• 한국재료학회지
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.520-525
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• 2014

Effects of Cu and B on effective grain size and low-temperature toughness of thermo-mechanically processed high-strength bainitic steels were investigated in this study. The microstructure of the steel specimens was analyzed using optical, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy; their effective grain size was also characterized by electron back-scattered diffraction. To evaluate the strength and low-temperature toughness, tensile and Charpy impact tests were carried out. The specimens were composed of various low-temperature transformation products such as granular bainite (GB), degenerated upper bainite (DUB), lower bainite (LB), and lath marteniste (LM), dependent on the addition of Cu and B. The addition of Cu slightly increased the yield and tensile strength, but substantially deteriorated the low-temperature toughness because of the higher volume fraction of DUB with a large effective grain size. The specimen containing both Cu and B had the highest strength, but showed worse low-temperature toughness of higher ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) and lower absorbed energy because it mostly consisted of LB and LM. In the B-added specimen, on the other hand, it was possible to obtain the best combination of high strength and good low-temperature toughness by decreasing the overall effective grain size via the appropriate formation of different low-temperature transformation products containing GB, DUB, and LB/LM.

• 인간식물환경학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.585-593
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• 2021

Background and objective: Illegal open-air incineration, which is criticized as a leading source of air pollutants among agricultural activities, currently requires constant effort and attention. Countries around the world have been undertaking studies on the emission of heavy metal substances in fine dust discharged during the incineration process. A precise analytical method is required to examine the harmful effects of particulate pollutants on the human body. Methods: In order to simulate open-air incineration, the infrastructure needed for incineration tests complying with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 5G was built, and a large-area analysis was conducted on particulate pollutants through automated scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). For the test specimen, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) waste collected by the DangJin Office located in Choongcheongnam-do was used. To increase the identifiability of the analyzed particles, the incineration experiment was conducted in an incinerator three times after dividing the film waste into 200 g specimens. Results: Among the metal particulate matters detected in the HDPE waste incineration test, transition metals included C (20.8-37.1 wt%) and O (33.7-37.9 wt%). As for other chemical matters, the analysis showed that metal particulate matters such as metalloids, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and transition metals reacted to C and C-O. Si, a representative metalloid, was detected at 14.8-20.8 wt%, showing the highest weight ratio except for C and O. Conclusion: In this study, the detection of metal chemicals in incinerated particulate matters was effectively confirmed through SEM-EDS. The results of this study verified that HDPE waste adsorbs metal chemicals originating from soil due to its own properties and deterioration, and that when incinerated, it emits particulate matters containing transition metals and other metals that contribute to the excessive production and reduction of reactive oxygen species.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.255-263
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• 2003

충청북도 미원지역의 운교리층 내에 산출하는 마가라이트(margarite)를 고분해능 투과전자현미경(HRTEM)을 이용하여 단위포 규모의 미세한 협재조직에 관하여 조사하였다. 편광현미경과 후방산란전자 영상을 이용하여 기존에 확인된 녹니석의 협재조직을 보여주는 마가라이트 결정들을 투과전자현미경으로 관찰한 결과, 마가라이트 결정내에는 녹니석이 흔히 얇은 packet 형태로 매우 불규칙하게 협재되어 있으며, 그 두께는 수백 $\AA$에 달하거나 부분적으로 녹니석 layer가 개별 단위로 나타나기도 한다. HRTEM으로 관찰한 마가라이트는 매우 규칙적인 2M 다형구조를 보여주며, 전자회절 패턴에서 001 (또는 $c^{*}$ ) 방향으로 강한 streaking을 보여주고 있지 않기 때문에 stacking disorder가 심하지 않은 것으로 판단된다. 마가라이트 packet내에는 두께가 $5 \AA$인 부르사이트 layer들이 부분적으로 관찰되는데, 마가라이트 layer사이에 이러한 부르사이트 layer가 단위포 규모로 협재되어 부분적으로 녹니석 구조를 형성한다. 마가라이트의 (001)과 녹니석의 (001)은 서로 평행하지만 두 광물간의 구조적인 연속성이 결여되어 있으므로, 이러한 특징은 마가라이트내에 발견되는 녹니석은 용해와 침전 작용에 의해서 생성되어 협재조직을 이루었음을 지시한다.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.435-441
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• 2017

자기치유에 관한 연구는 현재 다각화되었으며 연구를 평가하는 방법도 다양해졌다. 그중에서, 스캐닝 전자 현미경(SEM)을 통해 획득된 반사전자(BSE) 이미지는 균열에서의 자기치유 효과를 평가하는 수단으로 시도되었다. BSE 이미지를 평가하기 위해서 정교한 시편 전처리가 대단히 중요하다. 에폭시 함침은 경화체의 입자, 기공과 인공 균열 내부에 투입되어 새롭게 생성된 자기치유 수화물의 구조를 안정화시키고 변형 없이 연삭 및 연마의 응력을 견딜 수 있게 한다. 함침 시편은 표면을 매끄럽게 하고 고해상도의 BSE 영상을 얻기 위해 건조 연마 후 습식 연마용 다이아몬드 서스펜션으로 연마한다. 함침과 연마가 된 자기치유 시편의 자기치유 수화물을 평가한 결과, 생성된 수화물은 인공균열의 표면에 형성되었으며 자기치유 물질은 $Ca(OH)_2$와 C-S-H로 확인되었다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.263-267
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• 2011

The present study was carried out to evaluate the microstructural and mechanical properties of cross-roll rolled pure copper sheets, and the results were compared with those obtained for conventionally rolled sheets. For this work, pure copper (99.99 mass%) sheets with thickness of 5 mm were prepared as the starting material. The sheets were cold rolled to 90% thickness reduction and subsequently annealed at $400^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. Also, to analyze the grain boundary character distributions (GBCDs) on the materials, the electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) technique was introduced. The resulting cold-rolled and annealed sheets had considerably finer grains than the initial sheets with an average size of 100 ${\mu}M$. In particular, the average grain size became smaller by cross-roll rolling (6.5 ${\mu}M$) than by conventional rolling (9.8 ${\mu}M$). These grain refinements directly led to enhanced mechanical properties such as Vickers micro-hardness and tensile strength, and thus the values showed greater increases upon cross-roll rolling process than after conventional rolling. Furthermore, the texture development of <112>//ND in the cross-roll rolling processed material provided greater enhancement of mechanical properties relative to the case of the conventional rolling processed material. In the present study, we systematically discuss the enhancement of mechanical properties in terms of grain refinement and texture distribution developed by the different rolling processes.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.183-196
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• 2020

본 연구는 마이크로웨이브-질산용출과 자력/수력선별을 이용하여 정광으로부터 자연 금을 회수하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 마이크로웨이브-질산용출실험을 통해 용출용액으로부터 불용성-잔류물을 여과하였다. 용출용액을 원자흡수분광기(AAS)로 분석한 결과 Au는 전혀 용출되지 않은 것을 그리고 불용성-잔류물을 후방산란전자영상(BSE)으로 관찰한 결과 자연 금이 단체분리된 것으로 확인되었다. 불용성-잔류물을 자력/수력선별 하여 자성광물과 비-자성광물로 선별하였다. 자성광물에서 자철석이 회수되었고, 비-자성광물을 다시 수력선별한 결과 자연 금이 회수되었다. 자연 금은 X선 회절 분석(XRD)과 BSE 영상에서 확인되었다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.293-298
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• 2013

In this study, an HP-mod. type(KHR-45A), which is used as a heater tube material in the pyrolysis process, was evaluated for its carburizing properties. It was confirmed from the microstructural observation of the tubes that the volume fraction of carbide increased and that the coarsening of Cr-carbide generated as a degree of carburization increased. The depth of the hardened layer, which is similar to the thickness of the carburized region of each specimen, due to carburization is confirmed by measurement of the micro-Vickers hardness of the cross section tube, which thickness is similar to that of the carburized region of each specimen. Two types of chromium carbides were identified from the EBSD (electron back-scattered diffraction) image and the EDS (energy-dispersive spectroscopy) analysis: Cr-rich $M_{23}C_6$ in the outer region and Cr-rich $M_7C_3$ in the inner region of tubes. The EDS analysis revealed a correlation between the ferromagnetic behavior of the tubes and the chromium depletion in the matrix. The chromium depletion in the austenite matrix is the main cause of the magnetization of the carburized tube. The method used currently for the measurement of the carburization of the tubes is confirmed; carburizing evaluation is useful for magnetic flux density measurement. The volume fraction of the carbide increased as the measuring point moved into the carburized side; this was determined from the calculation of the volume fraction in the cross-section image of the tubes. These results are similar to the trends of carburization measurement when those trends were evaluated by measurement of the magnetic flux density.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제21권10호
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• pp.556-562
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• 2011

We carried out this study to evaluate the grain refining in and the mechanical properties of alloys that undergo severe plastic deformation (SPD). Conventional rolling (CR) and cross-roll rolling (CRR) as SPD methods were used with Ni-20Cr alloy as the experimental material. The materials were cold rolled to a thickness reduction of 90% and subsequently annealed at $700^{\circ}C$ for 30 min to obtain a fully recrystallized microstructure. For the annealed materials after the cold rolling, electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis was carried out to investigate the grain boundary characteristic distributions (GBCDs). The CRR process was more effective when used to develop the grain refinement relative to the CR process; as a result, the grain size was refined from $70{\mu}m$ in the initial material to $4.2{\mu}m$ (CR) and $2.4{\mu}m$ (CRR). These grain refinements have a direct effect on improving the mechanical properties; in this case, the microhardness, yield and tensile strength showed significant increases compared to the initial material. In particular, the CRR-processed material showed more effective values relative to the CR-processed materials. The different texture distributions in the CR (001//ND) and CRR (111//ND) were likely the cause of the increase in the mechanical properties. These findings suggest that CRR can result in materials with a smaller grain size, improved texture development and improved mechanical properties after recrystallization by a subsequent annealing process.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.58-63
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• 2011

The grain size and growth direction of a directionally solidified turbine blade were evaluated by the initial nucleation condition at the start block of directional solidification. The initial nucleation condition was controlled by inserting a Ni foil on the directional solidification plate of the directional solidification furnace. Fine grains with good orientation were obtained in the faster cooling condition at the start block. The nucleus number was compared with the cooling rate of the start block by electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD). DSC (differential scanning calorimeter) analysis was performed to compare the melting point and undercooling for nucleation of the coarse nuclei and fine nuclei of the start block. The faster cooling condition at the start block showed more undercooling for nucleation and smaller size of nuclei which resulted in a fine grain with good orientation in the directional turbine blade.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.221-233
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• 2004

충남지역 활석광상에서 산출되는 금운모의 광물학적 특성 및 활석화 작용과 연관된 금운모의 생성기원을 연구하였다. 연구지역의 활석광상에서 산출되는 운모류는 녹니석과 더불어 활석광석의 주요 불순광물이다 화학적으로 활석과 공존하는 운모류들은 전형적인 금운모 조성을 보여주고, 활석과 직접적인 관련이 없이 산출되는 운모류들은 흑운모에서부터 금운모 조성까지 광범위한 분포를 보여준다. 금운모는 주로 활석광체의 외곽부의 검은 변질대에 분포하며, 특히 괴상 활석광석에 수반 되어 산출된다. 편광현미경이나 후방산란전자상에서는 금운모와 녹니석이 혼정을 이루고 있는 양상을 흔히 관찰할 수 있으며, 드물게 활석과 함께 혼정을 이루는 양상을 관찰할 수 있다. 금운모의 투과전자현미경관찰결과, 일반적으로 전형적인 $10 \AA$의 격자상 내에 $14 \AA$의 녹니석층이 불규칙하게 혼합되어 있기 때문에 금운모의 생성과정이 녹니석과 밀접한 관계가 있음을 지시하고 있다. 이러한 금운모의 산출상태와 광물학적 특성 및 금운모생성에 필요한 K의 기원을 고려하였을 때, 연구지역의 금운모는 활석화 작용의 후기단계에서, 초기 성분과는 달리 K을 충분히 함유한 열수용액과 활석광체와의 반응에 의해서 주로 생성된 것으로 판단된다. K은 이러한 K-변질작용이 일어나기 용이한 구조조건을 가진 활석광체와 주변 화강암질 편마암과의 접촉부에서 화강암질 편마암으로부터 유입되었다.