• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1579-1584
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• 2008

Anemia are often detected among many patients who are treated in oriental traditional medicine hospitals in Korea through blood tests which are taken to diagnose the patients' general state, and most of them are diagnosed to have iron deficiency anemia. This study amis the effect of herbal medicine on the RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrits and indices of red blood cells such as mean corpuscular volume(MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC), serum iron, and total iron binding capacity(TIBC) among patients who were treated in oriental medical hospital and diagnosed to have anemia through blood tests other than main symptoms. The subjects of this study were 29 patients(male 7, female 22, mean age: 56.24${\pm}$19.11years) who were chosen ones, they has below hemoglobin 12 gm/dL, serum iron 70 IU/L, MCV 80 fL on laboratory screening test when they first visits our hospital. As a result, the volume of red blood cell(RBC), hematocrit(HCT), and hemoglobin(Hb) in peripheral blood increased from $348.27{\pm}8.95{\times}10^5$ /UL, 28.82${\pm}$0.56%, 9.24${\pm}$0.22 g/dL to $375.62{\pm}9.11{\times}10^5$ /UL, 31.36${\pm}$0.68%, 10.31${\pm}$0.25 g/dL comparing before and after oriental medicine treatment. After the treatment, MCH, MCHC, and MCV also increased from 26.98${\pm}$0.84 Pg, 32.62${\pm}$0.45 g/dl, 79.26${\pm}$0.17 fL to 27.74${\pm}$0.74 Pg, 32.84${\pm}$0.33 g/dl, 84.15${\pm}$1.67 fL. There was statistically significant increase in MCH, MCV(P<0.05); however, there was no significant change in MCHC(P>0.05). The amount of iron in blood increased from 32.96${\pm}$4.20 ug/dL to 67.22${\pm}$7.18 ug/dL, which showed a statistically significant increase(P<0.05). On the other hand, TIBC decreased from 325.08${\pm}$13.97 ug/dL to 315.61${\pm}$18.79 ug/dL, which was not a statistically significant change(P>0.05). Like this, all the patients showed favorable results in anemia based on the measurements of indices of red blood cells except MCHC. According to the classification of herbal medicines, in strengthening energy group(補氣), replenishing blood group(補血), and replenishing both energy and blood group(補氣血), the volume of RBC, HCT, and hemoglobin showed significant increases. Furthermore, in herbal medicines strengthening blood(補血) and replenishing both energy and blood group(補氣血), serum iron also relatively increased compare to strengthening energy group(補氣).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.686-695
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• 2018

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary choline supplementation on hepatic lipid metabolism and gene expression in finishing pigs with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Methods: Using a $2{\times}2$ factorial design, eight normal birth weight (NBW) and eight IUGR weaned pigs were fed either a basal diet (NBW pigs fed a basal diet, NC; IUGR pigs fed a basal diet, IC) or a diet supplemented with two times more choline than the basal diet (NBW pigs fed a high-choline diet, NH; IUGR pigs fed a high-choline diet, IH) until 200 d of age. Results: The results showed that the IUGR pigs had reduced body weight compared with the NBW pigs (p<0.05 from birth to d 120; p = 0.07 from d 120 to 200). Increased (p<0.05) free fatty acid (FFA) and triglyceride levels were observed in the IUGR pigs compared with the NBW pigs. Choline supplementation decreased (p<0.05) the levels of FFAs and triglycerides in the serum of the pigs. The activities of malate dehydrogenase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase were both increased (p<0.05) in the livers of the IUGR pigs. Choline supplementation decreased (p<0.05) malate dehydrogenase activity in the liver of the pigs. Gene expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) was higher (p<0.05) in the IC group than in the other groups, and choline supplementation decreased (p<0.05) FAS and acetyl-CoA carboxylase ${\alpha}$ expression in the livers of the IUGR pigs. The expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (CPT1A) was lower (p<0.05) in the IC group than in the other groups, and choline supplementation increased (p<0.05) the expression of CPT1A in the liver of the IUGR pigs and decreased (p<0.01) the expression of hormone-sensitive lipase in both types of pigs. The gene expression of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) was higher (p<0.05) in the IC group than in the other groups, and choline supplementation significantly reduced (p<0.05) PEMT expression in the liver of the IUGR pigs. Conclusion: In conclusion, the lipid metabolism was abnormal in IUGR pigs, but the IUGR pigs consuming twice the normal level of choline had improved circulating lipid parameters, which could be related to the decreased activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-generating enzymes or the altered expressions of lipid metabolism-related genes.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.902-915
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• 2022

Objective: Diet acidification supplementation is known to influence intestinal morphology, gut microbiota, and on phosphorus (P) utilization of broilers. Alterations in intestinal barrier and microbiota have been associated with systemic inflammation and thus regulating bone turnover. Hence the effect of acidifier addition to drinking water on tibia mass and the linkages between intestinal integrity and bone were studied. Methods: One-d-old male broilers were randomly assigned to normal water (control) or continuous supply of acidified water (2% the blend of 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutyric acid, lactic, and phosphoric acid) group with 5 replicates of 10 chicks per replicate for 42 d. Results: Acidification of drinking water improved the ash percentage and calcium content of tibia at 42 d. Broilers receiving acidified water had increased serum P concentration compared to control birds. The acidified group showed improved intestinal barrier, evidenced by increased wall thickness, villus height, the villus height to crypt depth ratio, and upregulated mucin-2 expression in ileum. Broilers receiving drinking water containing mixed organic acids had a higher proportion of Firmicutes and the ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, as well as a lower population of Proteobacteria. Meanwhile, the addition of acidifier to drinking water resulted in declined ileal and serum proinflammatory factors level and increased immunoglobulin concentrations in serum. Concerning bone remodeling, acidifier addition was linked to a decrease in serum C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase reflecting bone resorption, whereas it did not apparently change serum alkaline phosphatase activity that is a bone formation marker. Conclusion: Acidified drinking water increased tibia mineral deposition of broilers, which was probably linked with higher P utilization and decreased bone resorption through improved intestinal integrity and gut microbiota and through decreased systemic inflammation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.227-234
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• 2012

Recently, the population of toxic and/or unusable jellyfish is increasing during summer along the east coast of Korea, causing massive economical and ecological damage to fisheries, nuclear power plant and marine environment. To solve this problem, this study was carried out using jellyfish as a potential soil additive for horticulture. The jellyfish was solidified and homogenized, then mixed with a commercial bed soil. Allium tuberosum ROTH was planted to control bed soil (BS) and jellyfish powder mixed bed soil groups (Mixed bed soil, MBS), and following parameters were measured during five weeks: water content, electrical conductivity and growth of leaves. At the end of the experiment, bacterial community structures of each pot were analyzed by DGGE. The relative water adsorption of jellyfish powder was about 2.5 times greater compared to its dry weight. The water content of MBS group was significantly higher than BS group 6.5 to 14.2%, and the electric conductivity of MBS group was measured around 2.8 dS/m where BS group was resulted average of 1.8 dS/m. However, the leaves of BS group were grown 30% longer compared to MBS group. DGGE analysis of MBS group was shown in high number of phylum Bacteroidetes and increased diversity of Sphingobacteriia compared to BS group. Jellyfish powder as a soil additive surely will be a good candidate as humectant and microbiota stimulator, although there are several obstacles such as high electrical conductivity and residual alum salt which used for solidification of jellyfish.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.444-456
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• 2020

Objectives: This study developed an index for the indoor air quality management of city buses to allow the provision of indoor air quality information to city bus users. Methods: Nine city buses in Seoul were measured for PM₁₀, PM_2.5, CO₂, temperature, and relative humidity through IoT sensors. Big data collected through the sensors was analyzed to identify indoor air quality on city buses and graded through the index. Results: As a result of dividing the measured city bus data into five grades through the IAQ index, PM₁₀ was rated "good" for 30.4% of the total measured values, and 9.2% were rated "risky". For PM_2.5, 67.7 percent were rated "good" and 0.4 percent were rated "risky". For CO₂, 0.9% were 'good' and 1.1% were 'risky'. The results of the classification through the IAQ index for city buses showed that the impact of good, normal, sensitive, bad, and dangerous were 2.7, 38.8, 46.0, 12.4, and 0.1%, respectively. According to the analysis by measurement area, Seocho-gu, Gangnam-gu, Seongdong-gu, Gwangjin-gu, and Dobong-gu are "normal" and other areas (Seodaemoon-gu, Jongno-gu, Yongsan-gu, Jung-gu, Seongbuk-gu, Dongdaemun-gu, Junggye-gu, Gangbuk-gu, and Nowon-gu) are all rated "sensitive". Conclusions: When analyzing cases where PM₁₀ and CO₂ indices are in the "bad" zone, the concentration is generally found to increase during rush hour, during which there are a large number of passengers. It is expected that indoor air quality management in vehicles will be necessary during rush hour.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.429-438
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• 1993

This is a report on the early vegetation and the secondary succession in the burned area of SeobJe-Go1 of $IIwasan-MY\v{o}n,\;Y\v{o}ngch\v{o}n-Gun,\;Ky\v{u}ngsangbuk-do$ Province. The forest fire occurred on April 8, 1982 and the pine forest and its floor vegetation were burned down. The investigation was done six times from August 20, 1982 to August 13, 1983. The results are summarized as follows: the floristic composition of burned areas $B_1,\;B_2$, and unburned areas $U_1,\;U_2$ were composed of 25, 23, 32, and 27 kinds of vascular plants. respectively. The biological spectra showed the $H-D_1-R_5-e$ type in both the burned and unburned areas. The species of Arundinella hirta, Miscanthus simnsis var. purpurascens and Cares hurnilis var. nana were dominant species in the burned area, while Pinus densiflorrr, Corex humilis var. nana and Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliafum were dominant species in the unburned area. Degree of succession of the unburned area was comparatively higher than that of the burned area. Species diversity index and evenness index of the burned area were similar to those of the unburned area. Indices of similarity in sampling sites showed that $B_1\;and\;B_2$ stands were the most similar. pH, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium of soil increased but organic matter and total organic carbon decreased after fire.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.255-262
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• 2011

This paper has relatively high technical standard and experimental skill. The fabrication of TCO film with high transparency, low resistance and low chromaticity require exact control of several competing factors. This paper has resolved these problems reasonably well, thus recommended for publication. Indium tin oxide(ITO) thin films were by D.C. magnetron roll-to-roll sputter system utilizing ITO and $SiO_2$ targets of ITO and $SiO_2$. In this experiment, the effect of D.C. power, winding speed, and oxygen flow rate on electrical and optical properties of ITO thin films were investigated from the view point of sheet resistance, transmittance, and chromaticity($b^*$). The deposition of $SiO_2$ was performed with RF power of 400W, Ar gas of 50 sccm and the deposition of ITO, DC power of 600W, Ar gas of 50 sccm, $O^2$ gas of 0.2 sccm, and winding speed of 0.56m/min. High quality ITO thin films without $SiO_2$ layer had chromaticity of 2.87, sheet resistivity of 400 ohm/square, and transmittance of 88% and $SiO_2$-doped ITO Thin film with chromaticity of 2.01, sheet resistivity of 709 ohm/square, and transmittance of more than 90% were obtained. As a result, $SiO_2$ was coated on PET before deposition of ITO, their chromaticity($b^*$) and transmittance were better than previous results of ITO films. These results show that coating of $SiO_2$ induced arising chromaticity($b^*$) and transmittance. If the thickness of $SiO_2$ is controlled, sheet resistance value of ITO film will be expected to be better for touch screen. A four point probe and spectrophotometer are used to investigate the properties of ITO thin films.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.497-503
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• 2004

One of the most difficult problems to damage in dentistry is an odontogenic infection. These infections may range from low-grade, well-localized infections that require only minimal treatment to a severe, life-threatenig fascial space infection. Although the overwhelming majority of odontogenic infections are easily managed by minor surgical procedures and supportive medical therapy that includes antibiotic administration, the practitioner must constantly bear in mind that these infections may become severe in a very short time. We made an investigation was targeting on 78 male and 47 female patients (125 patients in total) who had been hospitalized because of the fascial space abscess on the oral and maxillofacial area and gained a complete recovery in Daegu Catholic University Hospital, Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery from January 1999 to December 2003. By tracing their charts, we could grasp the characteristics such as age, gender, the time of breakout and specific areas of the attacks, making a conclusive study of the statistical analysis and finally, we could reach conclusions. Now, we report the conclusion from the investigation with the literature. The proportion of males and females was approximately 3 to 2, and in age group, patients under 10 years old marked the highest, 22.4%. The patients between the age of 10 and 40 were only 14.4%, yet those who were between 40 and 80 marked 53.6% in contrast. In the monthly distribution, the order was Dec.(13.6%)-Sep.(12%)-Jan.(10.4%) and in seasonal distribution, it was winter(30.4%)-fall(28%)- summer(24.4%)- spring(19.2%). Considering the medical history, D.M. was the highest which was 30.3%, hypertension marked 24.4%, and the patients with both D.M. and hypertension were 9.0%. The major cause of infection of oral and maxillofacial areas was odontogenic infection, which marked about 96%, and especially the cases related to dental caries occurred most frequently, which was 51.2%. In the number of relaxed fascial space, single fascial space was 81.6%, and in the degree of relaxation of fascial space, the buccal space abscess marked 40.8%, following submandibular space abscess, which was 30.4%.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.127-134
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to determine content of biogenic amines (Histamine, Cadaverine, Putrescine) in the salted mackerel, canned mackerel, mackerel pike, and freeze dried mackerel pike (Guamegi) collectively, all were purchased in the market. Salted mackerel was purchased at five markets (A, B, C, D, and F market) and stored for 10 days at $4{^{\circ}C}$. At the time of purchase, salted mackerel purchased at markets A, B and C was tested for biogenic amine, yet nothing was detected. However, salt mackerel purchased at market D was tested and the histamine concentration was 0.5 mg/100g. Mackerel from market F, exhibited content levels of 0.5 mg/100g histamine and 1.6 mg/100g cadaverine. Those make certain safety during self-life but that purchased F market gradually increased biogenic amine during storage. Prepared salted mackerel of varying levels of freshness and processing methods were analyzed for biogenic amines. Salting process was performed using functional brine salt. VBN (volatile basic nitrogen) was used to establish freshness levels of salted mackerel. Analyses of mackerel muscle determined the values of freshness to be 9.2 mg/100g (good freshness), 18.2 mg/100g (bad freshness), respectively. After 40 days of storage, the content of histamine, cadaverine, putrescine in the freshness of salted mackerel was 2.0 mg/kg, 2.4 mg/kg and 0 mg/kg, respectively. The content of histamine, cadaverine, putrescine in salted mackerel of poor freshness was 71.3 mg/kg, 22.9 mg/kg and 17.8 mg/kg, respectively. It was concluded the presence of biogenic amines during the salting process of salted mackerel significantly effected freshness of materials. The presence of biogenic amines were detected in mackerel that underwent the salting process after 1 month of storage at $4{^{\circ}C}$. The levels of biogenic amines in the brine salted mackerel were higher than those found in dry, salted mackerel; however, the freshness of fish had an insignificant effect on biogenic amines. The presence of histamine was detected in small quantities in canned mackerel and mackerel pike from three companies. Alternatively, cadaverine and putrescine were not detected. Guamegi, vacuumed packed or sealed with a rope was purchased from three markets (A, B, C seafood company). Guamegi was stored and observed for 180 days at $-20{^{\circ}C}$. Histamine was detected in small quantities in all products stored at $-20{^{\circ}C}$. Levels of histamine was dependent on the types of packaging, rope packaging yielded the highest level. However, other amines were not detected.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.252-258
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• 2006

To find the optimum extraction condition of dried omija, central composite experimental design having three independent variable (extraction temperature, extraction time and water ratio) with five levels was conducted for response surface analysis. The maximum of soluble solid was predicted to the extraction conditions of over 25 fold water ratio, $7{\sim}8hr$ and $75^{\circ}C$. Total acid, total phenol, reducing sugar and vitamin C were predicted to respectively 30 fold water ratio, 6 hr, $70^{\circ}C$, 30 fold water ratio, $6{\sim}7\;hrs,\;80^{\circ}C$ and 30 fold water ratio, $6{\sim}8\;hr,\;80^{\circ}C$, 25 fold water ratio, $5{\sim}6hr,\;80^{\circ}C$ extraction condition. Turbidity of extraction condition. Turbidity of extraction condition was 7 over 25 ford water ratio and over $60^{\circ}C$. From the superimposing results of response variables, the optimum extraction condition was predicted 25 folds water ratio, 6 hr and $65{\sim}70^{\circ}C$.