• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.143-152
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• 2004

하악과두 연골이 발생하고 분화하는 과정에서 나타내는 특성을 규명하기 위하여, 발생 16, 18일과 출생 1일, 5일, 10일, 20일 및 30일 후의 ICR생쥐의 하악과두를 형태학적으로 분석하고, 생쥐 I형, II형, X형 교원질, Indian hedgehog (IHH) 및 BMP-4 등의 mRNA 발현을 in-situ hybridization 방법으로 연구하였다. 1. 생쥐 I형 및 II형 교원질 mRNA는 하악과두의 발생 및 성장과정에서 모두 발현되었다. I형 교원질 mRNA는 휴지층과 증식층의 상부에서 관찰된 반면 II형 교원질은 휴지층과 증식층 그리고 비대연골층의 상부에서 관찰되었다. 2. 하악과두 연골은 성장에 따라 비대연골층이 계속 증가하는 소견을 보였으며, 비대 연골층의 세포들은 특징적으로 X형 교원질 mRNA의 발현을 보였다. 3. BMP-4 mRNA는 하악과두 연골 원기와 골화중인 하악골체에서 모두 발현되었다. 4. IHH mRNA는 하악과두의 발생과정에서 증식 연골층의 하부와 비대연골층의 상부에서 선택적으로 관찰되었다.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2011

The functional cardiovascular system is comprised of distinct mesoderm-derived lineages including endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and other mesenchymal cells. Recent studies in the human embryonic stem cell differentiation model have provided evidence indicating that these cell lineages are developed from the common progenitors such as hemangioblasts and cardiovascular progenitor cells. Also, the studies have suggested that these progenitors have a common primordial progenitor, which expresses KDR (human Flk-1, also known as VEGFR2, CD309). We demonstrate here that sustained activation of BMP4 (bone morphogenetic protein 4) in hESC line, CHA15 hESC results in $KDR^+$ mesoderm specific differentiation. To determine whether the $KDR^+$ population derived from hESCs enhances potential to differentiate along multipotential mesodermal lineages than undifferentiated hESCs, we analyzed the development of the mesodermal cell types in human embryonic stem cell differentiation cultures. In embryoid body (EB) differentiation culture conditions, we identified an increased expression of $KDR^+$ population from BMP4-stimulated hESC-derived EBs. After induction with additional growth factors, the $KDR^+$ population sorted from hESCs-derived EBs displays mesenchymal, endothelial and vascular smooth muscle potential in matrix-coated monolayer culture systems. The populations plated in monolayer cultures expressed increased levels of related markers and exhibit a stable/homologous phenotype in culture terms. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the $KDR^+$ population is stably isolated from CHA15 hESC-derived EBs using BMP4 and growth factors, and sorted $KDR^+$ population can be utilized to generate multipotential mesodermal progenitors in vitro, which can be further differentiated into cardiovascular specific cells.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.41-52
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• 2011

In the present study, embryoid bodies (EBs) obtained from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were induced to differentiate into germ lineage cells by treatment with bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and retinoic acid (RA). The results were compared to the results for embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and multipotent spermatogonial stem cells (mSSCs) and quantified using immunocytochemical analysis of germ cell-specific markers (integrin-${\alpha}6$, GFR-${\alpha}1$, CD90/Thy1), fluorescence activating cell sorting (FACS), and real time-RT-PCR. We show that the highest levels of germ cell marker-expressing cells were obtained from groups treated with 10 ng/$m{\ell}$ BMP4 or 0.01 ${\mu}M$ RA. In the BMP4-treated group, GFR-${\alpha}1$ and CD90/Thy-1 were highly expressed in the EBs of iPSCs and ESCs compared to EBs of mSSCs. The expression of Nanog was much lower in iPSCs compared to ESCs and mSSCs. In the RA treated group, the level of GFR-${\alpha}1$ and CD90/Thy-1 expression in the EBs of mSSCs Induced pluripotent stem cells, Mouse embryonic stem cells, Multipotent spermatogonial stem cells, Germ cell lineage, Differentiation potential. was much higher than the levels found in the EBs of iPSCs and similar to the levels found in the EBs of ESCs. FACS analysis using integrin-${\alpha}6$, GFR-${\alpha}1$, CD90/Thy1 and immunocytochemistry using GFR-${\alpha}1$ antibody showed similar gene expression results. Therefore our results show that iPSC has the potential to differentiate into germ cells and suggest that a protocol optimizing germ cell induction from iPSC should be developed because of their potential usefulness in clinical applications requiring patient-specific cells.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.395-401
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• 2016

Endochondral bone formation is the process by which mesenchymal cells condense into chondrocytes, which are ultimately responsible for new bone formation. The processes of chondrogenic differentiation and hypertrophy are critical for bone formation and are therefore highly regulated. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of aloe-emodin on chondrogenic differentiation in clonal mouse chondrogenic ATDC5 cells. Aloe-emodin treatment stimulated the accumulation of cartilage nodules in a dose-dependent manner. ATDC5 cells were treated with aloe-emodin and stained with alcian blue. Compared with the control cells, the ATDC5 cells showed more intense alcian blue staining. This finding suggested that aloe-emodin induced the synthesis of matrix proteoglycans and increased the activity of alkaline phosphatase. Aloe-emodin also enhanced the expressions of chondrogenic marker genes such as collagen II, collagen X, BSP and RunX2 in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, examination of the MAPK signaling pathway showed that aloe-emodin increased the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), but had no effect on p38 and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Aloe-emodin also enhanced the protein expression of BMP-2 in a time-dependent manner. Thus, these results showed that aloe-emodin exhibited chodromodulating effects via the BMP-2 or ERK signaling pathway. Aloe-emodin may have potential future applications for the treatment of growth disorders.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.299-305
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• 2012

Endochondral bone formation is the process by which mesenchymal cells condense to become chondrocytes, which ultimately form new bone. The process of chondrogenic differentiation and hypertrophy is critical for bone formation and as such is regulated by many factors. In this study, we aimed to indentify novel factors that regulate chondrogenesis. We investigated the possible role of isopsoralen in induction of chondrogenic differentiation in clonal mouse chondrogenic ATDC5 cells. Isopsoralen treatment stimulated the accumulation of cartilage nodules in a dose-dependent manner. Further, ATDC5 cells treated with isopsoralen were stained more intensely with Alcian blue than control cells, suggesting that isopsoralen increases the synthesis of matrix proteoglycans. Similarly, isopsoralen markedly induced the activation of alkaline phosphatase activity compared with control cells. Isopsoralen enhanced the expressions of chondrogenic marker genes such as collagen II, collagen X, OCN, Smad4 and Sox9 in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, isopsoralen induced the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 MAP kinase, but not that of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Isopsoralen significantly enhanced the protein expression of BMP-2 in a time-dependent manner. PD98059 and SB 203580, inhibitors of ERK and p38 MAPK, respectively, decreased the number of stained cells treated with isopsoralen. Taken together, these results suggest that isopsoralen mediates a chondromodulating effect by BMP-2 or MAPK signaling pathways, and is therefore a possible therapeutic agent for bone growth disorders.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.204-211
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• 2012

Objectives: Dental implants installation in patients with diabetes remains controversial as altered bone healing around implants has been reported. And little is known about the biological factors involved in bone healing around implants. The present study aimed to investigate the biological markers around immediately placed implants in rats with controlled and uncontrolled diabetes. Materials and Methods: Twenty rats (40 sites) were divided into the control, insulin-treated and diabetic groups. The rats received streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) to induce diabetes; animals in the insulin-treated group also received three units of subcutaneous slow-release insulin. Two threaded titanium alloy implant ($1.2{\times}3mm$) were placed in the extraction socket of the both maxillary first molars and allowed for healing. Bone blocks including implant were harvested at 3 days, 1, 2 and 4 weeks. The levels of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4, transforming growth factor (TGF)-${\beta}1$, osteocalcin (OC) and osteonectin (ON) were measured in the peri-implant osseous samples by RT-PCR. Results: The BMP-4 level increased immediately in all groups by day 3, then decreased abruptly in the control and the insulin-treated groups. However, by week 4, all groups showed mostly the same amount of BMP-4 expression. The level of TGF-${\beta}1$ also instantly increased by day 3 in the insulin-treated group. This level elevated again reaching the same values as the control group by week 4, but was not as high as the diabetic group. In addition, the expression of OC and ON in the control and insulin-treated groups was higher than that of the diabetic group at 2 weeks and 4 weeks, indicating active bone formation in these groups. Conclusion: The immediate placement of titanium implants in the maxilla of diabetic rat led to an unwanted bone healing response. Conclusively, the results of this study suggest that immediate implant insertion in patients with poorly controlled diabetes might be contraindicated.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.111-118
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• 2015

Osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of NF-${\kappa}B$ ligand (RANKL)/receptor activator of NF-${\kappa}B$ (RANK) axis, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) participate in vascular calcification process including atherosclerosis, but their contributions under high glucose (HG) and phosphate (HP) condition for a long-term period (more than 2 weeks) have not been fully determined. In this study, we evaluated the effects of HG and HP levels over 2 or 4 weeks on the progression of vascular calcification in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Calcium deposition in VSMCs was increased in medium containing HG (30 mmol/L D-glucose) with ${\beta}$-glycerophosphate (${\beta}$-GP, 12 mmol/L) after 2 weeks and increased further after 4 weeks. OPG mRNA and protein expressions were unchanged in HG group with or without ${\beta}$-GP after 2 weeks. However, after 4 weeks, OPG mRNA and protein expressions were significantly lower in HG group with ${\beta}$-GP. No significant expression changes were observed in RANKL, RANK, or TRAIL during the experiment. After 4 weeks of treatment in HG group containing ${\beta}$-GP and rhBMP-7, an inhibitor of vascular calcification, OPG expressions were maintained. Furthermore, mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), a marker of vascular mineralization, was lower in the presence of rhBMP-7. These results suggest that low OPG levels after long term HG and phosphate stimulation might reduce the binding of OPG to RANKL and TRAIL, and these changes could increase osteo-inductive VSMC differentiation, especially vascular mineralization reflected by increased ALP activity during vascular calcification.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.167-177
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 사람의 지방조직(human adipose tissue-derived stem cells, HAD), 탯줄(human umbilical cordderived stem cells, HUC), 그리고 양막(human amnion-derived stem cells, HAM)유래 줄기세포를 분리하여 세포의 형태 및 성장속도를 비교하고, 역전사 중합효소 연쇄반응과 면역세포화학 염색법을 이용하여 유전자와 단백질 발현을 비교 분석하였다. 또한 지방유래 줄기세포를 이용하여 심장근육세포로의 분화를 유도하였다. 본 연구 결과, 탯줄과 양막유래 줄기세포의 형태는 매우 유사하였으며, 지방유래 줄기세포의 형태는 다른 것으로 나타났다. 분열시간은 탯줄유래 줄기세포가 가장 빨랐으나 총 분열 횟수는 양막유래 줄기세포와 같았으며, 지방유래 줄기세포의 총 분열횟수가 가장 많았다. 세 종류 줄기세포의 유전자와 단백질 발현은 비슷한 양상을 나타냈다. 지방세포, 골세포, 연골세포로의 분화 유도 결과 세 종류의 줄기세포 모두 분화 유도되었다. 또한, 심장세포 특이 유전자의 발현 분석 결과 세 종류의 줄기세포에서 유사한 발현 양상을 나타냈다. 이 중 지방유래 줄기세포를 24시간 동안 $10\;{\mu}M$ 5-azacytidine 처리 후 기본 배양액에서 4주 동안 배양하거나 또는 5-azacytidine 처리 후 bone morphogenic protein-2(BMP-2)와 fibroblast growth factor-10(FGF-10) 또는 BMP-4와 FGF-4 또는 BMP-4와 FGF-8이 첨가된 배양액으로 4주 동안 배양하여 심근세포로의 분화를 유도하였다. 분화 유도 후 심장세포 특이 유전자 발현을 분석 결과 cardiac myosin light chain-1(Cmlc-1)과 L-type calcium channel ${\alpha}1C$ subunit(${\alpha}1C$) 유전자의 발현이 증가하였다. 그러나 troponin T(TnT), troponin I(TnI) 그리고 potassium channel Kv4.3 subunit (Kv4.3) 유전자의 발현은 증가하지 않았다. 본 연구 결과, 지방, 탯줄 및 양막유래 줄기세포는 특성이 매우 유사한 것으로 나타났으며, 심장 질환 치료를 목적으로 하는 세포 치료에 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 또한, 적절한 배양조건 하에서 성장인자와 cytokine들을 처리하여 심장세포로의 분화 유도가 이루어진다면 임상적용에 유용한 세포로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.47-66
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• 2020

Objectives The purpose of this study is to evaluate the bone healing effect of Dohongsamul-tang (Taohongsiwu-tang; DH) on femur fractured mice. Methods Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups (naive, control, positive control and DH). All groups except naive group were subjected to bone fracture on both hind limb femurs. Naive group received no treatment at all. Control group was fed with normal saline, and positive control group was orally medicated with tramadol. DH-treated group was orally medicated with DH. We analysed the levels of BMP2, COX2, Col2a1, Sox9, Runx2, and Osterix genes on 3, 7 and 14 days after fracture. Alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were measured for safety assessment. Results In morphological, histological analysis, callus formation process of DH-treated group was faster than the control group. BMP2, Sox9 gene expression were significantly increased at 7 days after fracture compared to the control group. COX2, Col2a1 gene expression were significantly increased at 14 days after fracture compared to the control group. Total cholesterol was significantly increased by DH at 3 days. Triglyceride was significantly decreased by DH at 3, 7 days after fracture compared to the control group. Conclusions Dohongsamul-tang promoted bone healing process after fracture by stimulating the bone regeneration factors. And DH shows no hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and serum lipid abnormality. In conclusion, it seems that DH helps to promote fracture regeneration after bone fracture by regulating gene expressions related to bone repair.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권12호
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• pp.1695-1704
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• 2014

Maternal malnutrition during pregnancy may give rise to female offspring with disrupted ovary functions in adult age. Neonatal ovary development predisposes adult ovary function, yet the effect of maternal nutrition on the neonatal ovary has not been described. Therefore, here we show the impact of maternal protein restriction on the expression of folliculogenic and steroidogenic genes, their regulatory microRNAs and promoter DNA methylation in the ovary of neonatal piglets. Sows were fed either standard-protein (SP, 15% crude protein) or low-protein (LP, 7.5% crude protein) diets throughout gestation. Female piglets born to LP sows showed significantly decreased ovary weight relative to body weight (p<0.05) at birth, which was accompanied with an increased serum estradiol level (p<0.05). The LP piglets demonstrated higher ratio of bcl-2 associated X protein/B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 mRNA (p<0.01), which was associated with up-regulated mRNA expression of bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) (p<0.05) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) (p<0.05). The steroidogenic gene, cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19A1) was significantly down-regulated (p<0.05) in LP piglets. The alterations in ovarian gene expression were associated with a significant down-regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor mRNA expression (p<0.05) in LP piglets. Moreover, three microRNAs, including miR-423-5p targeting both CYP19A1 and PCNA, miR-378 targeting CYP19A1 and miR-210 targeting BMP4, were significantly down-regulated (p<0.05) in the ovary of LP piglets. These results suggest that microRNAs are involved in mediating the effect of maternal protein restriction on ovarian function through regulating the expression of folliculogenic and steroidogenic genes in newborn piglets.