observed. These hypotensive effects seems to include that of a direct action and actions related to the release of histamine and/or serotonin by ginseng. 6. It is Presumed that ginseng lowers the elevated bleed ingar and cholesterol level. 7. Ginseng tends to increase the gastrointestinal motizity and tone 8. It is presumed that ginseng Promotes the iron metabolism and activates the hematopoietic factors. 9. Ginseng tends to stimulate the biosynthesis of nucleic acid and release of histamine and serotonin. 10. The toxicity end adverse reactions of ginseng appear to be nothing that warrants apprehension. 11. Anticancer erects of ginseng seem to be due to indirect action rather than direct action on cancer cell, by improving the host condition 12. Recent clinical trials of ginseng harts obtained sent good results, but Present trial is still limited in its range, so it is necessary to broaden the scope of trial covering many kinds of organs and diseases. From the above, although it appears that substantial advancements have been achieved in the studies on the Pharmacological actions of Panax ginseng there are many discrepancies noticed in the reported data. Furthermore the precise mechanisms of actions of ginseng are sometimes obscure, even unknown in other actions as the students stand now. The main reasons for this are considered to be that even though saponin has been identified at one of the active substances of ginseng, other components have not fully been identified and that the experimental approaches of the investigations varied with different researchers. Thus a thorough analysis of the chemical components and newer standardized concepts and metohds appear to be the pre-requisites for further study of the pharmacolgical effects and mechaisms of Panax ginseng.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.255-260
• /
• 2017

Background: Surgery for reconstruction of defects after surgery should be performed selectively and the many points must be considered. The authors conducted this study to compare the local flap and skin graft by facial location in the reconstruction after resection of facial skin cancer. Methods: The authors performed the study in patients that had received treatment in Department of Plastic Surgery, Gyeongsang National University. The cases were analyzed according to the reconstruction methods for the defects after surgery, sex, age, tumor site, and tumor size. Additionally, the authors compared differences of aesthetic satisfaction (out of 5 points) of patients in the local flap and skin graft by facial location after resection of facial skin cancer by dividing the face into eight areas. Results: A total of 153 cases were confirmed. The most common facial skin cancer was basal cell carcinoma (56.8%, 87 cases), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (37.2%, 57 cases) and bowen's disease (5.8%, 9 cases). The most common reconstruction method was local flap 119 cases (77.7%), followed by skin graft 34 cases (22.3%). 86 patients answered the questionnaire and mean satisfaction of the local flap and skin graft were 4.3 and 3.5 (p=0.04), respectively, indicating that satisfaction of local flap was significantly high. Conclusion: When comparing satisfaction of patients according to results, local flap shows excellent effects in functional and cosmetic aspects would be able to provide excellent results rather than using a skin graft with poor touch and tone compared to the surrounding normal skin.