• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.885-892
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• 2011

The bacterial communities in the intestinal tracts of earthworm were investigated by culture-dependent and -independent approaches. In total, 72 and 55 pure cultures were isolated from the intestinal tracts of earthworms under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. Aerobic bacteria were classified as Aeromonas (40%), Bacillus (37%), Photobacterium (10%), Pseudomonas (7%), and Shewanella (6%). Anaerobic bacteria were classified as Aeromonas (52%), Bacillus (27%), Shewanella (12%), Paenibacillus (5%), Clostridium (2%), and Cellulosimicrobium (2%). The dominant microorganisms were Aeromonas and Bacillus species under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In all, 39 DNA fragments were identified by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analysis. Aeromonas sp. was the dominant microorganism in feeds, intestinal tracts, and casts of earthworms. The DGGE band intensity of Aeromonas from feeds, intestinal tracts, and casts of earthworms was 12.8%, 14.7%, and 15.1%, respectively. The other strains identified were Bacillus, Clostridium, Enterobacter, Photobacterium, Pseudomonas, Shewanella, Streptomyces, uncultured Chloroflexi bacterium, and uncultured bacterium. These results suggest that PCR-DGGE analysis was more efficient than the culturedependent approach for the investigation of bacterial diversity and the identification of unculturable microorganisms.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.49 no.12
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• pp.956-966
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• 2011

Bioleaching studies of metals from a spent catalyst were conducted using both adapted and unadapted bacterial cultures. The bacterium used in this experiment was Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. A comparison of the kinetics of leaching was made between the two cultures by varying the leaching parameters, including the pulp density, particle size and temperature. Both cultures showed similar effects with respect to the above parameters, but the leaching rates of all metals were higher with the adapted compared to the unadapted bacterial cultures. The leaching reactions were continued for 240 h in the case of the unadapted bacterial culture, but only for 40 h in the case of the adapted bacterial culture. The leaching reactions followed first order kinetics. In addition, the kinetics of leaching was concluded to be a diffusion control model; therefore, the product layers were impervious.

• Mycobiology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.224-235
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• 2018

Temperature is an important environmental factor that can greatly influence the cultivation of Auricularia cornea. In this study, lignin peroxidase, laccase, manganese peroxidase, and cellulose in A. cornea fruiting bodies were tested under five different temperatures ($20^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$, $35^{\circ}C$, and $40^{\circ}C$) in three different culture periods (10 days, 20 days and 30 days). In addition, the V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA genes in the substrate of A. cornea cultivated for 30 days at different temperatures were sequenced using next-generation sequencing technology to explore the structure and diversity of bacterial communities in the substrate. Temperature and culture days had a significant effect on the activities of the four enzymes, and changes in activity were not synchronized with changes in temperature and culture days. Overall, we obtained 487,694 sequences from 15 samples and assigned them to 16 bacterial phyla. Bacterial community composition and structure in the substrate changed when the temperature was above $35^{\circ}C$. The relative abundances of some bacteria were significantly affected by temperature. A total of 35 genera at five temperatures in the substrate were correlated, and 41 functional pathways were predicted in the study. Bacterial genes associated with the membrane transport pathway had the highest average abundance (16.16%), and this increased at $35^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$. Generally, different temperatures had impacts on the physiological activity of A. cornea and the bacterial community in the substrate; therefore, the data presented herein should facilitate cultivation of A. cornea.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.453-456
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• 2006

16 chicken isolates and four clinical isolates of VanB-vanA incongruent vancomycinresistant Enterococcus faecium strains without vanS were isolated in 1999. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed only a peripheral relationship between the chicken isolates and clinical isolates, but suggested clonal spread in the chicken isolates.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.247-253
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• 2005

The bacterial cellulose (BC) production by a wild­strain Acetobacter xylinum BPR2001 and that by its acetan­nonproducing mutant, EPI, were compared in a jar fermentor. EPI produced about $28\%$ less BC than the wild-strain. The apparent difference in the cultivation of the two strains was the viscosity increase in the culture broth that was closely associated with acetan production. Increasing the viscosity of the culture broth of EPI by adding agar led to the formation of relatively small and uniform BC pellets, and BC production consequently became two-fold higher than that in the absence of agar and was almost equal to that by BPR2001. Therefore, acetan has an important role in BC production by inducing physical changes in the culture broth of the wild-type strain.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.320-326
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• 2006

Pasteurella multocida is an important veterinary and opportunistic human pathogen. In particular, strains of P. multocida serogroup D cause progressive atrophic rhinitis, and produce a potent, intracellular, mitogenic toxin known as P. multocida toxin (PMT), which is encoded by the toxA gene. To further investigate the toxigenic and pathogenic effects of PMT, a toxA-deleted mutant was developed by homologous gene recombination. When administrated to mice, the toxigenicity of the toxA mutant P. multocida was drastically reduced, suggesting that the PMT constributes the major part of the toxigenicity of P, multocida. Similar results were obtained in a subsequent experiment, while high mortalities were observed when toxA(+) P. multocida bacterial culture or culture Iysate were administrated. Mice immunized with toxA(-) P. multocida were not protected (none survived) following challenge with toxA(+) P. multocida or bacterial culture Iysate (toxin). These results suggest that the toxigenicity of P. multocida is mainly derived from PMT.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.461-468
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• 2008

An endophytic bacterial strain YC5480 producing antifungal and phytotoxic compounds simultaneously was isolated from the surface sterilized root of Artemisia sp. collected at Jinju area, Korea. The bacterial strain was identified as a species of Pseudomonas brassicacearum based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and physiological and biochemical characteristics. The seed germination and growth of monocot and dicot plants were inhibited by culture filtrate (1/10-strength Tryptic Soy Broth) of the strain. The germination rate of radish seeds in the culture filtrate differed in various culture media. Only 20% of radish seeds germinated in the culture media of 1/2 TSB for 5 days incubation. Mycelial growth of fungal pathogens, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophthora capsici was also inhibited by the culture filtrate of the strain YC5480. An antifungal compound, KS-1 with slight inhibitory activity of radish seed germination at 1,000 ppm and a seed germination inhibitory compound, KS-2 without suppression of fungal growth were produced simultaneously in TSB. The compounds KS-1 and KS-2 were identified to be 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) and 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone (THA), respectively.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.193-197
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• 2004

To evaluate the bacterial reverse mutation of wild ginseng culture extract, the in vitro Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium (TA100, TA1,535, TA98, TA1,537) and Escherichia coli (WP2 uvrA) were performed with wild ginseng extract at the concentrations 0, 1.6, 8, 40, 200, 1,000, 2,500 and $5,000{\mu}g/ml/plate$. Wild ginseng culture extract was negative in Ames test with both Salmonella typhimurium or Escherichia coli with and without rat liver microsomal enzyme (S-9 fraction). According to these results, we concluded that wild ginseng culture extract did not cause bacterial reverse mutation.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.359-368
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• 1999

Background : The purpose of this study was to determine whether cleansing the perineum and urethral meatus and using midstream urine affect the rate of bacterial contamination of urine specimens, and to determine the optimum urine collection method. We studied 41 asymptomatic healthy nursing school students. Women who were menstruating were not excluded from this study. Method : The first and midstream urine samples were collected during consecutive urinationsby each woman. The first sample was not a clean-catch specimen, and the second one was a clean-catch specimen. Both specimens were studied by urinalysis and bacterial culture with standard methods. Results : 41 women met the study criteria and 39 successfully completed the study. None of the urine cultures were positive. 68.3% of the non clean-catch first urine cultures, 53.7% of the non clean-catch midstream cultures, 33.3% of the first clean-catch urine culteres and 30.8% of the midstream clean-catch urine were found to be contaminated. There was a significant difference in the bacterial contamination rates between the first and midstream urine, and the clean-catch and non clean-catch urine(p=0.035, p =0.001 respectively). On urinalysis, 7.3% of the non clean-catch first urine, 7.3% of the non clean-catch midstream urine, 2.6% of the clean-catch first urine and 2.6% of clean-catch midstream urine were found to be above grade 2. Conclusions : According to our results, the bacterial contamination rate was the lowest in midstream and clean catch urine specimens. Threrfore it is recommended that the midstream clean-catch technique is the standard practice for collecting urine specimens for bacterial culture in women.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.405-408
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• 2006

A 4-year-old male Miniature Pinscher was referred because of head tilt, nystagmus, and ataxia. The hemogram revealed a moderate neutrophilic leukocytosis. On magnetic resonance imaging, cerebellar inflammation was detected. And cerebrospinal fluid analysis indicated marked neutrophilic pleocytosis. Based on these results, bacterial meningoencephalitis was suspected. The clinical signs were well controlled by a combination antibiotics therapy of the third generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime and cefixime) and metronidazole. We tentatively diagnosed this case as a bacterial meningoencephalitis because clinical signs were improved after only antibiotics therapy and relapsed when stopped antibiotics administrations, even though the result of bacterial culture on communication of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was negative.