• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.305-307
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• 2006

A multi-spectral photometer was set up as an NASA/AERONET site at Kinki University campus in Higashi-Osaka in 2002 for measuring urban aerosols. In addition, the SPM-613D (Kimoto Electric) commenced measurement of suspended particles matter (SPM) as $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ on March 15, 2004 at the same AERONET site. The obtained results revealed that the poor air quality of the Higashi-Osaka site is due not only to anthropogenic particles from local emissions, such as diesel vehicles and chemical industries, but also to dust particles brought from continental desert areas by large scale climatic conditions. To understand the characteristics of background atmosphere over Higashi-Osaka, we examined the relationship between $PM_{2.5}$ concentration and aerosol optical thickness (AOT) at a wavelength of 0.87 μm based on AERONET data for background atmosphere (AOT<0.2). We obtained a linear regression line between AOT and $PM_{2.5}$ concentration. Using the linear relationships between AOT and $PM_{2.5}$, we show ground-level concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ of background atmosphere from Terra/MODIS satellite measurements.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.393-399
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• 2009

The water of rivers and lakes are affecting by point and nonpoint source pollutions. The point source pollution can be controlled by establishing the treatment plants. However, nonpoint source pollution by various human activities is not easy to be controlled because it is difficult to determine the exits of the water flow and have many exit points. Due to contribution of nonpoint source pollution, the achievement ratio of water quality in rivers and lakes is not high. TMDL is the outstanding water quality control policy because all of the pollutant loadings from the watershed area are counting on the input loads. Our aqua-ecosystem has self-purification process by biological, physical and ecological processes. The self-purification process can remove the pollutant load from background concentrations. Usually forest area is main source of background concentrations. In Korea, about 70% of the national boundary area consists of mountains. This study is conducting as part of long-term monitoring to determine the Event Mean Concentration during a storm. The monitoring was performed on a broad-leaved tree area.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.80-86
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• 1995

To investigate the background concentration of air pollutants (SO_2,\;CO,\;NO_2,\;O_3,\;TSP)$ and the composition of atmospheric aerosols, air samplings using teflon bags and a high volume air sampler were accomplished from 7 to 8 lune 1991 (first time) and from 25 to 26 June 1992 (second time) at the top of Dokdo island, Korea. During observation periods, mean concentrations of $SO_2,\;CO'\;NO_2\;and\;O_3$ gases were 2.3 ppb, 5.57 ppm, 6 ppb and 7 ppb, respectively, and mean concentration of TSP using a high volume air sampler was $153{\mu}g/m^3$. The composition of atmospheric aerosols by SEM-EMAX analyses were mostly Na, Cl and Si, and their sizes were more than $1{\mu}m$ diameter. From the results, it is found that atmospheric background values at Dokdo island is influenced by oceanic water quality evaporated from sea surface water, and this island has to be used as a stationary observation site for meteorological and air quality data.

• Atmosphere
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.307-318
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• 2010

This study investigates the generation and movement of low-concentration $CO_2$ observed in Gosan during summer from 2002 to 2006. For analysis, additional $CO_2$ data in Anmyeondo, Ryori, Barrow, and Minamitorishima as well as NOAA/ESRL daily global $CO_2$ fields, background trajectories data, and 850 hPa wind fields are also used. Based on analyses using various observed data, we classified three types of low-concentration $CO_2$ in Gosan according to its origin: i) the origin of the Siberian continental, in which the consumption of $CO_2$ is active due to photosynthesis from broad forests, ii) the origin of Okhotsh and Artic seas, in which the low-concentration $CO_2$ is dominant due to high primary productivity by a plankton bloom, and iii) the origin of the Northwestern Pacific which is related to the entry of air mass from high latitudes. These results show that the low-concentration $CO_2$ observed in Gosan during summer is not originated from the Pacific oceans as known in previous studies, but originated from high latitude regions such as the Siberian continental and the Okhotsh and Artic seas.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2022

BACKGROUND: Heavy metals discharged from various sources contaminate the soil and water and the residuals can persistently be accumulated. In this study, the concentration of soil heavy metals was assessed over the whole regions of Korea based on the contamination factor and the geoaccumulation index. METHODS AND RESULTS: The data of averaged concentrations of heavy metals and fluorine were collected from the Korean Statistical Information Service (KOSIS) and the research papers published. In order to classify the levels of heavy metal concentration, the contamination index, including the contamination factor and the geoaccumulation index, based on the relative ratio of the actual concentration of heavy metals in the soil to the background concentration was calculated. In addition, the distribution of heavy metals in soils was visualized by using the geographic information system (GIS). As a result, the Cd contamination in the soils was the most concerned. CONCLUSION(S): This study very roughly indicated the outline of heavy metal concentration over the whole regions of Korea. The change in heavy metals' concentration over the time should further be monitored and the larger data of heavy metal contamination are needed for better understanding in the future.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.255-258
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• 2009

This study shows that the $Hg^0$ background concentration over the Yellow Sea was generally higher than those observed over other seas/oceans around the world. $Hg^0$ concentrations measured in the urban stomophere were significantly higher than the background concentration in China. Elevated $Hg^0$ concentrations at Deokjeok Island in Korea were attributed to long-range transport of mercury from high emission areas in China.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.47-57
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• 1992

This study was performed to evaluate contamination degree of heavy metals in sediments of Han River, compared with other nation's evaluation method. The results were as follows 1. The contamination Ratio calculation method by heavy metal concentration in differnt fraction size has a limitation to apply to all of the areas of Han river because of its characteristics of sediment. As a result, this method applied to only 4 areas of Pal Dang, Wang Sook Chon, Uk Chon, and Bul Kwang Chon, and Contmination Ratio of heavy metals in those areas were relatively low of below 3. So it's considered that those areas have less contaminated from anthropogenic contaminants. 2. The Contamination Ratio calculation method by heavy metal concentration in different areasthat of upper area to be background level-has a limitation also to apply to Han river. But it is considered that this method was relatively suitable to apply, so it should be prepared evaluation standand method for them. Contamination ratio from background level as Pal Dang area were most high in An Yang Chon. So it must be prepared purification and control measure at An Yang Chon.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.360-371
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• 2016

The goal of this research is to examine the recent decade-long (2000~2014) trends of national background concentrations over China, Japan, and Korea. Based on the Long-range Transboundary Air Pollutants in Northeast Asia (LTP) project, which is three-party collaboration project among three countries, we investigated the long-term trends of national background $PM_{10}$ concentrations in three countries over the recent 15 years, including the 2008 Beijing Olympic Game period. In accordance with the agreement among three countries, a total of 8 national background sites: three national background monitoring sites in China (2 sites in Dalian, and 1 in Xiamen), three sites in Korea (Ganghwa, Gosan, and Taean), and two sites in Japan (Oki and Rishiri), were chosen for the trend analysis. The results showed that Chinese background concentration recorded the highest level overall. However, the rapid declining recent trends of annual median ($50^{th}$-percentile) values were surprisingly detected since 2006 or 2007 in every site in China, with the most rapidly decreasing rate (- $18.6{\pm}10.3%$/year) over 2006~2007, and the second most rapidly decreasing rate (- $18.0{\pm}1.5%$/year) over 2007~2008. Based on the previous statistical literature, we concluded that this declining trends were due to the emission reduction of $PM_{10}$ concentrations in China for 2008 Beijing Olympic Game. In Korea, Ganghwa was also showing the decreasing trends over the recent years since 2006, which is also well accorded with the decreasing period of Chinese background concentrations. Taean also implied some impact of Beijing Olympic Game, showing small but detectable decreasing trends, while Gosan showed the increasing tendencies probably due to the near-urban influences. However, since 2012, most sites in both China and Korea showed strong increasing trends, undoubtedly implying the increasement of both emission in China and its long-range transport process toward Korea. Two sites in Japan, Oki and Rishiri recorded the lowest level of $PM_{10}$ level during whole period with the smallest deviations of measurements. Other discussions including the decade-long trends of $5^{th}$, $10^{th}$, $25^{th}$, $50^{th}$, $75^{th}$, $90^{th}$, $95^{th}$-percentiles of $PM_{10}$ background concentrations in three countries were also comparatively addressed here.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.16-19
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• 2002

This study was carried out to establish the standardized analysis method in order to decide accurate concentrations of hazardous metals in the air. Acid decomposition method used usually was compared to microwave digestion method. Comparing results of tested background concentration in blank filter, we found that the magnitude of element concentration was Na, Ca, K, Mg, Al and Ba by order. The element concentrations of Glass fiber filter were higher than those of Quartz fiber filter, and the number of undetected components in Glass fiber filter was lower than that in Quartz fiber filter. Thus it is supposed that the concentration of background elements in Glass fiber filter was higher than those in Quartz fiber filter The extraction rate of microwave digestion method was superior to those of acid decomposition method during the test of blank filter as well as SRM of NIST. In case of the SRM of NIST, the average extraction efficiency of acid decomposition Method and microwave pretreatment is 53.8∼82.7％, 81.3∼97.1％, respectively. This result might be caused by the closed system of Microwave, which make outflow and loss of components less. Also microwave digestion method has other merits such as the minimization of time, reagents, and contamination. Furthermore, if the extraction condition, extraction time and used acids are optimized, the better results will be represented.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.252-259
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• 1994

A ground station has been established at Kosan, Cheju Island, since January of 1992 for the monitoring of background air Pollutant levels in Korea. Anthropogenic pollutant sources and meteorological conditions of Kosan were surveyed. Concentrations of SO$_2$, NO, NO$_{y}$ and $O_3$, were measured and analyzed for the period of February through December, 1992. The annual means of NO and SO$_2$, levels were very low in comparison to other urban's levels and similiar to other country's background levels. The annual mean of $O_3$, level was higher than urban's but comparable to other coastal region's. The NO concentration showed a distinct seasonal and diurnal variations. Summer peak was detected in the monthly means of NO and smooth peak around noon was found in the annual means of hourly data. Diurnal variation of the SO$_2$ concentration was barely detected but a slice increase in winter was detected. The $O_3$, concentration data, however, showed seasonal and diurnal variations similar to the urban's.an's.