• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.3 s.47
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• pp.393-397
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• 2004

L-Carnitine $({\beta}-hydroxy-{\gamma}-trimethyl-ammoniumbutyric{\;}acid)$ is a small water-soluble molecule important in mammalian fat metabolism. It is essential for the normal oxidation of fatty acids by the mitochondria, and is involved in the trans-esterification and excretion of acyl-CoA esters. In this paper, to investigate the relationship between aging and L-carnitine, we investigated the effects of in vitro matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibition and activity and expression of UYA-induced MMPs in human skin fibroblasts. Also, we studied to develop as anti-aging cosmetics with L-carnitine. Fluorometric assays of the proteolytic activities of MMP-1 (collagenase) were performed using fluorescent collagen substrates. ELISA (enzyme linked immune sorbent assay), gelatin-substrate zymography, RT-PCR ELISA techniques were used for the effects of L-carnitine on MMP expression, activity, and MMP mRNA expression in UVA irradiated fibroblast $(5\;J/cm^2)$, respectively. In addition, we performed clinical study with L-carnitine cream. L-carnitine inhibited the activities of MMP-1 in a dose-dependent manner and the $IC_{50}$ values calculated from semi-log plots were 2.45 mM, and L-carnitine showed strong inhibition on MMP-2 (gelatinase) activity in UVA irradiated fibroblast by zymography. Also, UVA induced MMP-1, 2 expression was reduced $43\%,\;53\%$ by treated with L-carnitine at 1.25 mM, and MMP-1 mRNA expression was reduced dose-dependent manner. Therefore L-carnitine was able to significantly inhibit the MMP activity, and regulate MMP expression in protein and mRNA level. The results of clinical study showed that $1.0\%$ L-carnitine treated group reduced wrinkle significantly compared with placebo treated group (P<0.05). All these results suggest that L-carnitine may be useful as new anti-aging cosmetics for protection against UVA induced Mm expression and activity.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.443-450
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• 2012

Recently, NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4)-mediated generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was proposed to accelerate adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cell. We have previously shown that Cheonnyuncho (Opuntia humifusa) extract significantly inhibited adipocyte differentiation via downregulation of $PPAR{\gamma}$ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) gene expression. In this study, we focused on the molecular mechanism(s) of NOX4, G6PDH (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) and antioxidant enzymes in anti-oxidative activities of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our results indicate that Cheonnyuncho extracts markedly inhibits ROS production during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Cheonnyuncho extracts suppressed the mRNA expression of the pro-oxidant enzyme such as NOX4 and the NADPH-producing G6PDH enzyme. In addition, treatment with Cheonnyuncho extract was found to upregulate mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes such as Mn-SOD (manganese-superoxide dismutase), Cu/Zn-SOD (copper/zinc-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathion reductase (GR), and catalase, all of which are important for endogenous antioxidant responses. These data suggest that Cheonnyuncho extract may be effective in preventing the rise of oxidative stress during adipocyte differentiation through mechanism(s) that involves direct down regulation of NOX4 and G6PDH gene expression or via upregulation of endogenous antioxidant responses.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.127-131
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• 2006

For study on the mouth health care of patients for practical training of dental hygiene department, this survey was conducted among patients for practical training of the junior class of dental hygiene department of S College from September 2, 2004 to May 29, 2005. Before scaling, the purposes of the study and contents of the questionnaire were explained and the questionnaires were distributed and the patients were requested to complete them personally and then they were collected. 249 copies except 11 copies of insincere answers were used for the analysis. The subject of study was selected by convenience sampling, nonprobability sampling. 1. As for the characteristics of the subject of study, for sex, male occupied 138 (55.4%) and female occupied 111(44.6%). For the habitation site, Chungcheongdo residents were 181 people (72.7%), Incheon Gyeonggi 55(22.1%) and Seoul 13(5.2%). For ages, 19-29 age people were 122(49.0%), 30- 39 age 25(10.0%), 40-49 age 45(18.1%), 50-59 age 42(16.9%) and 60-70 age 15(6.0%). For scaling experience, 144 people (57.8%) had it and 105 people (42.2%) did not have it. 2. As for the mouth health care, for brushing method, crossways brushing was 164 people (65.9%), rotation brushing was 63 people (25.3%) and longways brushing was 22 people (8.8%). For brushing times, 2 times was 134 people (53.8%), over 3 times was 99 people(39.8%), and 1 time was 16 people (6.4%). For brushing time, after a meal was 182 people (73.1%) and before a meal was 67 people (26.9%). As for the mouth aids, 40 people (16.1%) used them and 209 people (83.9%) answered not to use them. 3. As for brushing method according to sex, it was found that both male and female use crossways brushing most, and male uses crossways brushing and longways brushing more than female and female uses rotation brushing more. For brushing times, it showed that 2 times was the most as 59.4% for male and over 3 times was the most as 50.5% for female. The survey of brushing time found that 33.3% of male brush their teeth before a meal and 81.1% of female brush their teeth after a meal. 4. For brushing method according to the habitation site, it was found that Chungcheongdo, Incheon Gyeonggi and Seoul use crossways brushing most and longways brushing least. The mouth aids were proved to be used in Incheon Gyeonggi most and in Chungcheongdo least. For brushing times, 2 times was the most in all three locations. 5. As to brushing times according to ages, only 30-39 age did brushing over 3 times, and the rest ages did brushing 2 times most. The survey of the use of the mouth aids according to the experience of scaling found that as they have the experience of scaling, they use them.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.555-565
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• 2006

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the biological stability of the zirconia/alumina composite abutment by histologic and radiographic examination in clinical cases. 17 partially edentulous patients (5 men and 12 women, mean age 47) were treated with 37 implants. The implants were placed following the standard two-stage protocol. After a healing period of 3 to 6 months, zirconia/alumina composite abutments were connected. All radiographs were taken using paralleling technique with individually fabricated impression bite block, following insertion of the prosthesis and at the 3-, 6-, 12 month re-examinations. After processing the obtained images, the osseous level was calculated using the digital image in the mesial and distal aspect in each implant. An ANOVA and t-test were used to test for difference between the baseline and 3-, 6-, 12 months re-examinations, and for difference between maxilla and mandible. Differences at P <0.05 were considered statistically significant. For histologic examination, sample was obtained from the palatal gingiva which implant functioned for 12 months. Sections were examined under a light microscope under various magnifications. Clinically, no abutment fracture or crack as well as periimplantitis was observed during the period of study. The mean bone level reduction(${\pm}standard$ deviation) was 0.34 rom(${\pm}\;0.26$) at 3-months, 0.4 2mm(${\pm}\;0.30$) at 6-months, 0.62 mm(${\pm}\;0.28$) at 12-months respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between baseline and 3-, 6-, 12-months re-examinations (p > 0.05). The mean bone level reduction in maxilla was 0.33(${\pm}0.25$) at 3-months, 0.36(${\pm}0.33$) at 6-months, 0.56(${\pm}0.26$) at 12-months. And the mean bone level reduction in mandible was 0.35(${\pm}0.27$) at 3-months, 0,49(${\pm}0.27$) at 6-months, 0.68(${\pm}0.30$) at 12-months. No statistical difference in bone level reduction between implants placed in the maxilla and mandible. Histologically, the height of the junctional epithelium was about 2.09 mm. And the width was about 0.51 mm. Scattered fibroblasts and inflammatory cells, and dense collagen network with few vascular structures characterized the portion of connective tissue. The inflammatory cell infiltration was observed just beneath the apical end of junctional epithelium and the area of direct in contact with zirconia/alumina abutment. These results suggest the zirconia/alumina composite abutment can be used in variable intraoral condition, in posterior segment as well as anterior segment without adverse effects.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.321-333
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• 2005

1. 목적 in vitro 상에서 법랑기질유도체가 치주인대섬유아세포, 불멸화 조골세포와 백악질 유래세포의 증식과 유전자 발현에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 2. 연구방법 및 재료 <세포증식 연구> 교정을 목적으로 발거한 치아에서 분리, 배양한 치주인대섬유아세포와 백악질유래세포, 그리고 $SaOs_2$ 세포를 이용하였다. 법랑기질유도체가 세포 증식에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해, 35 mm Petri dish에 dish 당 $5{\times}10^3$ 개의 세포를 접종하였다. 대조군은 1% 항생제와 10% FBS를 포함한 DMEM 배지를 이용했고, 5mM 초산을 첨가한 군과 첨가하지 않은 두 개의 대조군이 이용되었다. 실험군은 100 ${\mu}g/ml$의 법랑기질유도제를 첨가한 군과 100 ${\mu}g/ml$의 법랑기질유도체와 5 mM의 초산을 첨가한 2개의 실험군이 이용되었다. 각 군은 세 개의 배양접시에 행해졌고, 1, 3, 8일에 세포의 수를 각각 측정하였다. 결과는 repeated measures ANOVA로 통계 처리하였다. <유전자 발현 연구> 각 세포의 형질 특성을 알아보기 위해 RT-PCR을 실시하여 조골세포 분화 표식자와 연관된 Human collagen type I(COL I), human osteopontin(OP), human osteocalcin(OC), human alkaline phosphatase(ALP)와 human bone sialoprotein(BSP)의 mRNA 발현을 실험 1, 3, 8일에 걸쳐, 세 군의 차이를 비교 관찰하였다. 3. 결과 <세포증식 연구> 치주인대세포와 백악질유래세포, 그리고 $SaOs_2$ 세포의 증식은 법랑기질유도체에 의해 영향을 받지 않았다. 대조군과 초산이 포함된 대조군 그리고 법랑기질유도체와 초산이 포함된 실험군에서 유의할 만한 세포 수의 차이가 실험 기간 1, 3, 8일에 걸쳐 나타나지 않았다(p<0.05). <유전자 발현 연구> ALP와 COL I은 세 군의 세포에서 모두 발현되었고, 발현 정도는 EMD에 영향을 받지 않았다. OC은 세 군에서 모두 비교적 약하게 발현되었고, 특히 $SaOs_2$ cell과 백악질유래세포에서 약하게 발현되었다. EMD는 OC의 발현정도를 약하게 하였다. OP은 백악질유래세포에서 1, 3, 8일에 걸쳐 EMD 유무에 관련 없이 발현되지 않았다. 그러나 치주인대세포와 $SaOs_2$ cell에서는 강하게 발현되었다. BSP는 치주인대세포와 $SaOs_2$ cell에서 1, 3, 8일에 걸쳐 비교적 고르게 발현되었다. EMD 배지에서 배양된 백악질유래세포는 8일에는 BSP가 발현되지 않았다. 4 결론 이번 실험 결과에 의하면 법랑기질유도체는 치주인대세포, 불멸화 조골세포와 백악질 유래세포의 증식에 있어 유의성 있는 효과를 나타내지 않았다. 그러나, 유전자 발현에 있어서는, 치주인대세포와 백악질유래세포, 그리고 $SaOs_2$ 세포 모두에서 OC mRNA의 발현을 억제하는 효과를 나타내었다. EMD는 세포의 증식에는 영향을 미치지 않지만, 유전자 발현에 있어 일부 영향을 미치는 것으로 보인다. 법랑기질유도체가 세포의 증식과 유전자 발현에 미치는 영향은 배양된 세포의 형질특성, 배양환경, 배양일수 등에 따라 달라질 수 있다. 그러므로 법랑기질유도체가 in vitro 상에서 세포에 미치는 영향은 보다 정량화된 연구가 필요하다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.720-725
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• 2003

Effects of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on serum lipids and body fat in rats fed high-fat diet supplemented with 10% (w/w) lard during 11-week experimental period were investigated. Ninety-six male rats were randomly divided into eight groups: A, negative control (lard 10%); B, positive control (lard 10%+rat chow+5 brix water extract); C, lard 10%+1% G. Rhizoma powder; D, lard 10%+5% G. Rhizoma powder; E, lard 10%+2 brix 50% ethanol extract; F, lard 10%+10 brix 50% ethanol extract; G, lard 10%+2 brix water extract; H, lard 10%+10 brix water extract. Body weight gain, although slightly higher in groups A, B, and G, did not differ significantly among dietary groups. Weights of liver, spleen, kidney, and testis were significantly higher among dietary groups. Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were markedly higher in both control groups than group H (p<0.05). Serum HDL concentration was significantly higher in group E, and lower in group A (p<0.05). Serum LDL+VLDL concentration was significantly lower in groups E, G, and H (p<0.05). Serum testosterone level was slightly higher in groups E, D, and H. Blood glucose level was significantly higher in groups B and G, whereas lower in group H (p<0.05). Epididymal fat pad (EFP) was markedly higher in control groups than G. Rhizoma diet-fed groups (p<0.05). The results indicated that decrease in serum lipids (TC, TG, LDL+VLDL) and body fat, and increase in serum HDL and testosterone levels were higher in groups E and H extracts than groups fed G. Rhizoma powder.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.178-183
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• 1993

This study was carried out to investigate the contents of ash and inorganicelements in the herbaceous paeony roots collected from the markets of 9 regions in Korea. The contents of paeoniflorin ranged from 2.14% to 3.7%, and the average was 2.87%. The mean contents of ash was 4.2% and acid insoluble ash content was 0.55%. Total nitrogen of herbaceous paeony roots was 0.7%, phosphorus 0.69%, potassium 0.73%, calcium monoxide 1.02% and ferric oxide 82.15ppm respectively. The content of zinc ranged from 19.80ppm to 103.02ppm and the average was 34.59ppm ; this value showed some differences than other elements were, and the mean content of magnesium was 0.25%. The cadmium content showed 0.31ppm copper 4.95ppm, and plumbum 20.47ppm respectively. As above results, we could say that there was no health problems with local products, if we use a the herb medicine.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.285-297
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• 1993

For the application of the diffusion equation, slope height and maximum slope angle are calculated from the plotted slope profile. Using denudation rate as a solution for the diffusion equation, an apparent age index can be calculated, which is the total amount of denudation through total time. Plots of slope angle versus slope height and apparent age index versus slope height are useful for determining relative or absolute ages and denudation rates. Mathematical simulation plots of slope angle versus slope height can generate equal denudation-rate lines for a given age. Mathematical simulations of slope angle versus age for a given slope height, for equal denudation-rate at a particular profile site, and for comparing to other sites having controlled ages.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.6 s.122
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• pp.383-390
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• 2004

This study was conducted in three sites, Si-Hwa Lake, Dongman and Seoman island and Janguyeop island, from march, 1999 to september, 2002. The behaviors of pre-breeding season, territorial behaviors, reproductive ecology, foraging sites and behaviors, and the competition of reproduction and foods between intraspecific or interspecific of Eurasian Oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) were observed in each studying sites. The breeding of Eurasian Oystercatcher started on the middle of April in Si-Hwa Lake and on the middle of May in Dongman and Seoman island and Janguyeop island. For intension of pair bond on pre-breeding season, Eurasian Oystercatcher foraged with pair and behaved male-female chasing flight behavior. The pair foraged with male and female before copulation. If other pairs and individuals approached in feeding site of pair, this pair attacked them with piping calling and intruder chasing flight. If continuos serial behaviors were not observed, the discrimination of male-female chasing flight and intruder chasing flight was difficult. Territorial behaviors classified four types; butterfly flight, calling behavior, chasing behavior, fight behavior. The important foraging sites in Si-Hwa Lake are the land place in Daeboo island, tidal flat of Bangameori, tidal flat a front of a stationary net for catching fishes and tidal flat a front of a view station for bird watching. Eurasian Oystercatcher foraged at tidal flat on low water of the tide and foraged at feeding sites near island on flood tide in Dongman and Seoman island. Eurasian Oystercater in Janguyeop island usually foraged feeding sites near island, because water level was not different between low water of the tide and flood tide. Eurasian Oystercatcher competed on foods of intraspecific and interspecific. They chased for taking foods by force in feeding sites and drove out intruders in feeding sites. The foods interspecific competition happened with Black-tailed Gull (Larus crassirostris). Eurasian Oystercatcher was robbed of foods and attacked by Black-tailed Gull. The individual of food competition with Black-tailed Gull was low foods intake rate comparison with other feeding sites and this individual flied out other feeding sites.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.110-117
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• 2006

During routine maintenance, animal cell lines are commonly cryopreserved in growth medium containing serum with 10% DMSO. But, in case of bioprocess under the serum-free conditions, including cultivation of cell lines and producing of pharmaceuticals, the cryopreservation should be executed without serum to prevent a cross-contamination. This experiments were performed to investigate the effects of the serum-free cryopreservation on the CHO cells. To improve the survival rates of the cryopreserved CHO cells in serum-free condition, first, the effects of permeable and non-permeable additives for substitute serum on cell viability were investigated. The combination of 10% DMSO and 0.03 M raffinose in MEM-${\alpha}$ without serum indicated 76% of cell viability. However, it did not reach the survival rates(more than 95%) of the conventional cryopreservation. In the second, to evaluate the cryopreservative ability of the serum-free medium(SFM) we compared viability of the CHO cells cryopreserved in the SFMs(Sigma C5467, C4726, and C1707, JBI SF486 and PF486), the cryoprotectant(Genenmed CAN-1000) and the MEM-${\alpha}$ with serum. All solution contained 10% DMSO. As a result of the comparison, cryopreserved cells in the SFMs showed over 95% of viability and appeared predominant viability better than cryoprotectant CAN-1000. Finally, we assessed the stability of the CHO cells in the long-term cryopreservation(LTC) using SFM. Every three months, the cryopreserved CHO cells were thawed to estimate the cell viability and the recovery rates. Then, real-time RT-PCR analyzed the inserted CHO DHFR gene. All results for the LTC appeared the same stability as the serum containing cryopreservation. In the conclusion, it could be seen that the LTC in the SFM can substitute for serum using methods in the bioprocess proceeded by CHO cells for more than 18 months.