• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.43-48
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• 2012

Objectives : This study was investigated to determine the contents of pesticide residues and sulfur dioxide residues in commercial herbal medicines in Korea. Methods : Chromatographic test was performed on 100 samples consisted with 10 kinds of medicinal plants including improted and domestic products. To establish 19 pesticide residues (DDE, DDD, DDT, Dieldrin, Methoxychlor, BHC isomers, Aldrin, Endosulfan isomers, Endrin, Captan, Procymidone, Chlorpyrifos and Imidacloprid) in commercial herbal medicines, chromatographic equipments were used with the gas chromatography-mass detector and gas chromatography-electron capture detector for qualitative analysis. The imidacloprid analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatograpgy-ultraviolet detector at 270 nm UV wavelength. The contents of sulfur dioxides were analyzed by modified Monnier-Williams method. All methods were based on notification procedure of Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA). Results : The residual pesticides were not founded in improted and domestic samples. Among 100 samples, the residues of sulfur dioxide in 73 samples were not detected and 25 samples showed contents in the range of 0~21.90 mg/kg. The excess samples of MRLs were 2 samples (30 mg/kg to medicinal herbs), Asiasari Radix et Rhizoma (Imported product) and the average amount of sulfur dioxide in 2 unsuitable samples were 14.83 mg/kg. These samples were found to transgress KFDA regulatory guidance of residual sulfur dioxide. Conclusion : These results are able to use as basic data to improve the reliability and value of commercial medicinal herbs.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.111-128
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• 1991

In puan area the environmental surveys were carried out at two farms of hard clam, Meretrix lusoria from April 1987 to November 1978 in order to know heather the farm environments could be rehabilitated for the cultivation of hard clam or not. The range of temperature of surface seawater was $10.7{\~}27.4^{\circ}C$, pH $7.6{\~}8.2$, salinity $22.3{\~}30.3$ ppt, COD $0.20{\~}4.71\;mg/{\ell}$, sulfide $0.04{\~}0.22\;{\mu}g-at./{\ell}$, suspended solid $34.8{\~}199.3\;mg/{\ell}$ chlorophyll a $3.71{\~}49.02\;mg/m^3$, TIN $2.01{\~}24.47\;{\mu}g-a5./{\ell}$, phosphate $0.60{\~}11.03\;{\mu}g-at./{\ell}$ and silicate $4.04{\~}476.36\;{\mu}g-at./{\ell}$. The range of temperature of substratum (bottom soil) was $14.2{\~}29.7^{\circ}C$, pH $8.3{\~}9.5$, water content of substratum was $0.28{\~}0.49\;mg/g$ dried mud, COD $2.80{\~}50.94\;mg/g$ dried mud, total organic matter $1.05{\~}1.97\%$ concentration of total Kjedhal nitrogen $31.9{\~}194.9\;{\mu}g./{\ell}$ dried mud, and sulfide $0.032{\~}0.133\;mg/g$ dried mud. Fine sand was dominant ranging over $92{\~}95\%$ and silt and clay was $2.8{\~}8.1\%$ of the composition of substratum. Some residual agricultural chemicals, ${\alpha},\;{\beta},\;{\gamma}$-BHC, heptachlor, heptachlor-epoxide, aldrin, DDE, DDT and dieldrin were detected in hard clams collected from Puan areas. Especialy, more chemical were detected during the period of rainfalls. From above results, it is considered that the hard clam frams were not yet recovered from deteriorated conditions for aquaculture.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.238-246
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• 2016

This study aimed to research the effects of CSR on consumer perception and corporate reputation in chicken restaurant. This study intended (1) to analyze the factors of corporate social responsibility in chicken restaurant, (2) to research the effect of CSR on consumer perception, (3) to research the effect of CSR on corporate reputation, (4) to research the effect of consumer perception on corporate reputation. Data were collected from consumers who visited the top-ranked chicken restaurant in scope by face-to-face interview. The questionnaire was distributed of the 350 copies and used 292 in the analysis. The results of this study revealed that (1) the factors of CSR were economic, philanthropic, legal and ethical, (2) ethical and legal had significant influence on consumer perception, (3) legal, economic and philanthropic activities had significant influence on corporate reputation, (4) the consumer perception had significant influence on corporate reputation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 1980

In order to investigate the level of pesticide residues in the vegetables for Kimchi materials (Chinese cabbage, radish, red pepper, garlic and cucumber), which were produced in Andong district, organochlorine and organophosphur pesticide residues were analyzed using gas chromatography. The results were as follows; 1) In chinese cabbage, radish and some other vegetables harvested in early summer (June), organochlorine and organophosphur pesticide residues were detected in almost all of the samples tested, and a few of them showed a level higher than the organochlor APR(allowable pesticide residues). 2) Heptachlor, the soil insecticide was the most abundantly detected pesticide among the four organochlorine pesticides tested (Dieldrin, Endrin, BHC, Heptachlor) in this study. 3) Somewhat higher concentrations of organochlorine pesticides were detected in all kinds of sample vegetables harvested in late summer than in those harvested in early summer. And the frequency of organochlorine pesticide contamination was also increased, but the frequency of organophosphur pesticide contamination was decreased. 4) In the vegetable harvested in late autumn, level of organochlorine pesticide residues and frequency of contamination were markedly decreased and organophosphur pesticide residues (Diaginon, Malathion, Thiometon, EPN) were rarely detected. 5) The results of this study indicates that to take a lot of vegitables grown in summer was somewhat uncomfortable than those grown in autumn.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.561-567
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• 1996

A method for the simultaneous analysis of 31 residual organic chloride pesticides was studied using gas chromatography. Prepared analytical samples were injected to gas chromatography (HP 5890 Series II plus) on the Ultra-2 column with ECD. The packing materials for column were changed as the following reagents ; florisil and alumina N, The residual solution was loaded to column and was elected pith erection solvents ; ether : benzene (2 : 8) solution, hexane : benzene (1 : 1) solution, dichloromethane, acetone, and methanol. The analytical results showed that 6 kinds of organic chlorides were not detected when florisil (first condition) was used as the column packing material. The nondetected 6 kinds of organic chlorides in the first analytical condition were detected and the recoveries of thrin-pesticides were increased, in particular, captan and captafol, but the recoveries of benzene hexachloride compounds were decreased when dichloromethane and methanol were added as elution solvents (pac'king material was florisil as in the first condition). The recoveries of dichlornuanid, chlorofenvinfos, folpet, and dicofol were increased and that of aldrin was increased, but those of captan and captafol were not good when alumina N was used as the packing material. To detect simultaneously thrin-pesticides, captan, and captafol, florisil and alumina N were used as the packing materials. The elution result showed that captan and captafol were not detected. This was because the column was activated insufficiently. The analytical method was the best (31 kinds of organic chlorides in the residual pesticides were detected sharply and showed high sensitivity) when the column (packing materials were florisil and alumina N: together) was fuliy activated and the impurities were removed using various elution solvents.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.287-296
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• 2008

A comprehensive quality survey for heavy metals, organophosphorous and organochlorine residual pesticides, and coplanar PCBs in samples such as water, sediments and soils as well as spiders has been implemented. The samples were undertaken at nine stream sites and their vicinity in August 2006, representing different surrounding environments. The levels of PCBs were expressed as concentrations and WHO-TEFs. Among 12 coplanar PCBs as target compounds in this study, 2,3', 4,4', 5-PentaCB (IUPAC # 118) was the congener with the highest concentration. The total concentrations and TEF values of coplanar PCBs in Siheung stream sediment (heavy industrial complex site located in Ansan city) were 3915.50 pg/g and 0.8366 pg-TEQ/g on a dry weight basis, respectively. Such levels were around 40 times higher compared to sediment from Gapyung stream (green site located in the upper of Myunggi mountain). It is probably due to the direct input of PCBs trom PCBs treatment materials. Organophosphorous (EPN, dementon-s-methyl, diazinon, parathion, and phenthoate) and organochlorine (alpha-BHC, aldrin, 4,4'-DDT, 4,4'-DDE, endosulfan alpha and etc.) pesticides were not detected above 5 ppb of detection limits. The concentrations of Cu and Cd in water and sediment samples from Siheung stream were 44.11 and $0.17ug/m\ell$ and $713.42{\mu}g/g$ and $3.73{\mu}g/g$, respectively, which contained $20\sim40$ times higher concentrations than those from Gapyung stream. In addition to the water and sediment samples, the levels of heavy metals in spider from designated sampling sites were also determined. Heavy metals in spider collected near Siheung stream was appeared to be equivalent and/or a little higher levels with respect to other spiders. Furthermore, the ratio of relative heavy metals (Cu, Cd, and Pb) in spider from each stream site showed a correlation as similar as that of heavy metals in soil samples.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.13-25
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• 1986

One of the most medically important snail species of Korea is Semisulcospira spp., a member of the freshwater prosobranch family pleuroceridae. The parasites that these snails transmit to humans are mainly Paragonimus westermani and Metagonimus yokogawoi. On the other hand, Semisulcospira snails are edible as a foodstuff in Korea. The present study was first aimed to detect out residual pesticides in the snails collected at the endemic and non-endemic areas of paragonimiasis in Korea and to make relationship to the detectability of larval trematodes shed from the snails. In addition, water specimens from the habitats where the snails were collected were sampled and analysed to elucidate environmental conditions of the habitats. This malaco-ecological survey was done at 7 endemic and 3 non-endemic areas of paragonimiasis for about more than 2 years, May, 1984 through October, 1986. All the water smaples both from the endemic and non-endemic areas of paragonimiasis showed normal ranges of the criteria of upper freshwater streams, with lower B.O.D. (0.4~2.0 ppm) and higher D.O. values (9.5~11.0 ppm) than those in the large river systems Infection rate of digenetic trematodes in total snails collected was 6.7%, but no Paragonimus cercaria was detected out at all even in the endemic areas of paragonimiasis. The ecological factors affecting Paragonimus larvae in the snails were also discussed. A total of 9 chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticieds was targeted to detect out from the tissues of snails. Out of 9 pesticides, aldrin, beta-BHC, p, p-DDT, dieldrin, DDE, lindane, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide were eluted from the snails. The highest levels of the pesticides were mostly detected out in the snails collected from the Donghae-Chun area of Haman and the Kangwha area of Kyongki-Do, where the lowest infection rates of trematode cercariae (0~0.5%) were revealed. The possibilities that the residual pesticides in the freshwater animals including Semisulcospira snails might be transferable to humans were also discussed.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.13 no.4 s.21
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• pp.235-243
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• 1974

Recenty, the pesticides Pollutions in connection with the maintenance of dietary life are poised as serious sanitary problems. Author have established an appropriate analysis method in this connection and, at the same time, analysed the levels of pesticides residues, such as organochloride pesticides and organic mercurials, contained in main cereals (rice, barley, and wheat) collected throughout the country. Using gas liquid chromatography method, comparative analyses were made of organochloride Pesticides with electron capture detector, and organic mercurials with electron capture detector and the Dithizone Method. As a result, the organic mercurials analysis using gas liquid chromatography is believed to hold out an especially good method for both in terms of its sensitivity and its Practical applications. The summary obtained from these results is as follows; The detectable limit of organochloride pesticides is $5\times10^{-10}$ grams and that of organic mecurials is $5\times10^{-9}$ grams. The detections using the Dithizone Method are difficult. The gas liquid chromatographic analysis of organic mercurials is very simple in its operation and high in its sensitivity, compare with the analysis using the Dithizone Method. Therefore, this analysis is expected to be a good method applicable to the pesticide residues analysis. The levels of pesticide residues contained in samples are very little for tolerance and, therefore, no problem i.: foreseen for eating. The appropriate conditions of gas liquid chromatographic analysis obtained from these results are expected very useful for the date establishing an officially authorized analysis method.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.297-309
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• 2005

As a number of potential endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are released into the environment, recently growing attention has been drawn to them. Therefore sensitive and reliable analytical methods are essential to monitor those compounds. In this study, complementary CC-MS and LC-MS were employed to analyze the endocrine disrupters, and the results of two methods were compared for di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), benzylbutylphthalate (BBP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), and 4,4'-Isopropylidenediphenol (Bisphenol-A, or BPA). The results indicate that it was possible to lower the detection limits of EDCs by LC-MS. Also, LC-MS enabled to identify the EDCs as almost intact molecules. Furthermore, this study presented a nanofiltration membrane (MWCO 250) and a ultrafiltration membrane (MWCO 1,000) filtration system as methods far removing EDCs from drinking water containing $\gamma$-BHC, p,p'-DDE, BBP, p,p'-DDT, DEHP, PCP, and BPA. Cross-flow type nanofiltrations showed $100\%$ removal of EDCs, and the result implies that MWCO 250 nanofilter was sufficient for treatment of EDCs. The ratio of permeate flux to mass transfer coefficient of nanofiltration, high flux ultrafiltration, and low flux ultrafiltration with ultrapure water were 0.67, 3.4, and 0.44, respectively. It was found that nanofiltration and low flux ultrafiltration were operated at a diffusion dominant condition, and the high flux ultrafiltration was operated at a convection dominant condition. Furthermore, a diffusion dominant process attained reasonable rejection of EDCs. The removal in the ultrafiltration was depending on the molecular weight of an EDC, and the filtration was governed by diffusion-dominant hydrodynamic conditions.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.313-318
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• 2015

A question has recently been raised as to whether a foreign officer needs to obtain a Korean endorsement in order to be able to serve on board a Korean flag ship. This is attributable to the fact that differences of viewpoint may arise as to the interpretation on the relation between the mutatis mutandis article 24(1) and the endorsement issuance article 10 bis. This study intends to propose an interpretative solution through conducting in-depth analysis on the article 25(1). The conclusions of this study can be given as follows. First, the jurisdiction over the bareboat charter ships with hire purchase shall be rested with the third country of which the flag the ship is flying, the endorsement to be issued to foreign officers have to be issued by the flag State under the STCW Convention as ameded. Second, the provisons of the ship officers' act shall not be made applicable, commensurate with the intention of legislating the mutatis mutandis article 25, to the BHC/HP in such a way that is in infringement with the jurisdiction of flag State of those foreign ships. Third, the mutatis mutandis article shall be made applicable to only such areas of manning standards not covered under the STCW Convention as amended and shall exclude those provisions pertaining to the issuance of various certificates of which the jurisdiction is rested with flag State under the international instrument. Fourth, the article 10 bis(1) is not a provision requiring foreign officers wishing to serve on a BBC/HP to obtain a Korean endorsement. In summation, the article 10 bis shall be used only in the cases where foreign officers wishing to serve on a Korean flag ship are required to obtain korean endorsement.