• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.22-28
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• 2016

In order to evaluate landfill stabilization based on organic carbon, stoichiometric analysis and a biological methane potential (BMP) test based on modeling were performed at the 2^nd Sudokwon Landfill Site. Mass balance analysis through a BMP test proved to be more adaptable for evaluation, and it showed that 28.9% of landfill organic carbon was expected to remain by 2046, 30 years after landfill closure. The organic carbon ratio of total landfill waste for 2046 is forecasted as 2.9% in demolition waste and 5.1% in household waste, and, if one were to consider plastic as an organic waste, the ratios would increase to 15.9% and 28.3%, respectively. Therefore, it seems that organic matter biodegradation facilitating measures such as bioreactor landfill technology and preemptive recovery of combustible waste are necessary to shorten post closure management periods and to meet the landfill stabilization guidelines more safely.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.30-40
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• 2014

The main object of this study was to offer information about incoming waste in landfill and to evaluate biochemical methane and hydrogen sulfide potentials of landfill wastes. We examined brick, soil, mixed waste (C&D waste and MSW) samples for the study. The leaching experiments showed that BOD, COD and sulfate were determined in the range of 0~18,816 mg/kg, 85~21,100 mg/kg and 160~1,205 mg/kg, respectively in 6hr extraction test. An accumulated extraction tests for 140day were determined BOD 226~197,219 mg/kg, COD 436~242,588 mg/kg and Sulfate 1,090~25,140 mg/kg. Also, BMP (biochemical methane potential) tests were carried out to examine methane and hydrogen sulfide yields for the 3 different wastes. As a result, methane yield was determined to 262.68 mL $CH_4/g$ VS of MSW and 0~17.75 mL $CH_4/g$ VS in brick, soil and C&D waste. Higher hydrogen sulfide yield was observed to 0.079mL $H_2S/g$ VS in C&D waste. This result indicate that brick and soil could be sources of sulfate, and higher production of hydrogen sulfide could be odor problem and inhibitor of methane production.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.299-307
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of low temperature thermal pre-treatment on biodegradation of waste activated sludge for anaerobic digestion as a countermeasure for increasing sludge generation. The experimental condition was accomplished in 2 %, 4 %, and 6 % TS concentration, and $70^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$, $90^{\circ}C$ of temperature for a maximum of 120 minutes retention time. Then, it was followed by analysis of physical/chemical properties, BMP test and composition of biogas. The biogas characteristic was evaluated by applying the modified Gomperz model. As a result, solubility of dissolved substrate, such as $SCOD_{Cr}$, soluble carbohydrate, and soluble protein, and biogas production increased as temperature increased. Solubilization efficiency at $90^{\circ}C$ was 18.4 %, 17.03 % and 16.88% in 2 %, 4 %, and 6 % TS concentration respectively. Also, solubilization rates of carbohydrate and protein similarly increased. BMP test results also showed that methane production in excess sludge increased to 0.194, 0.187 and $0.182m^3/kg$ VS. respectively, and lag phase decreased to 0.145, 0.220, 0.351 day due to acceleration of the hydrolysis step. Consequently, low-temperature thermal pre-treatment could increase biodegradability of sludge, positively affecting biogas production and sludge reduction.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.82-89
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• 2013

Purpose: The present study is aimed to evaluate the combined effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) and recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor (rhVEGF) coated onto anodized implants on osseointeration. Materials and methods: Six New Zealand white rabbit were used in this study. Each animal received 4 implants that were either coated with rhBMP-2 and rhVEGF (Study group) or anodized implant (Control group) in both tibia. This was performed using a randomized split-mouth design. A total 24 implants were used. The implant stability quotient (ISQ) value using resonance frequency analyser and removal torque (RTQ) measurement were investigated at 2 and 8 weeks. The t-test was used for statistical analysis (${\alpha}$=.05). Results: Control and study group showed good osseointegration at 8 weeks. The ISQ and RTQ values of study group were significant compared with the control group at 8 weeks (P<.05). However, No statistical significance was observed at 2 weeks (P>.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that rhBMP-2 with rhVEGF coated onto anodized implants can induce better osseointegration at late healing period.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.511-522
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• 2007

Introduction : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possibility of the acellular dermal matrix (ADM) as a barrier membrane for bone regeneration, and to evaluate the osteogenic effect of ADM as a carrier system for rhBMP-2 in the rat calvarial defect model. Materials and Methods: An 8-mm, calvarial, critical-size osteotomy defect was created in each of 60 male Spraque-Dawley rats(weight $250{\sim}300g$). Three groups of 20 animals, each received either rhBMP-2(0.025mg/ml) in an ADM carrier, ADM only, or negative surgical control. And each group was divided into 2- and 8-weeks healing intervals. The groups were evaluated by histologic and histomorphometric parameters(10 animals/group/healing intervals). Data were expressed as $means{\pm}standard$ deviations($m{\pm}SD$). Comparisons between experimental and control groups were made using two-way ANOVA and post hoc t-test. Comparisons between 2 weeks and 8 weeks were made using paired t-test. The level of statistical difference was defined as P< 0.05. Results : The ADM group and rhBMP-2/ADM group results in enhanced local bone formation in the rat calvarial defect at both 2 and 8 weeks. The amount of defect closure and new bone formation were significantly greater in the rhBMP-2/ADM group relative to ADM group(P<0.05). At 8 weeks, the majority of ADM in the defect was contracted, and integrated with surrounding host tissues. In addition, host cell infiltration and neovascularization of the ADM in the absence of an inflammatory response were observed, and the newly formed bone around ADM showed a continuous remodeling and consolidation. Conclusion : The results of the present study indicated that ADM may be used as a barrier membrane for bone regeneration and that may be employed as a delivery system for BMPs.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.9
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• pp.31-37
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• 2020

The purpose of this research study is to examine the stock market's response to terrorist attacks. The study uses data of terrorist attacks in different parts of the country (Pakistan) from June 1, 2014 to May 31, 2017. The event window procedure applies to a 16-day window in which 5 days before and 10 days after the attack. In addition, several event windows have been built to test the response of the Pakistan Stock Exchange. KSE-100 index is taken as proxy of response. The total terrorist attacks are classified into four categories: attacks on law enforcement agencies, attacks on civilians, attacks on special places and attacks on politicians, government employees and bureaucrats. The standard market model is used to estimate the abnormal return of the Pakistan Stock Exchange, which takes 252 business days each year. Furthermore, BMP test is used to check statistical significance of cumulative abnormal rate of return (CAAR). The results of this study reveal that total number of terrorist attacks and attacks on law enforcement agencies show long-term effects on Pakistan stock exchange. However, attacks on civilians, attacks on special places and attacks on politicians, government employees and bureaucrats have little effect on the Pakistan Stock Exchange.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.161-165
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• 2011

PURPOSE. This randomized clinical trial was conducted to assess the safety and effectiveness of the ErhBMP-2 in alveolar bone regeneration as well as preservation of the ${\beta}$-TCP bone graft material that contains ErhBMP-2. MATERIALS AND METHODS. This study involved 72 patients at the 3 study centers. The patients, who were divided into 2 groups: the experiment group who had ErhBMP-2 coated TCP/HA and the control group who had TCP/HA graft material alone transplanted immediately after tooth extraction. CT was taken before and 3 months after the transplantation and healing status was compared between the two groups. The efficacy endpoints that were used to measure the degree of bone induction included alveolar bone height and 3 measurements of bone width. The paired t test was used to determine the significance of the changes (P<.05). RESULTS. Changes in alveolar bone height were $-1.087{\pm}1.413$ mm in the control group and $-.059{\pm}0.960$ mm in the experimental group (P<.01). At 25% extraction socket length [ESL], the changes were $0.006{\pm}1.149$ mm in the control group and $1.279{\pm}1.387$ mm in the experimental group. At 50% ESL, the changes were $0.542{\pm}1.157$ mm and $1.239{\pm}1.249$ mm, respectively (P<.01 for 25% ESL, and P<.05 for 50% ESL). During the experiment, no adverse reactions to the graft material were observed. CONCLUSION. ErhBMP-2 coated ${\beta}$-TCP/HA were found to be more effective in preserving alveolar bone than conventional ${\beta}$-TCP/HA alloplastic bone graft materials.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.5-12
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• 2014

Anaerobic digestion was investigated for the stabilization of sludge, decrease of volatile solids, production of biogas for wastewater sludge. In this study, total solids and volatile solids, elemental analysis were conducted to determine characteristics of various types of sludges and investigate the feasibility of biogas production of Municipal Wastewater Sludge (MWS), Industrial Wastewater Sludge (IWS), mixed sludge (Mix), and Municipal Wastewater Sludg Cake (MWSC). Total solids, volatile solids, and C/N ratio were determined in the range of 11.2~20.6 %, 62.1~83.1 % of TS and 4.96~8.33 %. Using the biochemical methane potential (BMP test), mixed sludge and wastewater sludge finished the methane production within approximately 20 day and 16~17 day. Sludge cake finished within 10 day. Mixed sludge produced 395.5 mL $CH_4$ per g of Volatile Solid (VS) and resulted in the highest methane production. For carbon dioxide production, five sludges had similar value of accumulated carbon dioxide production except for sludge cake.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.300-303
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• 2016

An age-unknown, 4.8 kg, male, wild, domestic short-hair cat was presented for left hindlimb lameness. A physical examination revealed a draining tract which was suspected of bite on left calcaneal bone. The left tarsal joint was markedly swollen and exudates were observed around the draining tract. Sequestrum at left calcaneus bone, and osteolysis were identified by radiography. The sequestrum and its surrounding exudative tissue were debrided during surgery and the tissue was submitted for bacterial culture and sensitivity test. The debridement caused a bone defect ($1.5cm{\times}0.5cm{\times}0.5cm$) on the medial left calcaneal bone. Plate and screw fixation was performed to the calcaneus bone as buttress plate. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) loaded hydroxyapatite was implanted in the bone defect. Furthermore, Amikacin-impregnated collagen sponges were also placed around bone plate to deliver local antibiotics. A systemic antibiotic treatment regimen based on bacterial culture and sensitivity test results was administered for 4 weeks. The wound properly healed without any signs of infection, and the bone healing was confirmed by radiography. The patient showed normal weight bearing ambulation at 18 weeks after surgery. The use of rhBMP-2 and local antibiotic delivery system is a good surgical option for the one-stage treatment of chronic osteomyelitis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.315-322
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the biodegradability and performance of organic removal and methane production rate when treating piggery wastewater using a granule of two-phase anaerobic process applied UASB. BMP test was conducted as simple means to monitor relative biodegradability of substrate and to determine methane production of an organic material. The two-phase anaerobic process is consisted of a continuous flow stirred-tank reactor (CFSTR) for the acidification phase and an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor (UASB) for the methanogenesis. The acidogenic reactor played key roles in reducing the periodically applied shock-loading and in the acidification of the influent organics. A stable maximum biogas production rate was 400mL. The methane contents ranged from 73 to 80% during the experimental period. It is known that most of the removed organic matter was converted to methane gas, and the produced biogas might be high quality for its subsequent use.