• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.1604-1609
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• 2008

A series of in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of the mixture of Tween 80 and cellulolytic enzymes (xylanase and cellulase) on total tract nutrient digestibility and rumen cellulolytic bacterial adhesion rates in Holstein steers. Ground timothy hay sprayed with various levels of Tween 80 and cellulolytic enzymes was used as substrates in an in vitro experiment to find out the best combinations for DM degradation. The application level of 2.5% (v/w) Tween 80 and the combination of 5 U xylanase and 2.5 U cellulase per gram of ground timothy hay (DM basis) resulted in the highest in vitro dry matter degradation rate (p<0.05). Feeding the same timothy hay to Holstein steers also improved in vivo nutrient (DM, CP, CF, NDF and ADF) digesibilities compared to non-treated hay (p<0.05). Moreover, Tween 80 and enzyme combination treatment increased total ruminal VFA and concentrations of propionic acid and isovaleric acid with decreased acetate to propionate ratio (p<0.001). However, adhesion rates of Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens determined by Real Time PCR were not influenced by the treatment while that of Ruminococcus albus was decreased (p<0.05). The present results indicate that a mixture of Tween 80 and cellulolytic enzymes can improve rumen environment and feed digestibility with variable influence on cellulolytic bacterial adhesion on feed.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2019년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.105-105
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• 2019

Much of bacteria inhabit intestine and affect health. To elucidate the composition of intestinal bacteria and biological activities of plant materials on the bacteria, bacterial strains are need to be isolated and identified. In previous study, we isolated 41 fecal bacteria of BALB/c mice and the strains were identified as 11 species including Lactobacillus murinus and not classified bacterium. To expand the bacterial resources, we tried to isolate more bacteria from C57BL/6 mice. Fresh feces was suspended and serially diluted in distilled water. The aliquots were inoculated on GAM agar plate and incubated anaerobically at $37^{\circ}C$ for 48 h. Each of colony formed was picked up and incubated again on GAM agar plate for stock and sampling. The bacteria gained were analyzed and identified by 16S rRNA gene. The bacterial strain were listed up. Major strain was Lactobacillus murinus which was observed as an abundant strain of BALB/c mice. The resources could be used for experiments of biological activities of plant materials and microbial composition of intestinal contents of experimental animals.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.219-230
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the characteristics of single- and dualspecies in vitro oral biofilms made by static and dynamic methods. Methods: Hydroxyapatite (HA) disks, 12.7 mm in diameter and 3 mm thick, were coated with processed saliva for 4 hours. The disks were divided into a static method group and a dynamic method group. The disks treated with a static method were cultured in 12-well plates, and the disks in the dynamic method group were cultured in a Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) biofilm reactor for 72 hours. In the single- and dual-species biofilms, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis were used, and the amount of adhering bacteria, proportions of species, and bacterial reduction of chlorhexidine were examined. Bacterial adhesion was examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Results: Compared with the biofilms made using the static method, the biofilms made using the dynamic method had significantly lower amounts of adhering and looser bacterial accumulation in SEM and CLSM images. The proportion of P. gingivalis was higher in the dynamic method group than in the static method group; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Furthermore, the biofilm thickness and bacterial reduction by chlorhexidine showed no significant differences between the 2 methods. Conclusions: When used to reproduce periodontal biofilms composed of F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis, the dynamic method (CDC biofilm reactor) formed looser biofilms containing fewer bacteria than the well plate. However, this difference did not influence the thickness of the biofilms or the activity of chlorhexidine. Therefore, both methods are useful for mimicking periodontitis-associated oral biofilms.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.639-652
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• 2006

Objective : The etiology of chronic prostatitis is likely multifactorial, resulting from either a cascade of events after an initiating factor or from a variety of etiologic mechanisms. There is substantiating evidence to support the role of the inflammatory responses in its pathogenesis, and the clinical value in the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy. Forsythiae Frucus has been traditionally used in treatment of inflammatory diseases, including of prostatitis and urinary tract inflammation. In this study, we investigated the effects of Forsythiae Frucus on inflammatory cytokines and cyto-pathological alternation in the rat model of chronic non-bacterial prostatitis induced by castration and $17{\beta}$-estradiol treatment. Methods : Two-month-old rats were treated with $17{\beta}$-estradiol after castration for induction of experimental non-bacterial prostatitis. which is similar to human chronic prostatitis in histopathological profiles. Forsythiae Frucus as an experimental specimen, and testosterone as a positive control, were administered orally. The prostates were evaluated by histopathologlcal parameters including the epithelial score and epithelio-stromal ratio for glandular damage. and the expression of inflammatory cytokine genes including interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-5, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$. eotaxin, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2(cox-2). Results : While prostates of control rats revealed severe acinar gland atrophy and stromal proliferation. the rats treated with Forsythiae Frucus showed a diminished range of tissue damage. Epithelial score was improved in the Forsythiae Frucus group over that of the control (P<0.05). The epithelia-stromal ratio was lower in the Forsythiae Frucus group when compared to that of the control (P<0.05). In the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of inflammatory cytosine genes. Forsythiae Frucus inhibited the expression of IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-$\alpha$, iNOS, cox-2 genes, while it modulated the expression of IL-5, which is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Conclusions : These findings suggest that Forsythiae Frucus may protect the glandular epithelial cells and also inhibit stromal proliferation in association with the immune modulation including the suppression of inflammatory cytokines and increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines. From theses results. we suggest that Forsythiae Frucus could be a useful remedy agents for treating chronic non-bacterial prostatitis.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.664-676
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• 2006

Objective : Although chronic non-bacterial prostatitis is a common disease, it is very difficult to treat effectively. Lygodium japonicum has been traditionally used in treatment of urinary tract inflammation and voiding disturbance. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects and action mechanism of Lygodium japonicum in the rat model of non-bacterial prostatitis induced by castration and testosterone treatment. Methods : Five-month-old rats were treated with 17$\beta$-estradiol after castration for induction of experimental non-bacterial prostatitis, which is similar to human chronic prostatitis in histopathological profiles. Lygodium japonicum and testosterone were administered as an experimental specimen and a positive control. respectively. The prostates were evaluated by histopathological parameters including the epithelial score and epithelio-stromal ratio for glandular damage. PCNA labeling index for cyto-proliferation and a TUNEL(deoxyuridine triphosphate biotin nick end-labeling) assay for cell apoptosis. Results : While prostates of control rats revealed severe acinar gland atrophy and stromal proliferation, the rats treated with Lygodium japonicum showed a diminished range of tissue damage. Epithelial score was improved in the Lygodium japonicum group over that of the control (P<0.05). The epithelio-stromal ratio was lower in the Lygodiutn japonicum group when compared to that of the control (P<0.05). Although there was no difference in PCNA and TUNEL positive cells of the glandular epithelia. we found an decreased number of PCNA positive cell and concurrent increase of TUNEL positive cells in the stroma of Lygodium japonicum treated rats (P<0.01). Conclusions : These findings suggest that Lygodium japonicum may protect the glandular epithelial cells and also inhibit stromal proliferation in association with suppression of cyto-proliferation and stimulation of apoptosis. We concluded that Lygodium japonicum could be a useful remedy agents for treating chronic non-bacterial prostatitis.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.147-155
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• 2007

We investigated the safety, immunogenicity and protectivity of mix-crude outer membrane protein (cOMP) vaccine against salmonellosis in animals. The mix-cOMP vaccine was extracted from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) and Salmonella enterica serovar Braenderup (SB) isolated from pigs. The mix-cOMP vaccine gave significantly higher antibody response than ST-bacterin and ST-cOMP vaccine in guinea pigs. The survival rates of mix-cOMP vaccinated groups showed significantly higher (100%) than those (0-20%) of unvaccinated control group, challenged with 3 species of Salmonella (ST, SE and SB) in mice. Vaccinated groups in pigs showed reduction of clinical signs, increase of average weight gains, decrease of bacterial recovery rates, compared with unvaccinated groups. Especially, the survival rates (100%) of vaccinated groups in chickens showed higher than that (0%) of unvaccinated group. Based on these results, we suggest that the mix-cOMP Salmonella vaccine developed in this study will be effective for the protection against Salmonellosis caused by the various serotypes Salmonella species in animals.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.95-101
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• 2013

The study was carried out to evaluate and compare the immune responses in mice experimentally infected with either wild-type or isogenic mutants of Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis (SE), Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) and Gallinarum (SG). The mutant strains were constructed by allelic replacement of some virulence-associated genes in the wild-type strains. Seven-week-old female BALB/c mice were orally or intraperitoneally inoculated by injecting bacterial suspension. To evaluate the immune responses, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay were conducted with serum and fecal samples. As a result, the mice group infected orally with the SE mutant strain showed the highest level of specific IgA-secreting splenocytes, compared to the other groups. The peritoneally injected groups showed the greater levels of IgG1 than the orally injected groups, which was in a good agreement with the previous studies. In addition, the mutant infected groups had the similar secretion levels of antibodies with the wild-type infected groups. These results demonstrated that the SE mutant strain elicited humoral immune response as much as wild-type, implying that it can be useful as a delivery vehicle as well as a candidate of a live attenuated vaccine.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.421-426
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• 2010

다양한 세균 종이 갯벌이나 젓갈 등 염분이 많은 환경에서 서식하고 있으며, 이들에 대한 단백질 분해능과 염분내성에 관한 많은 보고가 있지만 상대적으로 이들 세균의 식물에 대한 항진균 활성에 대한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 고염분의 환경에서 서식하는 세균의 식물 병원균에 대한 항균활성을 검정하고자 수행되었으며, Sclerotinia sclerotiornm, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora capsici, Botrytis cineria, Collectotrichum acutatum, Pythium ultimum의 6종에 대한 항균활성 세균을 1차적으로 선발하였다. 갯벌토양과 젓갈에서 형태적인 특성에 따라 분리된 총 423 점의 세균균주 중 40균주가 항균활성 균주로 선발되었으며, MIDI shorlock gas chromatography system 균체 지방산분석에 의해 이들의 종을 동정하였다. 갯벌토양에서 분리된 세균은 6속 10종에 속하는 것으로 확인되었으며 이들 17점의 세균 중 Paenibacillus macerans가 5점으로 가장 많았다. 젓갈에서 분리된 세균은 3속 7종에 속하는 것으로 확인되었으며, 이들 23점의 세균 중 Bacillus atrophaeus가 12점으로 가장 많았다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.148-154
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• 2009

퇴비화 과정은 유기성 폐기물을 비료와 같은 유용한 자원으로 전환하는 생물학적 과정이다. 본 연구에서는 음식 물 쓰레기를 2달 동안 퇴비화시켜 세균군집의 변화를 조사하였다. 온도의 변화를 기준으로 하여 퇴비화 과정은 1단계($2\sim55^{\circ}C$), 2단계($55\sim97^{\circ}C$), 3단계($50\sim89^{\circ}C$)로 나뉘었다. 각 단계별 총세균수는 1단계 $1.66\times10^{11}$ cell/g, 2단계 $0.29\times10^{11}$ cell/g, 3단계 $0.28\times10^{11}$ cell/g으로 관찰되었다. 또한 총세균수에 대한 고온미생물의 비율은 초기에 33% 였으나 2단계 시료에서 최대비율인 89%로 증가하였다. 16S rRNA 유전자를 대상으로 T-RFLP 방법과 염기서열 분석방법을 이용하여 세균군집의 구조가 퇴비화 과정에 따라 변화됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 초고온인 2단계의 세균군집의 발달은 스타터 접종의 영향을 받았으며, Bacillus 및 Pseudomonas와 유연관계가 가까운 세균군집이 퇴비화 과정을 이끄는 주요 미생물임을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제41권9호
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• pp.271-280
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• 2017

Background: Soil microorganisms play key roles in nutrient cycling and are distributed throughout the soil profile. Currently, there is little information about the characteristics of the microbial communities along the soil depth because most studies focus on microorganisms inhabiting the soil surface. To better understand the functions and composition of microbial communities and the biogeochemical factors that shape them at different soil depths, we analyzed microbial activities and bacterial and fungal community composition in soils up to a 120 cm depth at a fallow field located in central Korea. To examine the vertical difference of microbial activities and community composition, ${\beta}$-1,4-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, ${\beta}$-1,4-xylosidase, ${\beta}$-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and acid phosphatase activities were analyzed and barcoded pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes (bacteria) and internal transcribed spacer region (fungi) was conducted. Results: The activity of all the soil enzymes analyzed, along with soil C concentration, declined with soil depth. For example, acid phosphatase activity was $125.9({\pm}5.7({\pm}1SE))$, $30.9({\pm}0.9)$, $15.7({\pm}0.6)$, $6.7({\pm}0.9)$, and $3.3({\pm}0.3)nmol\;g^{-1}\;h^{-1}$ at 0-15, 15-30, 30-60, 60-90, and 90-120 cm soil depths, respectively. Among the bacterial groups, the abundance of Proteobacteria (38.5, 23.2, 23.3, 26.1, and 17.5% at 0-15, 15-30, 30-60, 60-90, and 90-120 cm soil depths, respectively) and Firmicutes (12.8, 11.3, 8.6, 4.3, and 0.4% at 0-15, 15-30, 30-60, 60-90, and 90-120 cm soil depths, respectively) decreased with soil depth. On the other hand, the abundance of Ascomycota (51.2, 48.6, 65.7, 46.1, and 45.7% at 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 cm depths, respectively), a dominant fungal group at this site, showed no clear trend along the soil profile. Conclusions: Our results show that soil C availability can determine soil enzyme activity at different soil depths and that bacterial communities have a clear trend along the soil depth at this study site. These metagenomics studies, along with other studies on microbial functions, are expected to enhance our understanding on the complexity of soil microbial communities and their relationship with biogeochemical factors.