• Journal of Computing Science and Engineering
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.251-262
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• 2013

Bad smells are usually related to program source code, arising from bad design and programming practices. Refactoring activities are often motivated by the detection of bad smells. With the increasing adoption of Design-by-Contract (DBC) methodologies in formal software development, evidence of bad design practices can similarly be found in programs that combine actual production code with interface contracts. These contracts can be written in languages, such as the Java Modeling Language (JML), an extension to the Java syntax. This paper presents a catalog of bad smells that appear during DBC practice, considering JML as the language for specifying contracts. These smells are described over JML constructs, although several can appear in other DBC languages. The catalog contains 6 DBC smells. We evaluate the recurrence of DBC smells in two ways: first by describing a small study with graduate student projects, and second by counting occurrences of smells in contracts from the JML models application programming interface (API). This API contains classes with more than 1,600 lines in contracts. Along with the documented smells, suggestions are provided for minimizing the impact or even removing a bad smell. It is believed that initiatives towards the cataloging of bad smells are useful for establishing good design practices in DBC.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.209-220
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• 2016

While the services of mobile devices like smart phone, tablet, and smart watch have been increased and varied, the software embedded into such devices has been also increased in size and functional complexity. Therefore, increasing operation time of mobile devices for serviceability became an important issue due to the limitation of battery power. Recent studies focus on the software development having efficient behavioral patterns because the energy consumption of mobile devices is caused by software behaviors which control the hardware operations. However, it is often difficult to develop the embedded software with considering energy-efficiency and behavior optimization due to the short development cycle of the mobile services in many cases. Therefore, this paper proposes the refactoring techniques for reducing energy consumption, and enables to fulfill the energy requirements during software development and maintenance. We defined energy bad smells with the code patterns that can excessively consume the energy, and our refactoring techniques are to remove these bad smells. We performed some case studies to verify the usefulness of our refactoring techniques.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.915-934
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• 2020

Software refactoring is a process to restructure an existing software code while keeping its external behavior the same. Currently, various refactoring techniques are being used to develop more readable and less complex codes by improving the non-functional attributes of software. Refactoring can further improve code maintainability by applying various techniques to the source code, which in turn preserves the behavior of code. Refactoring facilitates bug removal and extends the capabilities of the program. In this paper, an exhaustive review is conducted regarding bad smells present in source code, applications of specific refactoring methods to remove that bad smell and its effect on software quality. A total of 68 studies belonging to 32 journals, 31 conferences, and 5 other sources that were published between the years 2001 and 2019 were shortlisted. The studies were analyzed based on of bad smells identified, refactoring techniques used, and their effects on software metrics. We found that "long method", "feature envy", and "data class" bad smells were identified or corrected in the majority of studies. "Feature envy" smell was detected in 36.66% of the total shortlisted studies. Extract class refactoring approach was used in 38.77% of the total studies, followed by the move method and extract method techniques that were used in 34.69% and 30.61% of the total studies, respectively. The effects of refactoring on complexity and coupling metrics of software were also analyzed in the majority of studies, i.e., 29 studies each. Interestingly, the majority of selected studies (41%) used large open source datasets written in Java language instead of proprietary software. At the end, this study provides future guidelines for conducting research in the field of code refactoring.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.194-200
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• 2013

In this study, an exhaust filter unit for removing bad smells is designed and manufactured to understand the characteristics, damages, and effects on humans and animals of bad smell substances in laboratory animal breeding facilities. Using the exhaust filter unit, a deodorization performance test using ammonia gas, as a typical bad smell in an animal breeding room, was carried out for three types of activated and impregnated charcoal filters. The experimental results showed that the pressure loss of the HEPA and carbon filter was increased with flow rate and that the average deodorization performance for the case where an impregnated carbon filter was installed was a maximum value of between 93 and 96%, with various fractional flow rates ranging from 1,500 to $3,500m^3/h$ in a laboratory animal breeding room. The experimental results will also be used for the design and manufacture of a practical and efficient exhaust filter unit to cope with bad smell problems in animal breeding facilities.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.464-469
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• 2023

As modern society develops, the number of diseases caused by bad smells is increasing. As it can harm people's health, it is important to predict in advance the extent to which bad smells may occur, inform the public about this, and take preventive measures. In this paper, we propose a hybrid neural network structure of CNN and LSTM that can be used to detect or predict the occurrence of odors, which are most required in manufacturing or real life, using odor complex sensors. In addition, the proposed learning model uses a complex odor sensor to receive four types of data, including hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, benzene, and toluene, in real time, and applies this data to the inference model to detect and predict the odor state. The proposed model evaluated the prediction accuracy of the training model through performance indicators based on accuracy, and the evaluation results showed an average performance of more than 94%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 2009

Korea Marine Environment Management Corporation (KOEM) has waste oil facilities in 13 ports to collect and treat waste oil, bilge, etc. from ships based upon the Marine Environment Management Act of Korea and MARPOL 73/78 convention. Those facilities were designed and have been operated simply to discharge water under the level 15 ppm of oil contents. However, bad smells occurred from rotten organic matters in waste water and direct discharge of harmful substances to receiving water caused civil appeals. Therefore, KOEM tried to develop new process for treatment of oily waste water from ships, which could mitigate harmful substances, save cost, calm down civil appeals and contribute to marine environment preservation. This process consists of 3 steps to remove oil contents via gravity variation at first, $O_3$ input to contact water and organism deposition by inputting condensate deposits. Then finally upper water will be discharged, and the deposited substances in the bottom will be compressed through spinning machine to transfer to the designated contractors for treatment of wastes. This is very effective and innovative in that it could reduce 3 or 4 steps compared with existing process and mitigate not only waste oil concentration but also hard resolving materials such as colloid, ABS, phosphorus, nitrogen and bad smells. This method is expected to minimize bad smells and harmful gases, to save more than 10% of maintenance cost, and to arrange the good base for garbage treatment business dealing with waste water and bad smell.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.40-47
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• 2002

Because UV wavelength lights can activate photocatalysts, plasma is used as a light source of a photocatalytic reactor. Even though plasma has good intensity for photo reaction, substrate of catalyst coating was limited by the geometry of plasma generator. Usually bead type substrate was used for a pack bed type reactor. Honeycomb monolith type substrate was used with UV lamps instead plasma, due to the light penetration the honeycomb monolith length was too short to show good activity In this study a photocatalytic reactor, which is using a honeycomb monolith substrate, was investigated with plasma as an activation light source. As a parametric study the effects of 1311owing factors on plasma generation and power consumption are examined; supply voltage, substrate length, environment condition, catalyst loading and ratio. Using the test results, the practicability test was done with simulated synthetic gases representing bad smells and automotive exhaust gases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.269-275
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• 2001

The present research was designed to collect recipe of set up a standard recipe and analyze the nutrients of broiled black goat meat (a kind of native local foods in Busan and south province). The results of the study are summarized as follows. The recipe for goat(lamb) meat was recorded in Sanlimkyounggae and Jungbosanlimkyounggae between 1715 and 1827. The goat meat was explained as food for health, rejuvenation and recuperation Since late 1800, it has been utilized for such use. The flavor of broiled black goat meat is influenced by seasonings, fruit juice, heating treatment and cooker. And it also could be affected by the method of slaughter and the sex of the goat. There are lot of element in seasoning. Red pepper paste, garlic and ginger holdback the bad smell and make the taste better. Onion help to retain the water and improve the flavor. Starch syrup, sugar and sesame oil make the meat smoother, glossier and more tasty. The meat is usually roasted on grill over charcoal. It helps to remove or suppress the bad smell and make the taste better. Softness and scent of the meat depend largely on the way to butcher. Female goat meat tastes smoother and smells better. Fruit juice also improve the softness of the meat. Energy per 100g of the 'broiled black goat meat' is 170kcal. There are protein (23g), fat(2.4g), Ca(159mg), Fe(1.1mg) and so on. Amino acid is mainly comprised of essential amino acid such as cystine, lysine, leucine, and arginine. Fatty acid consists primarily of unsaturated fatty acid like oleic acid, linoleic acid.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.113-120
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• 2011

The primary purpose of this study is to suggest policy directions for redevelopment project based on analysis of residents' perception on needs and reasons of redevelopment, and development type in old settlements in Daegu Metropolitan City. The main findings are follows. First, the study area is short of public space such as road and parks, occupied by old single detached houses with small parcel. The living environment of the area consist with many 20 years or older two story houses is very poor. Second, most of residents (58.5%) consider economic factors or cheaper rent more serious than other factors such as convenience, amenity, and education facilities. Third, residents want new housing construction even though explanatory power of trash collection, bad smells, privacy is very high in residents' satisfaction. Fourth, most of residents (88.8%) agree redevelopment and show strong preference to high-density apartment construction through demolish-and-development type of redevelopment approach. They are willing to agree the parcellevel redevelopment if governments provides economic supports and temporary settlements. This finding suggests very important policy implications for current government efforts to improve living environment.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.218-226
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• 2008

This study examined the preference and consumption of chungkukjang among elementary school children in Seongnam, Korea. The subjects included 583 students(male 300, female 283) who were asked to fill out a questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using the SAS package. The results showed that 91.9% of the female students, 91.6% of children from nuclear families, and 90.7% of children with stay-at-home mothers, consumed chungkukjang. Among the children who had eaten chungkukjang previously, most had consumed it at home, and 65.5% of the students responded that chungkukjang was tasty. The data also revealed that female students, children from nuclear families, and those with stay-at-home mothers had greater preference for chungkukjang than male students, children from extended families, and those with working mothers. When asked why they dislike chungkukjang, both male and female students who had eaten it responded because 'it smells bad' and that 'it is not tasty'. However, among the students who had never eaten it, the male students replied because 'it is not tasty'(33.3%) and that 'it is not eaten at home'(27.8%), and the primary responses of the female students were 'it is not eaten at home'(65.2%) and 'it is not tasty'(21.7%). However, the subjects who had tried chungkukjang previously answered that in the future they would like to have it more frequently, as compared to the subjects who had never eaten chungkukjang. Therefore, to increase knowledge and improve perceptions of chungkukjang foods, families should give children many opportunities to try them, and in return, children will consume chungkukjang foods with pride. Furthermore, it is important that society as well as mass media, which have great influence on children, show concern and offer support in promoting chungkukjang.