• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.101-108
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• 2012

In this study was conducted numerical analysis to evaluate the stability of BTR(Built-in Timber Roof Tunneling Method), which is one of construction methods of underground structures in the non-opening state. The discretion method was applied to individually model reinforcing members of BTR, and the homogeneity analysis technic by area ratio was used to verify the feasibility comparing this result with that from conventional analysis method. The parameter study was performed to evaluate the effect varying ground depth, distance length of reinforcing supports and to verify the field applicability of new analysis method. The results showed the very precise value with allowable error, so this method can be applied in the field, The more length of supporting members caused the more vertical displacement and the top displacement increment of support members is larger than that of ground surace. The effect of ground depth was more impressive than that of distance length of reinforcing supports.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.49-55
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• 2011

Purpose : The aim of this study was to identify of bilateral trunk rotation(BTR) exercise and PNF exercise on gait in the individuals with malalignment syndrome. Methods : Subjects were 32 that were divided 2 groups in 20's generation. Interventions were trunk ratation exercise and PNF exercise. We used Medex for trunk rotation exercise. BTR group received exercise for three-sets (10min/set) along with stretching exercise ten-minutes, 3 times per week. PNF group took turns the D1 pattern in upper extremity and the D1 pattern in the opposite side of lower extremity for three-sets (10min/set). The measurement were force metatarsal 1 (FM 1), impulse metatarsal 1 (IM 1), force heel lat (FHL), impulse heel lat (IHL) by using footscan (RS scan). Statistical method was repeated measurement of ANOVA and p value was 0.05. Results : BTR and PNF group were significantly different in time(FM 1, IM 1, FHL, IHL). As different of right/left, BTR and PNF exercise were significantly different in FM 1, IM 1, FHL. Conclusion : BTR exercise was good exercise for malalignment but needs expensive equipment, for example, Medex. PNF exercise doesn't need expensive equipment but good method in malalignment syndrome person for gait ability. If PNF exercise is more experiment, PNF exercise could use variety for more patients.

• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.67-74
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• 2011

In this study numerical analysis was performed to evaluate the safety of Built-in Timbering Roof Type Tunnelling Method(BTR) which is one of non-opening tunnel construction methods. For the upgrading of analytical precision was applied the discretion method which can separately model reinforcing elements of BTR and the homogeneity analysis considering the area ratio of elements was performed to compare both results. Comparing the displacement in this study with that of the homogeneity method, the efficiency of the discretion method was verified.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.29-51
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• 2022

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) designated the Emission Control Area (ECA) in Northern Europe to reduce the NOx and SOx emissions from ships in the coastal areas. This study used Network slack-based measure (SBM) Data Envelopment Model (DEM) and Bootstrop Truncated Regression (BTR) model to analyze the ECA's impact on ferry companies' financial performances based on the financial data from eight ferry carriers in Northern Europe, the Mediterranean and North America from 2004 to 2017. To alleviate the problem of arbitrary variable selection in DEA, the variable selection criteria proposed by Dyson et al. (2001) were applied; the size of the company was considered through the Network SBM DEA model; and the company's profit-generating process was divided into stages to measure financial performance in more detail. In addition, the BTR model was applied to derive results that minimize the bias of the data. The study found that ECA regulations did not always negatively affect the shipping companies' financial performance. Rather, a steady increase in efficiency was observed for Northern European ferry companies which were subject to the strongest regulations. For North American ferry companies, government subsidies were found to have a significant impact on efficiency, and relatively small impact on efficiency due to the ECA and oil prices. For the Mediterranean ferry companies, efficiency values have decreased since the implementation of ECA regulation despite the lowest level of regulation in the region.

• Nuclear industry
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• v.7 no.2 s.48
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• pp.50-60
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• 1987

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.537-545
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• 2009

In this paper, new parameters were developed to estimate the depth of anesthesia during a general anesthesia using EEG. Power spectral density(PSD) analysis was used for these parameters because EEG became slow wave during anesthesia. The new parameters were DTR, ATR, TDR, ADR, BTR and BDR applied to PSD. These parameters were compared with SEF which is conventionally used at clinic and confirmed clinical value. As the results, DTR, ATR, TDR, ADR among parameters were not useful compared with SEF but BTR and BDR is valuable for clinic. 15 patents, at pre-operation BDR the value is $265.36{\pm}25.29$, at induction the value is $129.23{\pm}34.92$, at operation the value is $154.99{\pm}38.34$, at awaked the value is $283.83{\pm}39.80$ and at post-operation the value is $234.80{\pm}23.46$. Also at pre-operation BTR value is $183.38{\pm}13.59$, at induction the value is $104.09{\pm}25.11$, at operation the value is $115.38{\pm}23.42$, at awaked the value is $190.33{\pm}23.31$ and at post-operation the value is $172.38{\pm}19.08$. Trend of BDR and BTR is similar to change of SEF, so two parameters are useful. to estimate the depth of anesthesia.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.79-88
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• 2017

The effect of residual metallic sodium on the solidification cracking susceptibility of type 316FR stainless steel was investigated via transverse-Varestraint tests. And a solidification brittle temperature range (BTR) of type 316FR stainless steel was 37 K. However, the BTR expanded from 37 to 67 K, as the amount of metallic sodium at the specimen surface increased from 0 to $7.99mg/cm^2$. Microstructural observation of the weld metal suggested that metallic sodium existed in the weld metal, including in the cell boundaries, during welding solidification. Thermodynamic calculations suggested that sodium expanded the temperature range of solidliquid coexistence during welding solidification of the steel weld metal. Therefore, the increased solidification cracking susceptibility (i.e., expansion of the BTR) in the residual sodium environment was attributed to enhanced segregation of sodium during the welding solidification; this segregation, in turn, resulted in an expanded temperature range of solid-liquid coexistence.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.54-60
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• 2016

In order to quantitatively evaluate the solidification cracking susceptibility in laser welds of three types of austenitic stainless steels (type 310: A mode, type 316-A: AF mode, type 316-B: FA mode solidifications), the laser beam welding (LBW) transverse-Varestraint tests consisted of multi-mode fiber laser, welding robot and hydraulic pressure system were performed. As the welding speed increased from 1.67 to 40.0 mm/s, the solidification brittle temperature range (BTR) of laser welds for type 316 stainless steels enlarged (316-A: from 37 to 46 K, 316-B: from 14 to 40 K), while the BTR for type 310 stainless steel reduced from 146 to 120 K. In other words, it founds that solidification cracking susceptibility could not be simply mitigated through application of LBW process, and the BTR variation behavior is quite different upon solidification mode of austenitic stainless steels.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.207-213
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• 2004

This paper describes the development of Behind-Tape-Reader (BTR) type DNC system using CYBER 180-830 as a central computer and IBM PC-AT cell control computer and NC lathe with FANUC 5T NC controller. In this system, the connection between central computer and cell control computer is done via RS-232C serial interface board, and that between cell control computer and FANUC 5T controller is done via parallel interface board. The software consists of two module, central computer communication module for NC program downloading and status uploading, NC machine running module for NC operating.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.61-69
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• 2016

A numerical simulation of the solid/liquid coexistence temperature range, using solidification segregation model linked with the Kurz-Giovanola-Trivedi model, explained the mechanism of the BTR shrinkage (with an increase in welding speed) in type 310 stainless steel welds by reduction of the solid/liquid coexistence temperature range of the weld metal due to the inhibited solidification segregation of solute elements and promoted dendrite tip supercooling attributed to rapid solidification of laser beam welding. The reason why the BTR enlarged in type 316 series stainless welds could be clarified by the enhanced solidification segregation of impurity elements (S and P), corresponding to the decrement in ${\delta}-ferrite$ crystallization amount at the solidification completion stage in the laser welds. Furthermore, the greater increase in BTR with type 316-B steel was determined to be due to a larger decrease in ${\delta}-ferrite$ amount during welding solidification than with type 316-A steel. This, in turn, greatly increases the segregation of impurities, which is responsible for the greater temperature range of solid/liquid coexistence when using type 316-B steel.