• Applied Microscopy
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2017

A new method was introduced to distinguish the ferrite, bainite and martensite in transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steel by using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). EBSD is a very powerful microstructure analysis technique at the length scales ranging from tens of nanometers to millimeters. However, iron BCC phases such as ferrite, bainite and martensite cannot be easily distinguished by EBSD due to their similar surface morphology and crystallographic structure. Among the various EBSD-based methodology, image quality (IQ) values, which present the perfection of a crystal lattice, was used to distinguish the iron BCC phases. IQ values are very useful tools to discern the iron BCC phases because of their different density of crystal defect and lattice distortion. However, there are still remaining problems that make the separation of bainite and martensite difficult. For instance, these phases have very similar IQ values in many cases, especially in deformed region; therefore, even though the IQ value was used, it has been difficult to distinguish the bainite and martensite. For more precise separation of bainite and martensite, IQ threshold values were determined by a correlative TEM analysis. By determining the threshold values, iron BCC phases were successfully separated.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.463-473
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• 1989

This study is aimed to investigate the effect of cyclic heat treatment which is special heat treatment on the strength and toughness in Multi-phase(Ferrite-Bainite-Martensite) Ductile cast Irons. Spceimens were austenitized at eutectoid transformation temperature range(${\alpha}+{\gamma}$) for 30min and austempered at $300^{\circ}C$ and $400^{\circ}C$ for different holding times, and then quenched in ice water to obtain the multi-phase(Ferrite-Bainite-Martensite) structure from various prior structures, which was obtained by various cyclic heat treatments. As the number of cycle in cyclic heat treatment increased, volume fraction of pearlite increased and the its morphology was refined. As the number of cycle in cyclic heat treatment increased, the multi-phase(Ferrite-Bainite-Martensite) was dispersed in whole matrix as refined island phase. Particularly, martensite among the multi-phase gradually became a spherical shape. Good combination in impact energy and tensile strength was detained in $840^{\circ}C-300^{\circ}C-15min$ condition after 10 cycles in cyclic heat treatment, and its multi-phase volume fraction is Ferrite(50%)-Martensite(l3%)-Bainite(37%).

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.406-413
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• 1991

Ductile cast iron(DCI) with a multi-phase(ferrite-bainite-martensite) structures was produced by various special heat treatment. Intercritical heat treatment(I. C.), intermediate heat treatment(I. M.) and step quenching(S. Q.) were used to strengthen and toughen the fracture initiation sites such as graphite-marix interfaces and eutectic cell boundaries in DCI. The purpose of this study was to investigate of DCI by the special heat treatment. (I. C., I. M., and S. Q.) At a result, bainite nucleation rate at higher temperature was higher than that of at lower temperature, and shapes of bainite and martensite became bar /spheroidal type with increase of isothermal transformation time.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2024

This study was investigated the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and hardness of internally hardened ductile cast iron roll. The following conclusions were obtained. Some of the graphite was decreased and a bainite was produced by heat treatment. It decreased due to the decomposition of some of the cementite precipitated in the as-cast by heat treatment, but there was no significant change when it reached a certain depth. Hardness increased due to formation of bainite by heat treatment. On the surface, the hardness decreased due to the decrease in the amount of transformation of cementite into bainite, but there was no change beyond a certain depth.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.115-124
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• 1991

본 실험은 페라이트-베이나이트-마르텐사이트로 되는 삼상조직강의 기계적성질과 조직특성과의 관계를 연구하고저 하였다. 이를 위하여 서로 다른 열처리경로를 택하여 페라이트+마르텐사이트에(DP), 페라이트+베이나이트(F+B)의 이상조직강과 페라이트+마르텐사이트에 연질의 베이나이트를 함유시킨 삼상조직강(TP)을 제작하였다. 이들 이상조직강가 삼상조직강의 인장특성, 충격특성 및 stretch-flangeability를 측정하여 각각의 조직구성과 상호연관지어 금속조직학적으로 연구, 조사하였다. 실험결과, TP강의 경우 베이나이트 부피분율의 증가에 따라서 인장강도와 항복강도는 감소하나, 단면수축율 및 강도-연성 조합은 증가하였고, 페라이트와 베이나이트로 구성된 F+B강에서는 항복현상과 높은 항복비를 보였다. 충격특성은 DP강보다 TP, F+B강에서 향상된 충격에너지값을 얻을 수 있었고, hole expanding limit($\lambda$)시험에서도 DP강보다는 TP, F+B강이 우수한 $\lambda$값을 나타내었다. 이와같은 기계적성질의 향상은 베이나이트의 영향에 의한 결과로서, 이는 경질의 마르텐사이트보다는 연질의 베이나이트ㅏ 페라이트기지와 함께 쉽게 변형이 일어나 연성의 증가에 보다 크게 작용하였기 때문이라 생각한다. 본실험의 경우 27%범위의 베이나이트를 함유하는 삼상조직강에서 좋은 기계적 성질과 우수한 stretch-flangeability를 보였다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 유정용 강관의 열처리 조건 및 합금원소(B, Ti)에 따른 미세조직 및 기계적 성질을 조사하였다. 실험에는 J55, J55+B,Ti 강재를 사용하였고, 열처리 조건은 각각 오스테나이트 처리온도 ($880^{\circ}C$, $910^{\circ}C$, $940^{\circ}C$), 냉각방식 (수냉, 유냉), 템퍼링 온도 (미실시, $550^{\circ}C$, $650^{\circ}C$) 이다. 열처리 조건에 따라 얻어지는 미세조직을 예측하기 위해 J55, J55+B,Ti 강재의 화학적 성분을 기준으로 평형상태도와 CCT 곡선을 예측하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과 평형상태도는 A1, A3 온도가 약 $20^{\circ}C$ 감소하였고, CCT 곡선은 B, Ti이 첨가됨에 따라 ferrite와 bainite nose 부분이 오른쪽으로 이동하였다. J55, J55+B,Ti 강재의 CCT 곡선을 기준으로 냉각속도에 따른 martensite, bainite, ferrite등 예상되는 미세조직을 예측하였고, J55 강재의 미세조직 예측값은 실제 실험값과 유사한 양상을 나타내었지만. J55+B,Ti 강재의 예측값은 실제 실험값과는 차이가 있었다. 열처리 조건이 변화됨에 따라 martensite, bainite, ferrite 등 다양한 조직이 생성되었으며, 이는 경도, 강도 및 연신율에 밀접한 영향을 미쳤다. J55시편의 수냉의 경우 martensite 조직이 형성되었고, 유냉의 경우 bainite와 ferrite 조직이 형성되었지만, J55+B,Ti시편은 B의 첨가에 의한 경화능 향상으로 냉각방식에 관계없이 martensite 조직이 형성되었다. 전반적으로 B, Ti을 첨가하면서 기계적 성질은 향상되었고, quenching 이후의 시편보다 tempering 이후의 시편에서 크게 향상되었다. 이는 Ti의 첨가로 인해 생성된 미세한 석출물이 재결정시 결정립 성장을 억제하여 미세한 오스테나이트 결정립을 생성하였고, tempering 열처리 이후에도 결정립 미세화 효과가 큰 영향을 미친 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.432-440
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• 1993

Ductile cast iron has a good ductility and toughness than those of gray cast iron, because the shape of graphite is spheroidal. Also, it has been reported that, additional strengthening and toughening of the ductile cast iron can be obtainded from the proper combination of matrix structures by the heat treatment and addition of alloying elements. In this study the effect of special heat treatment and addition of alloying elements(Ni, Mo) on the multi-phase(ferrite-bainite-martensite) structures, strength and toughness of ductile cast iron were studied systematically. In water quenching from $770^{\circ}C$, the martensite volume(%) increased, but the ferrite volume(%) decreased with increment of Ni content. In as cast, pearlite volume(%) and hardness increased with increment of Mo and Ni contents. And with the increment of the destabilization austempering holding time, the bainite volume(%) increased but the martensite volume(%) decreased. As destabilization austempering holding time is same, bainite volume(%) decreased, martensite increased with the increment of Ni and Mo contents. The hardness and tensile strength decreased, but impact energy increased with the decrease of Ni and Mo contents, and increment of holding time of destabilization austempering treatment.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2016

Characteristics of dissimilar metal welds between alloy steel ASTM A387 Gr. 91 and carbon steel ASTM A516 Gr.70 made with Flux cored arc welding(FCAW) have been evaluated in terms of microstructure, mechanical strength, chemical analysis by EDS as well as corrosion test. Three heat inputs of 15.0, 22.5, 30.0kJ/cm were employed to make joints of dissimilar metals with E91T1-B9C wire. Post-weld heat treatment was carried out at $750^{\circ}C$ for 2.5 h. Based on microstructural examination, tempered martensite and lower bainite were formed in first layer of weld metal. The amount of tempered martensite was decreased and the amount of lower bainite was increased with increasing heat input and layer. Heat affected zone of alloy steel showed the highest hardness due to the formation of tempered Martensite and lower Bainite. Tensile strengths of dissimilar welds decreased with increasing heat inputs. Dissimilar welds seemed to have a good hot cracking resistance due to the low HCS index below 4. The salt spray test of dissimilar metals showed that the corrosion rate increased with increasing heat inputs due to the increase of the amount of lower Bainite.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.89-94
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• 2017

The microstructure and dilatation for 0.15C steels were investigated to define the phase transformation during the quenching and partitioning (Q&P) process. For the one step Q&P dilatation, the isothermal martensite/bainite transformation occurred because the holding temperature was between $M_s$ and $M_f$. The isothermally transformed martensite/bainite and the athermally transformed martensite were produced by a loss of retained austenite. As the holding time increased, new martensite-start ($M_s$) temperature produced from the final quenching process decreased due to the carbon partitioning from the martensite to the retained austenite. This was the direct evidence of increment for the retained austenite stability. For the two step Q&P dilatation, the isothermal bainitic transformation occurred because the partitioning temperature was larger than the $M_s$ and new $M_s$. The partitioning at $400^{\circ}C$ indicated the short incubation period for the bainite transformation than the $350^{\circ}C$ partitioning because the partitioning at $400^{\circ}C$ should acquire the larger thermal driving force for carbon partitioning than the $350^{\circ}C$ partitioning. A quick drop of $M_s$ and short period of bainite incubation for the $400^{\circ}C$ partitioning steel were also the direct evidence of significant effects of carbon partitioning on the stability of retained austenite.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.478-488
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• 2018

In this study, three kinds of steels are manufactured by varying the rolling conditions, and their microstructures are analyzed. Tensile and Charpy impact tests are performed at room temperature to investigate the correlation between microstructure and mechanical properties. In addition, heat affected zone(HAZ) specimens are fabricated through the simulation of the welding process, and the HAZ microstructure is analyzed. The Charpy impact test of the HAZ specimens is performed at $-40^{\circ}C$ to investigate the low temperature HAZ toughness. The main microstructures of steels are quasi-polygonal ferrite and pearlite with fine grains. Because coarse granular bainite forms with an increasing finish rolling temperature, the strength decreases and elongation increases. In the steel with the lowest reduction ratio, coarse granular bainite forms. In the HAZ specimens, fine acicular ferrites are the main features of the microstructure. The volume fraction of coarse bainitic ferrite and granular bainite increases with an increasing finish rolling temperature. The Charpy impact energy at $-40^{\circ}C$ decreases with an increasing volume fraction of bainitic ferrite and granular bainite. In the HAZ specimen with the lowest reduction ratio, coarse bainitic ferrite and granular bainite forms and the Charpy impact energy at $-40^{\circ}C$ is the lowest.