• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.410-416
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• 2015

Bone grafting is widely used to bridge major bone defects or to promote bone union. In the evaluation of bone defect regeneration, 5 mm-diameter defects were created in rabbit calvaria. Concerning biocompatibility, fibrous capsule thickness of CBHA (hydroxyapatite from cuttlebone) was significantly thinner than that of CB (cuttlebone) and CHA (hydroxyapatite from coral) (p < 0.05) at 2 and 4 weeks after implantation. Concerning 12-week total changes of radiologic gray-level histogram, CBHA was significantly higher than CHA (p < 0.05). In the evaluation of bone defect regeneration, bone formation of CHA was significantly higher than that of CB and CBHA (p < 0.05). Based on the clinical and histological results, CBHA would be a safe material for use inside the body and has more effective osteoconduction than CB. It is suggested that CBHA is a valuable bone graft material.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.220-229
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• 2008

Purpose: The present study was aimed to examine the effect of acellular dermal matrix ($AlloDerm^{(R)}$) grafted to the experimental tissue defect on tissue regeneration. Materials and Methods: Male albino rabbits were used. Soft tissue defects were prepared in the external abdominal oblique muscle. The animals were then divided into 3 groups by the graft material used: no graft, autogenous dermis graft, and $AlloDerm^{(R)}$ graft. The healing sites were histologically examined at weeks 4 and 8 after the graft. In another series, critical sized defects with 8-mm diameter were prepared in the right and left iliac bones. The animals were then divided into 5 groups: no graft, grafted with autogenous iliac bone, $AlloDerm^{(R)}$ graft, $AlloDerm^{(R)}$ graft impregnated with rhBMP-2, and $AlloDerm^{(R)}$ graft with rhTGF-${\beta}1$. The healing sites of bone defect were investigated with radiologic densitometry and histological evaluation at weeks 4 and 8 after the graft. Results: In the soft tissue defect, normal healing was seen in the group of no graft. Inflammatory cells and foreign body reactions were observed in the group of autogenous dermis graft, and the migration of fibroblasts and the formation of vessels into the collagen fibers were observed in the group of $AlloDerm^{(R)}$ graft. In the bone defect, the site of bone defect was healed by fibrous tissues in the group of no graft. The marked radiopacity and good regeneration were seen in the group of autogenous bone graft. There remained the traces of $AlloDerm^{(R)}$ with no satisfactory results in the group of $AlloDerm^{(R)}$ graft. In the groups of the $AlloDerm^{(R)}$ graft with rhBMP-2 or rhTGF-${\beta}1$, there were numerous osteoblasts in the boundary of the adjacent bone which was closely approximated to the $AlloDerm^{(R)}$ with regeneration features. However, the fibrous capsule also remained as in the group of $AlloDerm^{(R)}$ graft, which separated the $AlloDerm^{(R)}$ and the adjacent bone. Conclusions: These results suggest that $AlloDerm^{(R)}$ can be useful to substitute the autogenous dermis in the soft tissue defect. However, it may not be useful as a bone graft material or a carrier, since the bone defect was not completely healed by the bony tissue, regardless of the presence of osteogenic factors like rhBMP-2 or rhTGF-${\beta}1$.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.1061-1071
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• 2018

From Xenopus embryo studies, the BMP4/Smad1-targeted gene circuit is a key signaling pathway for specifying the cell fate between the ectoderm and neuro-ectoderm as well as the ventral and dorsal mesoderm. In this context, several BMP4/Smad1 target transcriptional factors have been identified as repressors of the neuro-ectoderm. However, none of these direct target transcription factors in this pathway, including GATA1b, Msx1 and Ventx1.1 have yet been proven as direct repressors of early neuro-ectodermal gene expression. In order to demonstrate that Ventx1.1 is a direct repressor of neuro-ectoderm genes, a genome-wide Xenopus ChIP-Seq of Ventx1.1 was performed. In this study, we demonstrated that Ventx1.1 bound to the Ventx1.1 response cis-acting element 1 and 2 (VRE1 and VRE2) on the promoter for zic3, which is a key early neuro-ectoderm gene, and this Ventx1.1 binding led to repression of zic3 transcription. Site-directed mutagenesis of VRE1 and VRE2 within zic3 promoter completely abolished the repression caused by Ventx1.1. In addition, we found both the positive and negative regulation of zic3 promoter activity by FoxD5b and Xcad2, respectively, and that these occur through the VREs and via modulation of Ventx1.1 levels. Taken together, the results demonstrate that the BMP4/Smad1 target gene, Ventx1.1, is a direct repressor of neuro-ectodermal gene zic3 during early Xenopus embryogenesis.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.1016-1023
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• 2018

Regenerative orthopedics needs significant devices to transplant human stem cells into damaged tissue and encourage automatic growth into replacements suitable for the human skeleton. Soft biomaterials have similarities in mechanical, structural and architectural properties to natural extracellular matrix (ECM), but often lack essential ECM molecules and signals. Here we engineer mineralized polysaccharide beads to transform MSCs into osteogenic cells and osteoid tissue for transplantation. Bone morphogenic proteins (BMP-2) and indispensable ECM proteins both directed differentiation inside alginate beads. Laminin and collagen IV basement membrane matrix proteins fixed and organized MSCs onto the alginate matrix, and BMP-2 drove differentiation, osteoid tissue self-assembly, and small-scale mineralization. Augmentation of alginate is necessary, and we showed that a few rationally selected small proteins from the basement membrane (BM) compartment of the ECM were sufficient to up-regulate cell expression of Runx-2 and osteocalcin for osteoid formation, resulting in Alizarin red-positive mineral nodules. More significantly, nested BMP-2 and BM beads added to a non-union skull defect, self-generated osteoid expressing osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin (OCN) in a chain along the defect, at only four weeks, establishing a framework for complete regeneration expected in 6 and 12 weeks. Alginate beads are beneficial surgical devices for transplanting therapeutic cells in programmed (by the ECM components and alginate-chitosan properties) reaction environments ideal for promoting bone tissue.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.53-62
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• 2016

In the present study, we evaluated the effect of CGM on osteogenic differentiation of cultured osteoblasts, and determined whether combination treatment with LLLT had synergistic effects on osteogenic differentiation. The results indicated that CGM promoted proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of osteoblasts at the threshold concentration of $10{\mu}g/ml$; whereas, CGM showed cytotoxic properties at concentrations above $100{\mu}g/ml$. ALP activity and mineralization were increased at concentrations above $10{\mu}g/ml$. CGM in concentrations up to $10{\mu}g/ml$ also increased the expression of osteoblast-activated factors including type I collagen, BMP-2, RUNX2, and Osterix. The CGM ($50{\mu}g/ml$) and LLLT (80 mW for 15 sec) combination treatment group showed the highest proliferation levels, ALP activity, and mineralization ratios. The combination treatment also increased the levels of phosphorylated forms of p38, ATF2, PKD, ERK, and JNK. In addition, the osteoblast differentiation factors including type I collagen, BMP-2, RUNX2, and Osterix protein levels were clearly increased in the combination treatment group. These results suggested that the combination treatment of CGM and LLLT has synergistic effects on the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblastic cells.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2015

Osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of NF-${\kappa}B$ ligand (RANKL)/receptor activator of NF-${\kappa}B$ (RANK) axis, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) participate in vascular calcification process including atherosclerosis, but their contributions under high glucose (HG) and phosphate (HP) condition for a long-term period (more than 2 weeks) have not been fully determined. In this study, we evaluated the effects of HG and HP levels over 2 or 4 weeks on the progression of vascular calcification in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Calcium deposition in VSMCs was increased in medium containing HG (30 mmol/L D-glucose) with ${\beta}$-glycerophosphate (${\beta}$-GP, 12 mmol/L) after 2 weeks and increased further after 4 weeks. OPG mRNA and protein expressions were unchanged in HG group with or without ${\beta}$-GP after 2 weeks. However, after 4 weeks, OPG mRNA and protein expressions were significantly lower in HG group with ${\beta}$-GP. No significant expression changes were observed in RANKL, RANK, or TRAIL during the experiment. After 4 weeks of treatment in HG group containing ${\beta}$-GP and rhBMP-7, an inhibitor of vascular calcification, OPG expressions were maintained. Furthermore, mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), a marker of vascular mineralization, was lower in the presence of rhBMP-7. These results suggest that low OPG levels after long term HG and phosphate stimulation might reduce the binding of OPG to RANKL and TRAIL, and these changes could increase osteo-inductive VSMC differentiation, especially vascular mineralization reflected by increased ALP activity during vascular calcification.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.327-333
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• 2008

Objective: The purpose of this study is to verify the usefulness of the rabbit model for disc degeneration study. Materials: The L1-L2, L2-L3, L3-L4. or L4-L5 lumbar intervertebral disc (IVD) of 9 mature male New Zealand White rabbits were injured by inserting a 16-gauge needle to a depth of 5 mm in the left anterolateral annulus fibrosus while leaving L5-L6 IVD uninjured. Three other rabbits also received intradiscal injections of rabbit disc cells transfected with adenovirus and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (ad-BMP-2) at L4-L5 in addition to injury by 16-gauge needle at the L1-L2 level. Using digitized radiographs, measurements of IVD height were made and analyzed by using the disc height index (DHI). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the injured discs, injected discs, and uninjured L5-L6 discs were performed at 15 weeks post surgery and compared with preoperative MRI scans. Results: All twelve rabbits showed consistent results of disc degeneration within 15 weeks following annular puncture. DHIs of injured discs were significantly lower than that of the uninjured L5-L6 discs (p<0.05). The mean value of disc degeneration grade of injured discs was significantly higher than that of uninjured discs (p<0.05). The injection of disc cell transfected with ad-BMP-2 did not induce disc regeneration at 15 weeks after injection. Conclusion: This study showed that the injured disc had a significant change in DHI on simple lateral radiograph and disc degeneration grade on MRI scans within 15 weeks in all rabbits. Rabbit annular puncture model can be useful as a disc degeneration model in vivo.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.1-14
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• 2019

Objectives The object of this study was to assess the effect of Gyejibokryunghwan (GBH) on anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in RAW 264.7 cells and on factors associated with fracture union in tibia-fractured rats. Methods The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was measured to assess anti-oxidant activity. The production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-$1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$) and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) in the RAW 264.7 cells were measured to assess anti-inflammatory activity. The production of osteocalcin, calcitonin, carboxy-terminal telepeptides of type II collagen (CTXII), transforming growth factor-${\beta}$ ($TGF-{\beta}$), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in serum of tibia-fractured rats were measured to assess the effects of fracture union. X-rays were taken every two weeks from 0 to 4th week to assess fracture union effect. Results DPPH radical scavenging activity of GBH was increased according to concentration of GBH in RAW 264.7 cell. NO, prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), IL-6, $IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ were significantly decreased, indicating anti-inflammatory effect. Osteocalcin, calcitonin, $TGF-{\beta}$ were significantly increased in the experimental groups. CTXII was significantly decreased in the experimental groups. BMP-2 was not significantly changed in the experimental groups. The X-ray showed that the experimental group has better healing effects on tibia-fractured rats than control group. Conclusions From above result, GBH has an effect on anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory activities in RAW 264.7 cells. GBH showed significant results in factors related with fracture union and radiologic examination. In conclusion, GBH can help fracture union and it well be expected to be used actively in clinics.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 2012

Objectives: This study was aimed to investigate the effect of Bojungikgitang-gagambang (BJIG) on longitudinal bone growth in rats. Methods: The BJIG treated group (300 mg/kg) and the control group (vehicle) were administered orally twice daily for 4 days. To investigate the effects of BJIG we measured body weight gain. The bone growth effect was analyzed by measuring between fluorescent lines marked with tetracycline, which plays the role of fluorescent dye on the surface of the tibia. Tetracycline was intraperitoneally injected. The height of growth plates in the epiphyseal plate was measured. The expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and insuline-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Results: BJIG caused a significant acceleration of longitudinal bone growth of $349.7{\pm}15.9{\mu}m/day$ compared to control ($319.8{\pm}21.4{\mu}m/day$). The height of overall growth plate was not significantly more compared to the control, but the size of cells in the proliferative zone and hypertrophic zone were. In the immunohistochemistry, BMP-2 and IGF-1 were expressed markedly in the proliferative or hypertrophic zone, respectively. Conclusions: BJIG stimulated the chondrocyte hypertrophy and chondrogenesis in the growth plate and directly increased the longitudinal tibia length of rats.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.123-132
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reduction effect of non point source (NPS) pollution in Haean highland agricultural catchment ($62.8km^2$) for 13 BMP scenarios under RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. Under the present climate condition, the BMP (best management practices) reduction efficiency of SS (suspended solid), T-N (total nitrogen), and T-P (total phosphorus) showed +25.7%, +4.2%, and +16.1% for VFS (vegetative filter strip), +0.1%, +15.6%, and +5.7% for FC (fertilizer control), and +6.3%, -2.9%, and +3.9% for RSM (rice straw mulching) respectively. In general, effective was the best for SS and T-P reductions, and the FC was the best for T-N reduction. The negative effect of T-N on RSM was induced by increase in infiltration and solute transport to baseflow. Under the future climate change scenarios, the SS, T-N, and T-P reduction efficiency showed the range of +1.9~+11.6%, -1.9~+0.2%, and +5.3~+11.9% respectively. The 3 BMPs (VFS, FC, and RSM) application in the future showed negative and little differences (-0.5~+1.6%) for SS and T-N reduction efficiencies while T-P reduction efficiency showed +0.3~+7.6% comparing with the baseline period. To achieve an increase in the reduction efficiency of future SS and T-N by +2~+10%, the combined application of more than two BMPs is necessary.