• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.3
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• pp.65-69
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• 2001

Scientific analysis are carried on gilded ornamental shoes, which have been excavated from tomb No 1. and No 4. in Beopcheon-ri, Wonju dated from Baekje Period. This object is a very important because it provides valuable information on the development of metal-making techniques of that period. Thus, this article illustrates the investigation conducted to reveal how the object was created using what materials and techniques. Instead of the spikes-attached to the bottom plate of the object-that couldn't be sampled, a sample of a decorative rivet showing a similar structure to the spikes-attached to the other parts of the shoes-was prepared for a cross-section examination. Using radiography and microscopes, it was found that the head of a spike was placed and then punched to the gilded plate, so it can be held to the shoes. Under the SEM-EDS, the cross-section of the rivet shows that the gilding layer was applied before the attachment of the rivets. It also shows that the gilding layer is distributed unevenly and there are empty spaces indicating amalgam gilding was employed. This was confirmed as Mercury was detected on the SEM-EDS analysis of the object. The examination of the microstructure of the plate using the SEM-EDS revealed that the object is made of a single copper alloy plate with recrystallized twining and non-metallic white inclusions, which found to be lead in this case.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.201-215
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• 2023

In the stone-lined tombs from Cheongyang Rokpyeong-ri site, several stone-lined tombs corresponding to the Three Kingdoms Period, Unified Silla Period and Goryeo Dynasty were excavated. In this study, the stone properties of petrological, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics from 15 stone-lined tombs were analyzed, the rock species and occupation rate were reviewed, also the provenance area was interpreted. There are five types of rocks used as members of the tombs, including black sandstone, greywacke, slate, conglomerate and gneiss. As a result of magnetic susceptibilities, the rocks of the tombs and presumed provenance are all shown in the same range, and the similarity between the tombs and the source area is high in geochemical behavior characteristics. The stone properties of the tombs are the same as the presumed provenance rocks and is distributed within a 500m around the bedrock of the tombs in the excavation site, so it seems that self-sufficiency was possible on the site without a special procurement system. These stones are interpreted to have been constructed through some trimming without any special technique, but some stone tombs have been confirmed to used homogeneous black sandstone at the bottom of the tombs, so it is believed that there were artificial selection of stones.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.1-14
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• 2022

The ancient North-East Asian royal garden is divided into three types, located in the north inside the palace, in the north outside the palace, and in the south inside or outside the palace, depending on the location relationship between the royal capital and the royal palace. The first is a typical royal garden that follows the ancient Chinese court system of the Chao-hu-chim(前朝後寢). The second is a royal garden located independently of the royal palace, which extends to Geumwon(禁苑). The third is located in the south of royal palace and is the royal garden specialized in Yurak(遊樂) or Hyangyeon(饗宴). The types of ancient North-East Asian royal gardens are classified according to the relationship between main palace(正宮) and secondary palace(別宮), detached palace(離宮), and Geumwon(禁苑), and each has unique characteristics. The first has been established as the garden of the main palace, including the royal garden at Wanggung-ri site in Iksan(益山 王宮里 遺蹟), Han Chang'an capital(漢 長安城), BeiWei Luoyang capital(北魏 洛陽城), Jiankang capital in Southern Dynasties(南朝 建康城), and Daminggong(大明宮) in Tang Dynasty. Here, the royal garden is divided into Naewon(內苑) inside the royal palace and Geumwon(禁苑), outside the royal palace. On the other hand, the second is the royal garden that the royal palace and Geumwon(禁苑) are united. The third is the royal garden that forms part of the royal palace or is independent of the royal palace, and has been specialized as a secondary palace(別宮) and detached palace(離宮). China created the model of ancient North-East Asian royal gardens, and based on this, Baekje, Silla, and Japan of Korea influenced each other and developed a unique palace by showing their originality. The royal garden at Wanggung-ri site in Iksan(益山 王宮里 遺蹟) was influenced by royal gardens of Wei-Jin and Northern & Southern Dynasties(魏晉南北朝). And royal gardens of the Sabi Capital(泗沘都城) were influenced by royal gardens of Jin(秦), Han(漢), Sui(隋), and Tang(唐), and royal gardens of Silla(新羅) were influenced by the royal gardens of Baekje(百濟) and Silla. However, each of these royal gardens also has its own unique characteristics. From this aspect, it can be seen that the ancient North-East Asian court had different lineages depending on the region. Anhakgung Palace in Pyongyang(平壤 安鶴宮) is more likely to be viewed as the Three Kingdoms period than the Goryeo Dynasty. However, it is difficult to raise it to the 5th and 6th centuries due to the overlapping relationship and relics of the lower part of Anhakgung Palace(安鶴宮), and it is generally presumed to be the middle of the 7th century. The royal garden at Anhakgung Palace is a secondary palace(別宮) or detached palace(離宮) that corresponds to the palace of Jang-an capital(長安城) in Pyongyang and is believed to have influenced Dongwon garden(東院庭園) of Heijokyu(平城宮) and Donggung(東宮) and Wolji(月池) in Gyeongju. From this point of view, Dongwon garden(東院庭園) of Heijokyu(平城宮) seems to be related to the palaces of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. This study has many limitations as it focuses on its characteristics and transitions due to the location of the palace in the large framework of ancient North-East Asian royal capital. If these limitations are resolved little by little, it is expected that the understanding of ancient North-East Asian royal gardens will be much wider.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.40-52
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• 2023

The basic purpose of building material called tiles is waterproofing and damp proofing, and they were restricted to use on important buildings to symbolize authority. This is especially true during the Three Kingdoms period, although unearthed examples are rare. Most of these tiles are found in ruins in the Silla and Baekje regions. Tiles were excavated from the Buwon-dong ruins that show the oldest manufacturing technique in the Gaya region to date, and tiles from the early Three Kingdoms period were recently excavated from the Gimhae Bonghwang-dong ruins, which is presumed to be the site of the royal palace of Geumgwan Gaya. These are important materials that show the appearance of tiles from the early days of Gimhae, the ancient capital of Geumgwan Gaya. The tiles excavated from the Bonghwang-dong ruins are reddish-yellow because a small amount of sand was mixed in the tile material and baked at a low temperature. The tiles are thin, no traces of fabric were identified, but traces of clay bands were identified. Tapping tool marks and traces of an anvil used in pottery production are clearly observed on the inside and outside, indicating that the tiles were made in the same way as earthenware manufacturing methods. If this is connected to the genealogy of the potters who made Gaya earthenware, it is estimated that tiles and earthenware were produced together as in the Songrim-ri ruins in Bulo-dong, Incheon, Songgok-dong ruins in Gyeongju, and Mulcheon-ri ruins. To date, tiles excavated from the Gimhae area have been identified only in places believed to be the Geumgwan Gaya City Wall (Royal Palace) in the Gimhae Basin. Considering what has been recorded so far and the geographical scenery, the Bonghwang-dong remains are the only city wall candidate site, and this is clearly revealed through the existence of the excavated tiles, which proves this. Considering that a small number of tiles were excavated during this time, it is estimated that the role of tiles as a luxury product with a symbolic meaning was greater than that of roofing materials, and there were strict restrictions and controls on its use.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.202-223
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• 2020

This purpose of this article is to identify the original form of the gilt-bronze ornamental pieces unearthed from the east part of the third wooden coffin in the Naju Bogam-ri Jeongchon (NBJ) tombs. The gilt-bronze ornamental pieces were all small, measuring less than 3cm in size and about 0.2cm in thickness, and only 19 or more small pieces were identified. In each piece of gilt decoration, a circular perforation, convex pattern, leaf-shaped spangle (瓔珞), 2 small holes for attaching spangles and gilt-bronze thread, 2 small holes for unknown purposes, and a continuous dot pattern of about 0.05 cm can be observed. As a result, it was judged that the gilt-bronze pieces excavated from the NBJ No. 1 chamber were part of the Headband Crown. Therefore, type 1 and type 3 of the gilt-bronze pieces were determined to be part of the Headband, and type 2 to be part of the Vertical Ornaments. Based on previous results, two types of restoration were proposed for NBJ No. 1 tomb gilt-bronze ornaments. In the first restoration proposal, there are wave-shaped dot patterns on the top and bottom of the crown, and the middle decoration is a spangle, circular perforation and spangle and a convex-pattern. In the second restoration plan, one row of convex patterns was added among the decorations in the middle of the first. The same type of vertical ornament was found in the Sochang (小倉) collection crown, but the overall structure and shape of the crown were completely different. On the other hand, the use of small holes of unknown use, as seen in the crown, was presumed to represent holes for fixing to a cap of organic matter. The restored NBJ No. 1 tomb gilt-bronze crown is characterized by circular punching, which makes it difficult to find an analogy in the other Three Kingdoms-period crowns. Unlike the existing halls in Gaya, Mahan, and Baekje, each district has a unique shape and decoration. The gilt-bronze crown excavated from NBJ No. 1 tomb is thought to reflect these characteristics.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.227-259
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• 2013

This study objected books having been imported from China until the 7th century when unification was made among the three kingdoms together with distributed books by Korean nationals after compiling them, and clarified main characteristics by investing their whole pictures. The three kingdoms had imported books from China from the 5th century, and made them reflect to the enactment of laws and regulations, introduction of educational system, promotion of learning, international diplomacy, and national history compilation etc for settling down the ancient nation. And Buddhism having been transmitted to the Korean Peninsula in the late 4th century was nothing more than simple handing-down Buddhist scriptures in early stage, but teaching and learning developed into levels of forming new sects after the 7th century when the complete collection of Buddhist Sutras was introduced, so the study paid attention to a fact that full-scale compilation of our collection literature was appearing. As the result of analyzing the phenomena of book distributions till the 7th century when the three kingdoms were unified in this way, transmitted books showed concentrating aspects to confusion and Buddhist literature mainly, and books having been compiled by Korean nationals themselves appeared high in history books of the three kingdoms and collection literatures of Buddhism, and also a fact was grasped such like Sohak books required for basic learning and professional ones on science fields were imported from other countries. Most books having been distributed in the three kingdoms at that time were imported from the 6th century really, so majority of them seemed to be supplied with manuscript forms. However, this study considered the possibility of using bamboo scriptures on history books such as Liugi(留記) and Seogi(書記) etc that had been compiled before the 5th century at the three kingdoms.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.85-93
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• 2014

Although the Chungmak village, Gyeokpo-ri, Buan-gun is a small seashore village, it's an important place that has the largest ancient maritime ritual sites in Korea. This 'Chungmak-dong Ritual Site'(5~6 century, Baekje of the Three-kingdom period) was located in the Dangsan forest of Black Pine (Pinus thunbergii) Colony, and that has a significant meaning concerned with Dangsan forest's origin. Chungmak village located in the Scenic Site # 13 named 'Chaeseokgang and Jeokbyeokgang coastal cliff in Buan', and have retained the Jeollabuk-do Tangible Cultural Property # 58 named 'Suseongdang', the Natural Monument # 123 named 'Machilus community in Gyeokpo-ri, Buan'. The 'Suseongdang Gaeyang Grandmother Dangsinje (Village Ritual)' which is Dangsan ritual has been held every year by village residents. The practical management of Suseongdang and Machilus community has been conducted by village residents. In this study, the landscape characteristics of the Dangsan forest were investigated including neighborhood elements such as Bibo forest, seashores, and farm fields. The conservation of cultural landscape was thought to be achieved by designating 'Protected Area of Sacred Natural Sites'. The Dangsan forest ought to be recognized for their valuable landscape characteristics. It should be managed as a protected area and a sacred natural sites in order to be registered as a World Cultural Heritage.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2018

This study revealed the material composition and characteristics of 19 glass fragments excavated from stone chamber No. 1 of Jeongchon Tomb in Naju through chemical composition analyses and observations. These characteristics were compared with the characteristics of the glass fragments excavated from No. 3 tomb of Bogam-ri in Naju. The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of the ancient glass of the Mahan-Baekje period. The glass fragments excavated from the Jeongchon Tombs can be classified into purplish blue, light-purplish blue, greenish blue, green, and mixture of purple blue and purple, based on their color. These beads were made using a drawn and casting technique. In addition, blue glass fragments were primarily excavated form No. 3 tomb of Bogam-ri. However, red glass fragments were not excavated from either of the tombs. According to chemical composition analyses, soda glass group and potash glass group were common in both the tombs. Additionally, alkali mixed glass group and lead barium glass group were excavated from Jeongchon Tombs and No. 3 tomb of Bogam-ri, respectively. The glass fragments excavated from No. 3 tomb of Bogam-ri have more color variations than those excavated from Jeongchon Tombs.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.85-101
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• 2002

Landscape civilization in Korea originated in Cochosun(Ancient Chosun) era, this again succeeding to the period of the Three States - Koguryo, Baekje and Silla. The distribution of this culture showed great progress with the association of two particular religions - Buddhism and Confucianism.. Landscape development in Korea has greatly changed during specific times of both cultural and political upheaval in various societies. Religion has had a great deal of influence on landscape development. Traditionally Korean people have had a tendency to favor more natural landscape than man-made structures in landscape : This trend was a quite different concept from that of other oriental countries, not to mention of western countries. In particular, Buddhism influenced natural landscape, far from artificial craftsmanship in landscape. Oriental garden is a typical 'tabloid edition' of natural landscape which consists lakes, islands, ponds, stone monuments, and fruit trees, quite often raising animal in parks and courtyard style house. This style of garden influenced in Chosun Dynasty landscape. Landscaping was usually for royal gardens, cemetery parks or high level of officer's residence. However, landscaping in Chosun Dynasty which had established Confucianism as a state religion gave us a specific designation. It was neither ethnic imitation of the garden style of both China and Japan : People were used to enjoy nature-friendly landscape or sink into the ecstasy of natural scenery itself. The trend that landscape or establishing garden had been aimed at royal family- or bureaucrat-centered formatives was to become an obstacle to the development of landscape techniques in Korea. An example represented in a beautiful garden with fabulous decoration which established in places. This was completely not fit for the nation's feeling.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.38-53
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• 2012

This paper investigated the construction year of 'Jeongnimsa(定林寺)temple in Buyeo(扶餘) through the recent archaeological records. First, the composition of land for the construction of temple was linked with Gwanbukri(官北里) sites which is estimated as palace. The composition of land for the palace was formed at late 6th century. Second, the several furnace sites was discovered under the foundation soil layers for the construction of temple. Reference to the pottery excavated from the previous surface indicates that the workshops having been operated a period of time after the transfer of the capital to Sabi(泗?). These workshops having been operated before the construction of roof-tile buildings which were followed by the large-scale composition of land for the palace at Gwanbukri sites adjacent to the north of 'Jeongnimsa. The pottery, roof-tiles and chinese porcelain which were included in the earth laid on the ground for the construction of temple also indicates that the construction year of temple do not go up to shortly after the transfer of the capital to Sabi. This is related with that wooden pagoda would have been present before stone pagoda and the foundation of the wooden pagoda would have soared into the ground. Last, the building layout of temple is familiar to Iksan(益山) Mireuksa(彌勒寺址) temple site than the temples of Buyeo such as Wangheungsa(王興寺址) temple site. This imply that Jeongnimsa temple was not constructed shortly after the transfer of the capital to Sabi like the opinion of the existing. Jeongnimsa temple was probably constructed at late 6th century when composition of the Sabi city was actively made.