• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.205-211
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• 2010

Fifty young calves, about five to six months old purchased from nation-wide were investigated with the prevelance of neutralizing antibody (Ab) of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV), parainfluenza 3 virus ($PI_{3}V$), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). The positive detection ratio of neutralizing Ab against IBRV was only 3% and two of positive samples showed low antibody titer (below 2). Ab against BRSV showed 48% of positive ratio and among 24 positive samples, antibody titer of 23 samples were below 3. But in the case of BVDV, 68% of samples were positive and 23 samples appeared to possess high antibody titer, above 4 and the antibody titer of five samples were above 8. The highest positive result came from $PI_{3}V$. The positive ratio in the samples investigated in this study was 72%, but the antibody titer of positive samples were generally below 3 (77.8% in positive samples).

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.743-750
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• 1999

Bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDVs) were isolated from cattle with respiratory and diarrhea signs as well as persistently infected cattle. These isolates were analysed serologically to characterize serogroups and to compare serological relationship with reference viruses of type I and II. Most isolates from calf diarrheal cases and persistently infected individuals showed a significant difference in cross-neutralization test with the viruses isolated from nasal discharges showing severe respiratory signs. Serologically most of the commercial vaccine strains could be classified into classical BVDV (type I) such as NADL strain. This serological difference among BVDV isolates suggested the need for new vaccines to protect cattle from both respiratory and enteric BVDV infections in field. The immunogenicity of BVDVs which showed a good propagation capability in MDBK cells and high rates of neutralizing activity (isolate : KD26-1, PHG, B5 and 95002) against all viruses used in this study, was confirmed in guinea pig when treated as single or combined groups.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.179-183
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• 2014

Reproductive losses in a herd can be huge. Fetal reabsorption or undefined infertility often remain undetected. Routine herds monitoring for exposure, controlling the introduction of potential agent carriers, appropriate biosafety procedures, and vaccination where possible are together the best security against abortion and stillbirth inducing disease. For biosecurity of local farms, we performed antibody titers of abortion and stillbirth related diseases such as bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV), Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii and Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis. The blood samples were collected from 500 female Hanwoo over 1 year old of 100 farms in Jeonbuk eastern area. Champhylobater serological test was evaluated by the standard tube agglutination test (STAT) and other pathogen's antibodies were detected by indirect-enzyme linked immunoassay (I-ELISA). The seroprevalence of abortion and stillbirth inducing disease were BVDV 72.4%, IBRV 13.0%, N. caninum 1.2%, T. gondii 10.4% and C. venerealis 0.6%, irrespectively.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.619-627
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• 2001

n order to increase the virus safety of a human intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) that was manufactured by a successive process of cold ethanol fractionation, polyethylene glycol precipitation, and pasteurization ($60^{\circ}C$ heat treatment for 10h), a low pH incubation process (pH 3.9 at $25{\circ}C$ for 14 days) was employed as the final step. The efficacy and mechanism of the fraction III cold ethanol fractionation, pasteurization, and low pH treatment steps in the removal and/or inactivation of blood-borne viruses were closely examined. A variety of experimental model viruses for human pathogenic viruses, including the Bovine herpes virus (BHV), Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), Murine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), and Porcine parvovirus (PPV), were selected for this study. The mechanism of reduction for the enveloped viruses (BHV and BVDV) during fraction III fractionation was both inactivation and partitioning, however, it was partitioning in the case of the nonenveloped viruses (EMCV and PPV). The log reduction factors achieved during fraction III fractionation were ${\geqq}$6.7 for BHV, ${\geqq}4.7$ for BVDV, 4.5 for EMCV, and 4.4 for PPV. Pasteurization was found to be a robust and effective step in inactivating all the viruses tested. The log reduction factors achieved during the pasteurization process were ${\geqq}7.5$ for BHV, ${\geqq}4.8$ for BVDV, 3.0 for EMCV, and 3.3 for PPV. A low pH incubation was very effective in inactivating the enveloped viruses as well as EMCV. The log reduction factors achieved during low pH incubation were ${\geqq}7.4$ for BHV, ${\geqq}3.9$ for BVDV, 5.2 for EMCV, and 2.0 for PPV. These results indicate that the low pH treatment successfully improved the viral safety of the final products.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.497-503
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy and mechanism of the cryo-precipitation, solvent/detergent (S/D) treatment, monoclonal anti-FVIIIc antibody (mAb) column chromatography, Q-Sepharose column chromatography, and lyophilization involved in the manufacture of antithemophilic factor VII(GreenMono) from human plasma, in the removal and/or inactivation of blood-borne viruses. A variety of experimental model viruses for human pathogenic viruses, including the bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), bovine herpes virus (BHV), murine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), and porcine parvovirus (PPV), were all selected for this study. BHV and EMCV were effectively partitioned from a factor VII during the cryo-precipitation with a log reduction factor of 2.83 and 3.24, respectively. S/D treatment using the organic solvent, tri(n-butyl) phosphate (TNBP), and the detergent, Triton X-100, was a robust and effective step in inactivating enveloped viruses. The titers of BHV and BVDV were reduced from the initial titer of 8.85 and $7.89{log_10} {TCID_50}$, respectively, reaching undetectable levels within 1 min of the S/D treatment. The mAb chromatography was the most effective step for removing nonenveloped viruses, EMCV and PPV, with the log reduction factors of 4.86 and 3.72, respectively. Q-Sepharose chromatography showed a significant efficacy for partitioning BHV, BVDV, EMCV, and PPV with the log reduction the log reduction factors of 2.32, 2.49, 2.60, and 1.33 respectively. Lyophilization was an effective step in inactivating g nonenveloped viruses rather than enveloped viruses, where the log reduction factors of BHV, BVDV, DMCV, and PPV were 1.41, 1.79, 4.76, and 2.05, respectively. The cumulative log reduction factors of BHV, BVDV, EMCV, and PPV were ${\geqq}$11.12, ${\geqq}$7.88, 15.46, and 7.10, respectively. These results indicate that the production process for GreenMono has a sufficient virus-reducing capacity to achieve a high margin of the virus safety.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.346-353
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• 2009

Viral, bacterial, and fungal infection can be transmitted from donor to recipient via transplantation of human amniotic membrane. Therefore human amniotic membrane for transplantation should be disinfected and sterilized before use. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of the disinfection process and sterilization processes used at human tissue bank in the inactivation of viruses, bacteria, and fungi. A variety of experimental model viruses, bacteria, and fungus for human pathogens, including the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), bovine herpes virus (BHV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans were all selected for this study. Enveloped viruses such as HIV-1, BHV, and BVDV were effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by 70% ethanol treatment, gamma irradiation process, and ethylene oxide (EO) gas sterilization process. Also non-enveloped viruses such as HAV and PPV were effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by gamma irradiation and EO gas treatment. However HAV and PPV showed high resistance to 70% ethanol treatment. E. coli and C. albicans were effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by 70% ethanol treatment, gamma irradiation process, and EO gas treatment. Also B. subtilis was effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by gamma irradiation process and EO gas treatment. However it showed high resistance to 70% ethanol treatment.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.86-95
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• 2002

As a result of genome projects, the research to elucidate the function of a protein of interest has recently been well-recognized. In order to facilitate functional genomics, a useful mammalian gene expression vector is required. Using an infectious CDNA clone of BVDV pNADLclns-, we have developed a mammalian gene expression vector. In this study, a replication-competent full-length infectious CDNA clone containing puremycin acetyltransferase (pac) gene (pNADLclns-/pac) was successfully generated. The viral RNA replication and viral protein NS3 synthesis were examined by detecting metabollically $^{32}P$-labelled genomic viral RNA and immunoblotting with a mouse anti-NS3 antibody. To generate viral replicon as an expression vector, we examine if the viral structural genes (C, E0, El, E2) are required for viral replication by deletion analysis. As a result, all of the structural proteins are dispensable for viral replication per se, but essential for infectious viral particle formation. Based on our deletion analysis, we have generated a replication-competent BVDV viral replicon (pNADLclns-/pac/${\Delta}S$), whose structural genes are all deleted. In addition to NADLclns- /pac/${\Delta}S$, NADLclns-/ luc/${\Delta}S$ viral replicon containing luciferase gene as a reporter was constructed and fecund to be replication-compotent in HeLa and BHK cells as well as MDBK cells. Therefore, BVDV viral replicon developed in our study will be a useful tool to express a protein of interest in various mammalian cells.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.35-39
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to survey on infection status of pathogens of diarrhea from Korean indigenous goat. A total of 800 fecal samples was collected from 50 farms from January to October 2015 and was tested by automatic biochemical machine and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The overall detection ratio of bacterial pathogens was 22.4% and viral pathogens was 16.3%, respectively. The detection ratio of Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella spp., bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), rotavirus and coronavirus were 21.5%, 0.9%, 7.6%, 5.6% and 3.0%, respectively. In the rates of mixed detection, single was 78.2%, double 8.4%, triple 11.6% and quadruple 1.8% in each sample and 38%, 12%, 16%, 20% in each farm, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to survey on infection status of pathogens of diarrhea from Korean indigenous goat. A total of 800 fecal samples was collected from 50 farms from January to November 2016 and was tested by automatic biochemical machine and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The overall infection rates of parasitic, bacterial and viral pathogens was 13.0%, 23.0%, 11.3% and the rates of coccidia, Escherichia coli (E. coli), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), rotavirus and coronavirus were 13.0%, 23.0%, 5.3%, 8.8% and 2.6%, respectively. In the rates of mixed detection, single was 29.8%, double 5.1%, triple 2.8%, quadruple 1.1% in each sample, respectively.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2003

The bovine rotavirus(BRV), bovine coronavirus(BCV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus(BVDV) are main viruses of bovine viral diarrhea disease. These viruses could be rapidly amplified by the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). This study was conducted to develop rapid and accurate diagnostic methods of these viral diseases by multiplex RT-PCR. Specific primers were designed based on the sequences reported by Chang KO et. al. (1997) and Schroeder BA, et. al. (1990), RNA were prepared from the cultured viruses, first-stranded DNAs were synthesised by reverse transcriptase. PCR were conducted to amplify specific regions of the viruses by multiplex. Three bands such as 1,062bp for BRV, 458bp for BCV, and 300bp for BVDV were successfully produced by multiplex RT-PCR. In conclusion, this result suggested that these viruses could be diagnosed rapidly and accurately by multiplex RT-PCR.