• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.397-402
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• 2008

Over the past few years, anthocyanin has been demonstrated to exert potentially anti-oxidative and bioavailability effects including anti-cardiovascular disease and cancer-preventive effects in humans. This study was conducted to assess the toxicity of anthocyanin extracts from black soybean seed coats via oral administration in a mice feeding test. The final anthocyanin-containing products induced signs of toxicity on mortality in the 4-week feeding test. The incidence of clinical signs and changes in body and organ weight were also not observed in all anthocyanin-treated groups as compared with the control groups. In hematology analysis, RBC indices concluding MCV, MCH, and MCHC and WBC differential counting such a NEU, LYM, MONO, EOS, and BASO evidenced no significant differences between the anthocyanin treatment and control groups. The biochemical parameters in serum analysis - ALT, AST, BUN, Crea etc.- were also not significantly altered in those groups. Absolute and relative organ weights were not increased after 4 weeks of treatment with anthocyanin extracts in mice. In conclusion, anthocyanin extracts from the black soybean has biological activity without any toxic effects, which also suggests that the consumption of soy containing anthocyanin products may be a good source for health and medical supplies.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2010

Toxicity assessment of ocean dumping wastes (dye waste, urban sewage, food waste) were examined in the fertilization and embryo development rates of the Sea Urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. Spawning was induced by injecting 1 mL of 0.5 M KCl into coelomic cavity. Males released white or cream-colored sperms and females released yellow or orange-colored eggs. Experiments were began within 30 min the collection of both gametes. The fertilization and embryo development rates test were performed for 10 min and 64 h after fertilization, respectively. The fertilization and embryo development rates in the control condition (not including ocean dumping wastes sludge elutriate) were greater than 90%, but suddenly decreased with increasing of ocean dumping waste sludge elutriate concentrations. The fertilization and normal embryogenesis rates were significantly inhibited in all waste sludge elutriate from dye waste ($EC_{50}$=4.37; $EC_{50}$=1.76), urban sewage ($EC_{50}$=5.79; $EC_{50}$=2.00) and food waste ($EC_{50}$=7.68; $EC_{50}$=2.16), respectively. The NOEC (<3.13) and LOEC (3.13) of fertiliztion and normal embryogenesis rates very similar in all waste sludge elutriate. These results suggest that biological assay using the fertilization and embryo development rates of H. pulcherrimus are very useful test method for the ecological toxicity assessment of ocean dumping wastes.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.55-63
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• 2012

Objectives : This study was conducted to investigate the safety of Bangpungtongsung-san in rats. Methods : The safety of this prescription on acute toxicity was evaluated by single dose toxicity study. Rats were orally administrated in a single dose of 0 and 2,000 mg/kg(limited dose) Bangpungtongsung-san. There were 7 rats in each groups. All animals were sacrificed after 14 days of treatment. After single administration, mortality, clinical signs, and body weight changes were observed for 14 days. Three parameters(autopsy finding, clinical chemistry, and hematology) were tested on the last day. Results : In this study with rats, Bangpungtongsung-san treatment did not show any acute toxicity. No mortality was noted for 14 days of treatment. There were no adverse effects on clinical signs, body weight changes, and autopsy finding at all treatment groups. The clinical chemistry parameters attesting to liver and kidney functions as well as the hematological parameters were within the normal ranges. Conclusions : It is considered that $LD_{50}$ of Bangpungtongsung-san is over 2,000 mg/kg in oral administration by rats. This finding of the safety of Bangpungtongsung-san is expected to strengthen the position of this prescription as nontoxic medicine.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.204-214
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• 2013

This research was performed to evaluate Vibrio fischeri toxicity for TNT-contaminated soils treated by composting and slurry phase bioreactor, which were operated for 45 and 200 days, respectively. In case of composting, the GL value of acetone-added soil was 40, which was lower than th at of glucose-added soil after treatment. In case of slurry phase bioreactors under anaerobic, anaerobic/aerobic, and aerobic regimes, they showed the GL values of 6, 8, and 4 after treatment, respectively. It was evaluated that the toxicity of all slurry phase bioreactors was reduced significantly to detoxification. The relationships between GL value and the number of S. typhimurium in both composting and slurry phase bioreactor were developed as the first order equations with high correlation coefficient (r > 0.8890).

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.7-15
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• 2014

Objectives: The present study investigated the toxic properties of petroleum ether extract of Wattakaka (W.) volubilis in Wistar female rats. Methods: An in vitro brine shrimp lethality bioassay was studied in A. Salina nauplii, and the lethality concentrations were assessed for petroleum ether extract of W. volubilis. A water soluble portion of the test extract was used in different concentrations from $100-1000{\mu}g/mL$ of 1 mg/mL stock solution. A 24-hours incubation with a 1-mL aliquot in 50 mL of aerated sea water was considered to calculate the percentage rate of dead nauplii with test extract administration against a potassium-dichromate positive control. The acute and the sub-acute toxicities of petroleum ether extract of W. volubilis were evaluated orally by using gavage in female Wistar rats. Food and water intake, body weight, general behavioral changes and mortality of animals were noted. Toxicity or death was evaluated following the administration of petroleum ether extract for 28 consecutive days in the female rats. Serum biochemical parameters, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, glucose, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium and ${\alpha}$-amylase levels, were measured in the toxicity evaluations. Pathological changes in isolated organs, such as the liver, kidneys, and pancreas, were also examined using hematoxylin and eosin dye fixation after the end of the test extract's administration. Results: The results of the brine-shrimp assay indicate that the evaluated concentrations of petroleum ether extract of W. volubilis were found to be non-toxic. In the acute and the sub-acute toxicity evaluations, no significant differences were observed between the control animals and the animals treated with extract of W. volubilis. No abnormal histological changes were observed in any of the animal groups treated with petroleum ether extract of W. volubilis. Conclusion: These results suggest that petroleum ether extract of W. volubilis has a non-toxic effect in Wistar female rats.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.9 no.3_4
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• pp.91-101
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• 1994

In order to evaluate the ecotoxicological harzardousness of synthetic surfactants on Han river, Jung-ryang and Jin-Wi stream, we used the Ecotoxicological Risk Quotient (ERQ). The chemical harzardousness is evaluated by the balance of the toxicity and concentration in the environment.. Then, ERQ is defined as follows; ERQ = - log ( Concentration in the environment / Effective concentration in the test ) ERQ of chemical is a logtrighmic value of ratio of a chemical concentration and the toxicity in the laboratory. In case of small ERQ, tie chemical harzardousness is high. If ERQ equals O, the same biological effect as in the laboratory test will be observed in the enviromment by the chemicals. ERQ values of the chemicals were calculated using the maximum concentration in water environment which were cited from the annual report by our ministry of environment, and EC$_{50}$ of Daphnia magna (water flea; acute immobilization test) LC$_{50}$ of Oryzias latipes (fish; acue toxicity test) and EC$_{50}$ of chlorella vulgaris (alga; growth inhibition test), which were taken from the annual report of "Chemical in environment" by Japan EA. Liner alkylbenzene sulfonate (determined to MBAS) showed the high average values with more than 2.0 to three species in Han river and Jin-wi stream, and these results mean to be favorable to environmental safety. The areas of Jung-ryang stream were polluted, as the average values of ERQ were less than 2.0 with equal to three species, and attention should be paid. Therefore, they must be inspected again because their concentration in the environment may have changed during that period. The chemical harzardousness can be numerated with ERQ, and it can be a help to find the chemicals that should be kept under observation and to see whether the chemical pollution is improved or worsened. The determination of the chemical concentration in the environment and toxicity are essential for the effective use of ERQ.se of ERQ.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2009

Toxicity of ocean dumping wastes(dye waste, urban sewage, food waste) were examined by observing fertilization and embryo development rates of the Sea Urchin, Strongylocentrotus nudus. Spawning was induced by injecting 1 mL of 0.5 M KCl into coelomic cavity. Males released white or cream-colored sperms and females released yellow or orange-colored eggs. Experiments were began within 30 min after the collection of both gametes. The fertilization and embryo development rates tests were performed for 10 min and 48 h after fertilization, respectively. The fertilization and embryo development rates in the control condition(not including ocean dumping wastes sludge elutriate) were greater than 90%, but markedly decreased with increasing concentrations of ocean dumping waste sludge elutriate. The fertilization and normal embryogenesis rates were significantly inhibited in all waste sludge elutriate from dye waste($EC_{50}$=5.76; $EC_{50}$=4.53), urban sewage($EC_{50}$=9.82; $EC_{50}$=9.67) and food waste($EC_{50}$=3.90; $EC_{50}$=3.27), respectively. The NOEC(>3.13%) and LOEC(3.13%) of fertiliztion and normal embryogenesis rates very similar in all waste sludge elutriate. These results suggest biological assay using the fertilization and embryo development rates of S. nudus are very useful test method for the ecological toxicity assessment of ocean dumping wastes.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.154-161
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• 1993

Four kinds of new phosphinate derivatives with a pendant monoazacrown ether were synthesized and their biological activities were tested. These biologically active phosphinates were synthesized in relatively good yields (61∼72%) by one step reactions of phenylphosphinate with aldehyde and monoazacrown ether. Toxicity of these compounds was tested by intraperitoneal injection of the compounds to male mouse and revealed $LD_{50}$ value of 65∼90 mg/kg, which showed enhanced toxicity by attachment of a pendant azacrown ether to a simple phenylphosphinate structure. Although the ring size effect of the pendant crown ethers, (monoaza-15-crown-5 and monoazo-18-crown-6), beening negligible, the identity of the ester functional group in the phosphinate structure exerted sizable influence on toxicity. Thus, phosphinate derivative with octyl or propyl ester group showed somewhat higher toxicity than that with ethyl ester group.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.246-252
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• 2011

Korean mistletoe Lectin (KML-C) is composed of A and B sub-chain. B chain binds to carbohydrates on cell surface and A chain hinders translation and induces an apoptosis as a RIP (ribosome inactivating protein). KML-C has very strong biological activities, it has seriously limits to use as a cancer therapy or adjuvant because of its toxicity to normal cells. This study is therefore conducted to see if B chain of KML-C might have immunological activity, especially adjuvant activities with less toxicity. We isolated B chain from KML-C using the lactose affinity chromatography, and examined their immunoadjuvant activity. The isolated B-chain did not show any cytotoxicity against tumor cell, RAW264.7, and P388D1 while KML-C had a very strong toxicity. This non-toxic effect was observed also by in-vivo study. Both humoral and cellular immunities were observed ; the antibody titer was increased when the mice were immunized with B-chain used as adjuvant like Freund's adjuvant, indicating that B chain of mistletoe lectin alone might be used for adjuvant; it also increased DTH in cellular immunity. These results suggest that B-chain of KML-C might be used for adjuvant used for the production of antibody or vaccine with less toxicity.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.139-143
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• 2015

In the present study, we investigated the oral toxicity of Amomum tsao-ko Crevost et Lemaire, (Zingiberaceae) extract in Balb/c mice (BALB, n=60) for 3 weeks. Balb/c mice (10 mice/group, 6 group, $20{\pm}2g$, 6 weeks) were orally administered for 21 days, with dosage of 250, 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg/day. Ethanol extract of A. tsao-ko did not affect any significant change of mortality, clinical signs, organs and body weights. Also, there were not significantly difference from the naive group (control) in hematological and serum biochemical examination. Consequently, these findings indicate that 3-week treatment with the ethanol extract of A. tsao-ko was not any toxic effects in Balb/c mice and the no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for oral toxicity was determined to be 2000 mg/kg/day under our experimental conditions.